青藏铁路建设环保行政监察的探索与实践

2006年7月1日,举世瞩目的青藏铁路工程建成通车运营,国家环保总局即将组织竣工环境保护验收。青藏铁路是我国铁路建设史上所遇环境问题最多、环境敏感程度最高的建设项目,工程建设与环境保护举世瞩目。把青藏铁路建设成为世界一漉的高原生态环保型铁路,是党中央、国务院和全国各族人民对青藏铁路建设者和管理者的期望。本文对青藏铁路青海境内施工期环境保护行政监察工作的探索与实践进行了较全面的总结,为今后国内在类似建设项目上开展环保行政监察提供了有益的经验和借鉴。     

环境影响跟踪评价实践与理论研究进展

目前对跟踪评价的含义、目的、主要工作内容、实施步骤等已有了比较系统的研究,但是对战略层次跟踪评价的研究还比较少。本文首先回顾了环境影响跟踪评价在国内外的理论成果,总结跟踪评价的实践经验,认为跟踪评价主要驱动力来自于立法、决策方自身利益以及公众压力3个方面,并对今后我国开展跟踪评价工作提出相关建议,包括应加强规划环境影响跟踪评价的理论研究、建立相关的跟踪评价制度和开展跟踪评价试点等。     

调整环境影响评价内容之我见

环境影响评价是建设项目环境管理的一项重要内容,目的是预测建设项目的环境影响,提出防治对策,为决策部门提供科学依据,为设计部门提供优化设计建议,是一种战略防御手段。但在实际运作过程中,也出现不少问题急需适当调整,以便更好地为环境管理服务。当前环境影响评价主要存在两个方面的问题：一是环境影响报告书的编报进度滞后现象严重。由于环境影响报告书的编报进度严重滞后,使环境影响评价变成了后补性质的工作,虽然对工程的环保设计也能起到补漏拾遗的作用,但却丧失了为环境管理决策提供科学依据的目的。环境影响评价存在的另…     

推进战略环评刻不容缓

<正>战略环评处于事关环境决策的最高端,是对政策、规划或计划及其替代方案可能产生的环境影响进行规范的、系统的综合评价,这是快速工业化、城市化过程中规避环境风险的根本手段。它是将可持续发展战略从宏观、抽象概念落实到实际、具体方案的桥梁,是环境与发展综合决策的制度化保障。与一般针对单个建设项目的项目环评相比较,战略环     

青藏、滇藏铁路建设科研必须先行

本文分析了高原环境对工程机械装备的影响及青藏铁路一期建设的经验教训。针对当前高原特殊环境适应性技术发展现状,指出在青藏铁路二期工程和滇藏铁路建设之前,科研工作必须先行。     

天然气勘探开发项目综合环境影响评价指标体系研究

针对目前天然气勘探开发项目环境影响评价不够系统的局限性,运用系统的思想观点和思维方法提出了天然气勘探开发项目综合环境影响评价指标体系.该评价体系把综合环境影响评价分为政策法规环境影响、自然生态环境影响、资源能源环境影响、经济环境影响、社会环境影响和科技环境影响等六大环境影响进行评价.借鉴环境影响评价的相关研究成果,分别为上述六大环境影响评价设计了具体的评价因子和评价指标.     

海洋石油开发工程环境影响后评价初探

环境影响后评价是环境影响评价的延伸和发展,将项目后评价的思想引入项目环境管理体系,发展了环境影响后评价的概念。目前环境影响后评价理论和方法体系尚处于发展初期的探索阶段。文章论述了建设项目环境后评价的概念、作用和评价原则及其与环境影响评价的区别,对海洋石油开发工程的环境影响及其影响后评价方法进行了探讨,并以北部湾油田开发工程作为实例进行了说明。     

二元比较模糊决策分析法在土地利用规划环评中的应用

在土地利用规划环评中,确定指标权重、实现科学决策十分关键。由于土地资源系统具有复杂性与模糊性的不确定性的特征,本文尝试在土地规划环评中引入比较成熟的二元比较模糊决策分析法,通过指标分析优化方案,确定环境影响的范围与性质,给出数学证明,评估最优方案的潜在环境影响,探讨方案可行性。     

规划环评中公众参与的方法探讨

公众参与可以反映广大公众的意愿,帮助决策者科学决策,是环境保护领域的一项基本原则。而规划环评实现“从微观到宏观、从尾部到源头、从枝节到主干、从操作到决策”的飞跃,是环境影响制度的一项摄本性改革。艾章主要从公众参与的形式、参与主体、意见反馈等方面对规划环境影响评价中公众参与方法进行了初步探讨。     

青藏铁路--世界上海拔最高的"环保铁路"

青藏铁路因穿越生态环境十分脆弱的青藏高原而受到世人的广泛关注。如何呵护雪域高原这方净土,是青藏铁路建设者们面临的一个崭新课题。本文通过青藏铁路在建设过程中实施的“环保”方案,以及建设者们付出的艰辛劳动。以唤起人类对生态环境的重视,为我们还留有这方净土而欣喜。     

Effects of Place Identity,Place Dependence,and Experience-Use History on Perceptions of Recreation Impacts in a Natural Setting

It is generally accepted that recreation use in natural environments results in some degree of negative social and environmental impact. Environmental managers are tasked with mitigating the impact while providing beneficial recreation opportunities. Research on the factors that influence visitors' perceptions of environmental and social conditions is necessary to inform sound environmental management of protected natural areas. This study examines the effect of prior experience with the setting and two dimensions of place attachment (i.e., place identity and place dependence) on visitors' perceptions of three types of recreation impacts (i.e., depreciative behavior, environmental impacts, and recreation conflict). Principal components analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, and structural equation modeling were used to test the study hypotheses using data collected from 351 visitors through on-site questionnaires (response rate of 93 percent). The results show that prior experience exhibited a moderate and significant direct positive effect on place identity, place dependence, and visitors' perceptions of recreation impacts. Contrary to study hypotheses and prior research, neither place dependence nor place identity exhibited a significant effect on the dependent variables. The results show that prior experience causes visitors to be more sensitive to depreciative behaviors, environmental impacts, and recreation conflict. These findings raise concerns over potential visitor displacement and deterioration of site conditions. Implications for resource managers are discussed, which include education, modifying visitor use patterns, and site design strategies.     

Environmental impact assessment in the People's Republic of China

Environmental impact assessment (EIA) procedures have been in existence in the People's Republic of China over the last decade. The impetus for China's introduction of EIA was provided by the Environmental Protection Law of the People's Republic of China, which was adopted by the Fifth National People's Congress in 1979. The EIA process, which is administrative and not statutorily mandated, has been applied primarily to construction projects. Four stages are typically involved in an EIA investigation: design of the investigation, evaluation of background environmental quality, prediction of environmental impacts, and an assessment and analysis of the environmental impacts. A variety of approaches is used for predicting and analyzing environmental impacts, ranging from ad hoc methods to fairly sophisticated mathematical models. The results of the EIA investigation are compiled in an environmental impact statement, which is used as the basis for decision making by personnel in environmental protection departments. The EIA process does not include provisions for citizen notification or involvement. Views differ concerning the effectiveness of the EIA program in protecting China's natural, social, and cultural environments. Some hold that the EIA program has brought about improvement in environmental protection, while critics contend that the program has had little effect in the prevention of pollution. However, most, if not all, observers seem to feel that the program should be continued and improved. A major avenue for improvement is to place the evaluation of a particular project in a regional context. An earlier version of this paper was distributed at a workshop on Environmental Assessment Development Planning held in conjunction with the VII Annual Meeting of the International Association for Impact Assessment, Brisbane, Australia, July 5–8, 1988.     

The Relationship Between Environmental Concern and Acceptability of Environmental Impacts among Visitors to Two U.S. National Park Settings

This study examined the relationship between environmental concern and ratings of acceptability of environmental impacts among visitors at two national park settings. Based on the concept of a social ecological paradigm shift, it was hypothesized that individuals with greater levels of environmental concern are less accepting of environmental impacts in national parks than individuals with lesser degrees of concern. Sample data came from Cape Lookout National Seashore (N=392) and Moores Creek National Battlefield (N=236), two national park units in the south-eastern U.S.A. Environmental concern was measured by the New Ecological Paradigm scale. Acceptability was measured by visitor responses to 25 items covering different types of environmental park impacts. Analysis of variance and Tukey's means comparison procedure were used to test for differences between groups defined by levels of environmental concern on impact acceptability. Significant relationships were found between environmental concern and 15 of the 25 specific impacts in the Cape Lookout sample and 13 significant relationships were found in the Moores Creek sample. However, the relationships between environmental concern and acceptability varied somewhat across the two samples. These findings suggested that individuals with greater environmental concern were less accepting (or tolerant) of certain types of park impacts, while individuals with lesser degrees of environmental concern were more accepting of certain park impacts. Differences across the study settings were attributed to the different orientations of park visitors between the two national park units and recency effects. While the data reported are preliminary, they should be informative for park management purposes, particularly in the determination of standards for park impacts.     

Evaluating Holistic Environmental Consequences of Brownfield Management Options Using Consequential Life Cycle Assessment for Different Perspectives

Brownfields are abandoned, idled, or underused sites whose reuse necessitates some sort of intervention. These sites are largely urban and are frequently contaminated. Brownfield management options can be associated with three types of environmental consequences: those resulting from changes in the site’s environmental quality (primary impacts); those resulting from the actual intervention stage (secondary impacts); and, if the vocation of the site changes, those resulting from effects on regional land use (tertiary impacts). Different stakeholders and decision-making contexts will place a different importance on each of these types of impacts. This article proposes a framework for comparing brownfield management options in regard to these three types of environmental impacts and for interpreting these results from different perspectives. The assessment framework is based on consequential life cycle assessment (LCA), which is shown to provide environmental information on the three types of impacts. The results for a case study are presented, where a “rehabilitation” option allowing residential redevelopment is compared to an “exposure minimization” option not resulting in the site being reused. Calculated primary and tertiary impacts are favorable to the rehabilitation option, whereas secondary impacts are favorable to the exposure minimization option. A ternary diagram presents the favorable option for different stereotypical perspectives. Tertiary impacts are much greater than secondary impacts, and consequently all perspectives that consider tertiary impacts favor rehabilitation. The perspective that considers primary and secondary impacts receives conflicting information. The ternary diagram, showing results for all perspectives, could possibly be useful for consensus-building among stakeholders.     

居民旅游影响感知态度及其动力因子研究——以周庄为例

旅游发展对旅游地居民生活产生经济、社会文化、环境等方面的影响。首先分析了居民对旅游影响和旅游发展的感知态度,发现居民对旅游影响的正面感知较强烈,对旅游发展也持理性支持的态度,其中居民对环境影响的正面感知最为强烈。结合居民态度随旅游发展而发生相应变化的相关理论与周庄现阶段旅游发展特征,对居民感知态度的动力因子进行了探讨。     

Improving environmental management with full environmental cost accounting

Based on the most comprehensive field research ever conducted in corporate environmental management, this article reports on the integration of environmental impacts into product costing and cost management practices in organizations. It examines approaches for identifying and tracking current environmental costs related to both current and past production. It also develops the need and prospects for a complete analysis of future environmental impacts, including both costs and benefits, and the integration of these elements into a life-cycle costing or full environmental cost accounting model. The prospects for full environmental cost accounting and the related accounting issues are analyzed. Finally, the importance of full environmental cost accounting for improving corporate environmental performance, reducing corporate environmental impacts, and increasing long-term corporate profitability is discussed.     

Evaluation of environmental impacts of large scale physical development in central Galilee: Role of experts and policy makers

This article reports on the content and process used to evaluate environmental impacts caused by the development of 50 new settlements in the central Galilee region in northern Israel between 1978 and 1988. Some 60 different environmental and developmental factors and their interrelationships were identified. Selected physical changes that were defined as impacts were later evaluated. The evaluation method was based on intensive use of interviews with resource scientists and decision makers as experts. The data from interviews were used as the basis for factors identification, impact screening, and their rating. Experts used three types of criteria in the latter process: intensity of impact, the potential for its mitigation and compatibility with existing natural resource conservation, and environmental quality protection policy. Researchers concluded that reliance on experts with broad local experience eliminated the need for a more structured and detailed assessment method. The case study shows that experts provided creditable and reliable findings. They substituted the need for long periods of observation and largescale and costly data gathering, analysis, and evaluation.     

Environmental Impacts of the Use of Ecosystem Services: Case Study of Birdwatching

The main reason for promoting the concept of ecosystem services lies in its potential to contribute to environmental conservation. Highlighting the benefits derived from ecosystems fosters an understanding of humans’ dependence on nature, as users of ecosystem services. However, the act of using ecosystem services may not be environmentally neutral. As with the use of products and services generated within an economy, the use of ecosystem services may lead to unintended environmental consequences throughout the ‘ecosystem services supply chain.’ This article puts forward a framework for analyzing environmental impacts related to the use of ecosystem services, indicating five categories of impact: (1) direct impacts (directly limiting the service’s future availability); and four categories of indirect impacts, i.e., on broader ecosystem structures and processes, which can ultimately also affect the initial service: (2) impacts related to managing ecosystems to maximize the delivery of selected services (affecting ecosystems’ capacity to provide other services); (3) impacts associated with accessing ecosystems to use their services (affecting other ecosystem components); (4) additional consumption of products, infrastructure or services required to use a selected ecosystem service, and their life-cycle environmental impacts; and (5) broader impacts on the society as a whole (environmental awareness of ecosystem service users and other stakeholders). To test the usefulness of this framework, the article uses the case study of birdwatching, which demonstrates all of the above categories of impacts. The article justifies the need for a broader consideration of environmental impacts related to the use of ecosystem services.     

环境风险规制的经济成本及次生影响——决策中需要重视的向度

环境风险是社会经济发展的副产物,是市场外部性的表现,需要公共部门的参与解决.然而环境风险的应对并非没有代价,这种代价既包括规制的经济成本,也包括其带来的次生影响.我国经济发展到目前的阶段,政府和公众都非常关注环境风险,并出台了大量的规制性政策对其进行治理.如何在实现环境治理目标的同时,合理控制经济成本、尽量减少次生影响是提升环境治理效能的重要命题,本文针对这一问题进行了探讨.主要对规制的经济成本和次生影响等关键概念做了辨析,对规制的经济成本和次生影响在我国被忽略的可能原因进行了分析,对他国应对这一问题所采取的措施开展了讨论.最后提出在我国针对重大环境规制性政策开展规制影响评估的建议.     

Tracking changes in the global impacts of metal concentrate acquisition for the metals industry in Finland

This article considers the environmental impacts and the governance framework of the domestic and international supply of iron, zinc, copper and nickel concentrates smelted and refined in Finland. The metals industry in the country is heavily dependent on imported concentrates, and the research is thus focused on defining the level of impacts related to mining and mineral processing abroad, and the change in the impacts between 2000 and 2010. The estimations of environmental impacts are based on waste minerals and CO_2eq emissions, and the quality of governance in the set of indicators measuring different aspects of governance. The total amount of waste minerals and CO_2eq emissions related to metal concentrates decreased over the ten-year period. At the same time, the quality of governance improved in all concentrate groups except nickel. Ore grade, mine type and transportation distance appear to be the most influential factors on environmental impacts. The results suggest that the country of origin can have a noticeable effect on the environmental impacts and the quality of governance of the mining and processing of metal concentrates.