新疆北鲵的守护神

自从１９９７年９月２３日新疆温泉县正式建立新疆北鲵自然保护区以来，守护新疆北鲵的重任就落在了但尔加甫一家人的身上了。但尔加甫是温泉县的牧民，祖祖辈辈生活在大山里，她从没有想到他们一家会与新疆北鲵联系在一起。她家有四口人，丈夫和两个孩子，一直住在苏鲁别珍的牧场上，她记不得是哪一年，从外面来了一个女人，领着几个人，天天在山里转悠着，在溪水里寻找着什么。就在她家不远处的一条水沟里，那个女人终于寻找到什么，高兴得喊了起来。但尔加甫不明白，那浅浅的水沟里有什么东西，值得大惊小怪的，那一班人竟感到如此兴奋。…     

罗布泊野骆驼自然保护区野骆驼种群数量研究

野骆驼是世界上唯一存在的骆驼科真驼属野生种,属世界极度濒危物种,历史上广泛分布在中亚干旱荒漠区,数量曾达到10,000峰以上,但到上世纪末,由于人类活动加剧,野骆驼数量和分布面积都急剧减少。1997年前后,分布在罗布泊地区的野骆驼数量仅为340~420峰。2010-2013年,在新疆罗布泊野骆驼国家级自然保护区设定了14条样线,每年的04-06月沿样线对野骆驼数量进行野外调查,记录样线两侧3 000 m以内观察到的野骆驼个体数量、群体大小、成年与幼年驼。根据四月的观测结果,罗布泊野骆驼国家级自然保护区内分布的野骆驼数量为638±251峰,平均种群密度为0.068±0.025峰/km~2。大于10峰野骆驼群的种群结构2010-2013年的野骆驼成幼驼比3.0:1,略低于2003~2005年的3.6:1,由此可见,近些年野骆驼种群结构趋合理,保护区野骆驼数量有所增加。     

藏羚羊

藏羚羊(Pantholopshodgsoni)属牛科、藏羚属,别名:藏羚、长角羊、羚羊,主要分布在中国青海、西藏、新疆三省区,现存种群数量约在7～10万只。藏羚羊是中国青藏高原的特有动物、国家一级保护动物,也是列入《濒危野生动植物种国际贸易公约》(CITES)中严禁进行贸易活动的濒危动物。     

胡杨泪

保护胡杨林,可以说是2000年大学生绿色营的主题,因此我用了一个带有感情色彩的标题:《胡杨泪》。荒漠中的“骆驼”据历史记载,胡杨林曾广泛分布于地中海沿岸、中东和我国的新疆、甘肃、青海、宁夏、内蒙等地的干旱地区。目前,胡杨林已在广大范围内消退,而塔里木河流域却还保留着世界上最大面积的胡杨林。胡杨林抗热、抗寒、抗风、抗沙、抗碱、抗旱、抗瘠,是中亚腹地荒漠中唯一的乔木,是演化在干旱地区的一种奇特的森林类型。胡杨林系杨柳科杨属,是最古老最原始的树种之一。因为叶片的形状在生长期有不同的变化,所以也叫异叶杨。新疆是典型的…     

鼓励·鞭策·希望——祝贺《新疆环境保护》创刊十周年

《新疆环境保护》已创刊十周年了,我们表示热烈地祝贺,并向广大作者、读者和编辑人员致意。《新疆环境保护》于一九七八年创刊,十年来本着发展环境保护事业,为环境管理决策提供依据,为发展环境科学造福新疆各族人民的精神,坚持理论与实践相结合,普及与提高     

大熊猫主食竹种秆龄鉴定及种群动态评估

四川西南部和西北部中山、亚高山森森下，竹源丰富，其中：拐棍竹和冷箭竹是大熊猫的主食竹种，作者１９８２－１９８７年进行竹类生态研究；通过固定样方观察和带标志茎秆记录分析，发现竹杆和笋箨的颜色，以及主枝叶鞘与枝节数的变化和竹子秆龄的增长密切相关，可以作为鉴定竹秆年龄的依据。根据竹子的秆龄结构，应用负指数函数模型，可以估算竹子种群的增长量和死亡率，评估竹子的种群动态变化，可为主管部门制定保护大熊猫规划规     

朱鹮复活

8月29日,新华社的一则报道使所有关注朱命运的人精神为之一振,陕西朱保护观察站日前宣布,我国朱种群数量已达近750只。这标志着我国朱的濒危状况已得到有效缓解。     

封面彩图介绍：濒危植物——五小叶槭CSSCI

五小叶槭（ Acer pentaphylhum Diels）是槭树科槭属植物,为中国四川特有种,生长在海拔2200-3000m的河谷地带,洛克于1929年在凉山木里发现并引种到国外。该植物因叶型独特、色彩绚丽、树形优美,在西方园艺界与著名观赏树种中极具盛名。五小叶槭野外天然分布极其稀少,目前仅发现野外植株千余株,分属4个种群,且种群之间相隔遥远。野生植株种子产量少、发芽率低,幼苗极为少见,属于典型的衰退型种群结构。按照IUCN濒危等级标准,五小叶槭属于极危物种,处于灭绝的边缘。     

追忆新疆虎

新疆虎是分布于塔里木盆地的特有种,是世界上原有11个老虎亚种中最耐干旱环境的亚种。在100年前数量还很多,但由于人类经济活动扩大、猎杀、塔里木河改道、蚂蚁侵扰等原因,从20世纪初迅速走向绝灭,至1962年在阿尔金山红柳沟还有人看到过,此后再无记录。新疆虎的绝灭是世界生物多样性保护的重大损失。     

四种短命植物若干生态学特性的研究

1.前言短命植物是温带荒漠地带重要的植物类群之一,通常被定义为:生长发育周期短暂,在春末夏初约两个月左右的时间内迅速完成全部生长周期的一年生草本植物,主要分布于北非、西亚、中亚、北美、南美和澳大利亚等广大地区的干旱荒漠中,亦存在于部分草原、山地草甸和山地林中,以苏联中亚地区较为繁茂,在我国,短命植物主要分布于新疆西北部荒漠及毗邻的草原植被中,局部地段可构成优势层片,甚或形成群聚,从而使北疆植被显著区别于我国其     

乌鲁木齐地区水环境现状及达标对策探讨

乌鲁木齐地处干旱缺水地区，加大对有限水资源的保护尤为重要。对乌鲁木齐地表水环境的现状进行了调查分析，并利用水环境质量预测模式对各功能水体进行水环境质量的预测，继而提出了鸟鲁木齐水环境按功能区的划分在2010年达标的方案和措施。     

Estimating Current and Future Groundwater Resources of the Maldives

The water resources of the atolls of the Republic of Maldives are under continual threat from climatic and anthropogenic stresses, including land surface pollution, increasing population, drought, and sea‐level rise (SLR). These threats are particularly acute for groundwater resources due to the small land surface area and low elevation of each island. In this study, the groundwater resources, in terms of freshwater lens thickness, total volume of fresh groundwater, and safe yield are estimated for the 52 most populous islands of the Maldives for current conditions and for the year 2030, with the latter accounting for projected SLR and associated shoreline recession. An algebraic model, designed in previous studies to estimate the lens thickness of atoll islands, is expanded in this study to also estimate volume of groundwater. Results indicate that average current lens thickness, groundwater volume, and per capita safe yield are approximately 4.6 m, 1,300 million liters, and 300 l/day, and that these values will decrease by approximately 10, 11, and 34%, respectively, by the year 2030. Based on results, it is demonstrated that groundwater, in terms of quantity, is a viable source of water for the islands of the Maldives both now and in coming decades, particularly for islands with large surface area and low population. Study results can provide water resource managers and government officials with valuable data for consideration in water security measures.     

Evaluating the PM damage cost due to urban air pollution and vehicle emissions in Seoul, Korea

This study evaluated the prospective damage costs of PM(2.5) inhalation. We performed a health risk assessment based on an exposure-response function to estimate the annual population risk in the Seoul metropolitan city, Korea. Also, we estimated a willingness-to-pay (WTP) amount for reducing the mortality rate in order to evaluate a statistical life value. We combined the annual population risk and the value-of-statistical-life to calculate the damage cost estimate. In the health risk assessment, we applied the PM(2.5) relative risk to evaluate the annual population risk. We targeted an exposure population of 5,401,369 persons who were over the age of 30. Using a Monte-Carlo simulation for uncertainty analysis, we estimated that the population risk of PM(2.5) inhalation during a year in Seoul is 2181 premature deaths for acute exposure and 18,510 premature deaths for chronic exposure. The monthly average WTP for 5/1000 mortality reduction over ten years is $20.20 USD (95% C.I: $16.60-24.50) and the implied value-of-statistical-life (VSL) is $485,000 USD (95% C.I: $398,000-588,000). The damage cost estimate due to risk from PM(2.5) inhalation in Seoul is about $1057 million USD per year for acute exposure, and $8972 million USD per year for chronic exposure. It is important to note that this cost estimate does not reflect all health damage cost estimates in this urban area. This recommendation is a model for evaluating a mortality risk reduction and as such we must re-evaluate an integrated application of morbidity risk.     

Evolution of the landscape as a response of a demographic change. A case study in the Duero riverside,Spain

The Arribes del Duero area, in western Spain, at the border with Portugal, is suffering a drastic change in the landscape, as a response of the diminution of population. Traditional tasks related to agriculture have been abandoned, and heavy sheep farming on the area is provoking the impoverishment of soils. The effect derived from these actions is the disintegration of the terraces, which are one of the major attractions for tourists visiting the region. We propose that incentives for local people could help to develop those traditional labours to recover the landscape, together with the promotion of immigration of families with school-age children, could bring back the economy to the area.     

山东省在全国的区际地位及区域内部分工格局研究

区域分工对区域经济发展具有重要作用。山东地处我国东部沿海,是全国人口大省、经济大省,在全国经济发展格局中占有举足轻重的地位。根据区域分工理论,对山东省在全国和区域内部分工进行了分析,揭示了山东省在全国的区际地位以及所辖17个市之间的区域分工与合作格局,为山东省强化区域分工和联系,提高区域竞争力提供决策依据。     

济南市耕地变化与社会经济的相关分析

利用济南市1978年以来的统计资料,分析了济南市耕地与社会经济的动态变化过程,建立了耕地变化与社会经济的定量相关模型,预测了济南市的耕地将保持缓慢减少的趋势,建议采取有效的耕地保护措施,利用政策驱动来控制耕地减少,实现耕地总量的动态平衡.     

Quality and Quantity of Suspended Particles in Rivers: Continent-Scale Patterns in the United States

Suspended solids or sediments can be pollutants in rivers, but they are also an important component of lotic food webs. Suspended sediment data for rivers were obtained from a United States–wide water quality database for 622 stations. Data for particulate nitrogen, suspended carbon, discharge, watershed area, land use, and population were also used. Stations were classified by United States Environmental Protection Agency ecoregions to assess relationships between terrestrial habitats and the quality and quantity of total suspended solids (TSS). Results indicate that nephelometric determinations of mean turbidity can be used to estimate mean suspended sediment values to within an order of magnitude (r² = 0.89). Water quality is often considered impaired above 80 mg TSS L^–1, and 35% of the stations examined during this study had mean values exceeding this level. Forested systems had substantially lower TSS and somewhat higher carbon-to-nitrogen ratios of suspended materials. The correlation between TSS and discharge was moderately well described by an exponential relationship, with the power of the exponent indicating potential acute sediment events in rivers. Mean sediment values and power of the exponent varied significantly with ecoregion, but TSS values were also influenced by land use practices and geomorphological characteristics. Results confirm that, based on current water quality standards, excessive suspended solids impair numerous rivers in the United States.     

Bedded Sediment Conditions and Macroinvertebrate Responses in New Mexico Streams: A First Step in Establishing Sediment Criteria

Excess fine sediments in streambeds are among the most pervasive causes of degradation in streams of the United States. Simple criteria for acceptable streambed fines are elusive because streambed fines and biotic tolerances vary widely in the absence of human disturbances. In response to the need for sediment benchmarks that are protective of minimum aquatic life uses under the Clean Water Act, we undertook a case study using surveys of sediment, physical habitat, and macroinvertebrates from New Mexico streams. Our approach uses weight of evidence to develop suggested benchmarks for protective levels of surficial bedded sediments <0.06 mm (silt and finer) and <2.0 mm (sand and finer). We grouped streams into three ecoregions that were expected to produce similar naturally occurring streambed textures and patterns of response to human disturbances. Within ecoregions, we employed stressor response models to estimate fine sediment percentages and bed stability that are tolerated by resident macroinvertebrates. We then compared individual stream sediment data with distributions among least‐disturbed reference sites to determine deviation from natural conditions, accounting for natural variability across ecoregion, gradient, and drainage area. This approach for developing benchmark values could be applied more widely to provide a solid basis for developing bedded sediment criteria and other protective management strategies in other regions.     

黑龙江省勃利县生态环境问题及其保护对策

经过对勃利县的自然生态和地理环境的调查,收集了大量的资料,并根据生态环境的问题,提出了相应的保护对策措施,例如实施天然林保护工程、建立自然保护区、发展生态农业和绿色食品。     

西安市生态经济系统的能值分析与发展评估

运用能值理论与方法,分析了西安2000-2005年的人口承载量、人均能值、能值投入率、能值货币比率、电力能值比、环境负荷率、净能值产出率和可持续发展指数8个指标及其变化趋势,并与其他国家和地区的相关指标进行比较研究.结果表明,西安市经济发展主要是依赖当地资源,能值自给率达93.35%,人口数量已经超出环境承载量,未来加强优势资源的开发、引进外界资源、控制人口规模、转变经济增长方式、减少与防治污染才是实现其持续性发展的必由之路.