C-Lock (Patent Pending): A System for Estimating and Certifying Carbon Emission Reduction Credits for the Sequestration of Soil Carbon on Agricultural Land

The C-Lock system was developed to address the need for an improved method of quantifying and certifying project-level carbon emission reduction credits (CERC). It was designed to enable individual landowners to efficiently quantify, certify, pool, market and trade CERCs generated by agricultural management practices. We provide a general overview of the C-Lock system as it has been implemented for the USA State of South Dakota. C-Lock is comprised of four linked components: a web interface, a client database, a Geographic Information System (GIS) database of soil, climate and generalized land use history parameters, and the CENTURY soil carbon model. The user-friendly interface elicits generalized land-use and crop history information from the client from 1900 through 1989, then explicit annual information from 1990 onward. A climate-zone level landuse and crop management database is used to fill in gaps in the client-provided data. These data are used to drive the CENTURY model, which estimates annual changes in soil carbon stocks. Monte Carlo simulation is used to estimate uncertainty bounds, and these are applied to the CENTURY outputs in order to provide probabilistic estimates of accrued CERCs in a manner that is transparent and verifiable. In a demonstration application, CERCs are estimated for three different land-use scenarios on a representative field in eastern South Dakota: reduced tillage or conservation (no-till) management of a corn (maize)/wheat/soybean rotation, and enrollment in the Conservation Reserve Program, which entails establishing permanent grass cover. The credits are based on a business-asusual scenario of conventional tillage.     

神农架大九湖泥炭地碳储量估算及固碳能力研究

通过对神农架大九湖泥炭地进行野外调查和长期观测,采用经验公式和实验室分析方法,计算了神农架大九湖泥炭地土壤有机碳含量和有机碳储量,并对2016-2018年神农架大九湖泥炭地的固碳能力特征进行了分析.结果 表明:在0～100 cm深度范围内,神农架大九湖泥炭地土壤有机碳含量的变化范围为282.90～516.10 g/kg...     

四川省宝兴县碳汇效应评估与碳减排

利用第三次森林清查(1984-1988年)中宝兴县数据,结合2005年TM遥感影像土地利用类型图土壤类型图,采用植被类型碳密度以及土壤碳密度经验值的方法,估算了宝兴县碳库以及自然生态系统碳汇。并收集宝兴能源消耗、土地利用变更、替代能源工程等人为因素的数据估算了宝兴县2005年的人为碳排放及碳减排放效应,从而计算出宝兴县总碳增汇效应,碳汇为452.80×106kg C,并分区定量、图形表示,为地方政府提供决策支持。     

Carbon Sequestration by Carbonization of Biomass and Forestation: Three Case Studies

We proposed the carbon sink project called “Carbon Sequestration by Forestation and Carbonization (CFC),” which involves biomass utilization and land conservation by incorporating the products of biomass carbonization into the agents for soil improvement, water purification, etc. Our purpose was to demonstrate the potential of the CFC scheme for carbon sequestration, particularly carbon storage in soil. Case studies were conducted in both developing and developed countries. 1. In southern Sumatra, Indonesia, 88,369 Mg-C year⁻¹ of wood residue from a plantation forest and excess bark from a pulp mill would be converted into 15,571 Mg-C year⁻¹ of the net carbon sink by biochar for soil improvement. The fixed carbon recovery of the system is 21.0%. 2. In a semiarid region in western Australia, the carbonization of wood residue was incorporated with multipurpose projects of a mallee eucalyptus plantation that involved the function of salinity prevention. During the project period of 35 years, the total carbon sink would reach 1,035,450 Mg-C with 14.0% by aboveground biomass, 33.1% by belowground biomass and 52.8% by biochar in soil. 3. In southern Kyushu, Japan, the study was focused on the effective use of surplus heat from a garbage incinerator for carbonizing woody materials. Sawdust of 936.0 Mg-C year⁻¹ would be converted into the net carbon sink of 298.5 Mg-C year⁻¹ by carbonization, with the fixed carbon recovery of the system being 31.9%. Consequently, the CFC project could encourage the creation of a carbon sink in soil. However, we recognize that the quality standard of biochar, the stability of biochar in soil, and the methods for monitoring biochar utilization must be clarified before incorporating biochar carbon into the carbon credit system. Throughout this article (except for diagrams and in citation details) carbonized biomass is, with the authors'agreement, called ‘biochar’ in lieu of the commonly used but misleading word ‘charcoal’ (Editor).     

Regulatory Constraints to Carbon Sequestration in Terrestrial Ecosystems and Geologic Formations: A California Perspective

Carbon sequestration in terrestrialecosystems and geologic formations providesa significant opportunity for California toaddress global climate change. The physicalsize of its resources (e.g., forests,agriculture, soils, rangeland, and geologicformations) and the expertise in Californiaprovides a substantial foundation fordeveloping carbon sequestration activities.Furthermore, the co-benefits of carbonsequestration – such as improved soil andwater quality, restoration of degradedecosystems, increased plant and cropproductivity, and enhanced oil recovery – are significant. In fact, carbonsequestration often represents a `noregrets' strategy – implementing carbonsequestration provides multiple benefits,even without the advent of global climatechange.Nevertheless, researchers need to addressseveral issues to determine more accuratelythe potential, benefits, and costs ofsequestering carbon in California'sterrestrial ecosystems and geologicformations, as well as to identify the mostpromising sequestration methods and theiroptimal implementation. One key issue isthe type of regulatory constraints facingdevelopers of carbon sequestrationprojects: what permits are needed fordeveloping these projects? The permittingprocess may impede the penetration ofsequestration technologies into the marketif the costs (including transaction costs)of obtaining the permits are too burdensomeand costly. For example, at least ninefederal regulations and seven stateregulations will potentially influencecarbon sequestration projects inCalifornia. This paper also provides anexample of the types of permits needed fordeveloping a carbon sequestration project,using California as an example. It ispossible that a carbon sequestrationproject may have to obtain a total of 15permits (3 federal, 6 state, 6 local),before it even starts to operate. In theconcluding section, we offer some suggestedareas for research and activities forpolicy makers.     

强化煤层气采收率的深部煤层封存CO2技术(CO2-ECBM)进展研究

强化煤层气采收率的深部煤层封存CO2技术(carbon dioxide sequestration in deep coal seams with en-hanced coalbed methane recovery,CO2-ECBM),既能减少主要人为温室气体CO2的排放,又能获得宝贵的煤层气(CH4)资源.作为重要的CO2地质封存技术,CO2-ECBM技术成为目前的研究热点.因此,针对CO2-ECBM技术开展评述工作具有重要的现实意义.针对CO2-ECBM主要研究结论包括:(1)CO2-ECBM技术优势及可行性;(2)煤储层条件下,煤体对CH4和CO2的吸附机理;(3)用于实施CO2-ECBM的备选煤层的选择标准;(4)CO2-ECBM后续研究展望.     

东湖总有机碳时空分布及其影响因素

于2011年4月至2012年3月每个月调查了东湖总有机碳(TOC)的时空分布,并对TOC和主要环境因子进行相关性分析。结果表明,东湖TOC的浓度范围为0.493~9.962 mg/L,年平均值为2.671 mg/L,夏季(6-8月)、秋季(9-11月)、春季(3-5月)、冬季(12-2月)TOC浓度呈现由大变小的趋势。东湖5个湖区TOC值在空间上存在差异,庙湖和水果湖TOC浓度较高,汤菱湖TOC浓度适中,菱角湖和郭郑湖呈现季节性高浓度的TOC值。相关分析表明,TOC与总磷、溶解氧、电导率显著负相关,与叶绿素a负相关但不显著,与温度显著正相关,与pH相关性不显著。研究发现,东湖TOC主要来源有污水、含油废水的排放,降雨带来地表径流以及生物活动,而TOC浓度的时空分布与降雨、污水排放、施工、旅游活动、生物活动等因素有关。     

泥样的总有机碳测定中无机碳的确定

利用非分散虹外吸收分析仪器来测定泥样品中的总有机碳,对其中泥样中的无机碳的确定进行探讨.     

基于3S的济南湿地资源调查及碳汇功能研究

采用RS、GIS和GPS技术对2008年济南市TM卫星假彩色数字影像进行解译,并利用GPS仪进行了野外考察验证,现场调查了济南市湿地生物多样性,获取了较为全面、完整和系统的济南市湿地资源信息,建立了全市湿地资源数据库并进行了济南市不同湿地类型碳汇功能的初步研究。结果表明,济南市湿地总面积为327.6 km2,其中天然湿地面积为258.3 km2,占济南市湿地面积的78.85%,济南市湿地面积比全国、山东省湿地面积分别高出0.4%、3.1%,主要分布在济南境内的黄河两岸和商河等区县;济南市湿地总碳储量为747万t,约占济南市整个生态系统碳汇的8.9%,与全球湿地总碳储量的比例基本相当,2008年碳增量为32万t,其中沼泽湿地碳储量和碳增量均最大,分别为541万t和27万t,分别占济南市湿地资源的84.4%和72.4%。     

东海内陆架表层沉积物中黑碳的分布及来源

对东海内陆架表层沉积物中黑碳含量进行了分析,探讨了黑碳在东海内陆架不同区域的分布特征、影响因素及来源,并与长江口徐六径悬浮颗粒物中的黑碳进行了对比。结果显示,长江口徐六径悬浮颗粒物中黑碳的含量平均为1.68±0.51mg/g,且枯季浓度要高于洪季,这反映了燃烧活动的季节变化。黑碳在东海内陆架表层沉积物的分布具有明显的区域特征,近岸区域沉积物中的黑碳含量接近,且与粒径成负相关,并低于徐六径悬浮颗粒物中黑碳的含量,说明来自长江输入的黑碳主要以烟炱为主,并且部分粒径极小的颗粒未完全沉积下来;在123°E以东区域的表层沉积物中的黑碳含量分布较广,并与平均粒径成正相关,说明该区域主要以石墨态黑碳为主。另外,东海内陆架表层沉积物BC/TOC在0.11～0.55之间,因此在研究该区域碳循环过程中,不可忽视BC在不同区域的分布特征及类型差别。     

基于森林碳汇经济价值中国宏观社会核算矩阵扩展

随着气候变化及温室效应等问题的广泛影响,森林的碳汇功能越来越受到人们的关注。社会核算矩阵作为可计算一般均衡模型的标准数据基础,为详细描述经济系统中各部门、各经济主体以及各市场之间的联系提供了一个理想的数据支持。本文在编制我国宏观2007年社会核算矩阵的基础上,将森林碳汇的经济价值纳入到其中,对我国宏观社会核算矩阵进行扩展,扩展后的社会核算矩阵可用于森林碳汇的经济效益分析以及为建立森林碳汇的CGE模型提供数据基础。     

不同生态带下盐城滩涂湿地土壤颗粒和矿物结合有机碳特征

通过对比不同生态带下盐城滩涂湿地表层土壤中颗粒有机碳(POC)和矿物结合有机碳(MOC)含量与分布,探讨不同生态带下滩涂植被对土壤环境特别是土壤有机质组分分布及其累积的影响。结果表明:不同生态带的滩涂湿地表层土壤总有机碳(TOC)和总氮(TN)含量分布规律为:芦苇地互花米草滩盐蒿滩光滩,反映了盐城滩涂湿地土壤由海向陆土壤质地由砂到粉砂,最后为粘土的变化规律;互花米草滩对土壤有机质有着比光滩和盐蒿滩更高的富集能力,芦苇地的颗粒有机碳(POCf+POCo)含量为4.17 g/kg,互花米草滩的POC含量为2.14 g/kg,远高于盐蒿滩(1.92 g/kg)和光滩(0.31 g/kg)。互花米草的引种从有机碳物理分级组分上改变了TOC的分配,有利于提高土壤中游离态颗粒有机物、闭蓄态颗粒有机物的含量以及占土壤有机碳的比例。该研究能够为沿海滩涂湿地碳存储和固碳潜力以及评价和保护湿地生态系统提供一定的科学依据。     

桂林毛村岩溶区三种亚类石灰土有机碳矿化研究

应用土壤培养法,比较分析了桂林毛村典型岩溶区黑色石灰土、棕色石灰土、红色石灰土三种亚类石灰土在25℃和70%田间饱和含水量条件下培养90d有机碳矿化速率的差异。结果显示：各亚类土壤有机碳矿化速率和累积释放CO2-C量总体上都随土层加深而递减。0～20cm至20～40cm层递减幅度最大。各亚类石灰土有机碳矿化速率和累计释放量的大小顺序为：黑色石灰土〉棕色石灰土〉红色石灰土,黑色石灰土的矿化速率远远大于棕色石灰土和红色石灰土,其中0～20cm土层差异最大。土壤有机碳矿化速率和有机碳含量呈正相关。黑色石灰土土壤有机碳矿化释放的CO2-C分配比例最高,达到3.33%,其次是红色石灰土,比例为2.92%,旱地棕色石灰土矿化比例最低,为1.90%,说明桂林毛村典型岩溶区黑色石灰土和红色石灰土有机碳稳定性较弱,旱地棕色石灰土具有较强的固定有机碳能力。     

重庆主城区大气总悬浮颗粒中有机碳和元素碳污染特征分析

在四个季节采样分析的基础上，本文报道了重庆市主城区江北区(商住区)和缙云山(清洁对照点)两个监测点总悬浮颗粒物质量浓度的空间分布和季节变化特征，同时利用热分解示差热导法元素分析仪测定了TSP中的OC和EC浓度，探讨了OC和EC含量并与北京相应功能区的TSP质量浓度及其OC和EC浓度进行了比较。结果表明：重庆市商住区和对照点TSP年均质量浓度均小于北京市商住区和对照点；重庆市商住区OC和EC年均质量浓度高于北京市商住区，北京市对照点OC和EC年均质量浓度高于重庆市对照点。两个城市的四个监测点OC／EC年均值均大于2．0，说明两城市城区二次污染比较严重。     

气溶胶有机碳元素碳基本特征研究的前沿动向

综述国外气溶胶有机碳(OC)和元素碳(EC)的五大特征(粒径分布、物质组成、时空分布、室内室外关系、排放源分析的)研究的进展;概述了国内OC、EC相关研究情况,展示了国内外OC、EC基本特征研究的发展重点和趋势。     

东海赤潮高发区沉积物中有机碳、有机氮的分布及其来源

对2005年和2006年采集的东海沉积物中有机碳和有机氮的含量进行了测定,结果表明:2005年东海表层沉积物中有机碳含量的变化范围为0.32%~0.82%,平均值为0.65%,而2006年为0.043%~0.78%,平均值为0.32%;2005年表层沉积物中有机氮含量的变化范围为0.047%~0.11%,平均值为0.091%,2006年为0.006%~0.10%,平均值为0.046%。2005年采集的柱状样品中HB08站位有机碳和有机氮含量的变化规律相似,随着深度的增加呈现先降低后又增加,最后又降低的趋势,有机碳含量的变化范围为0.33%~0.57%,平均值为0.43%;有机氮含量的变化范围为0.045%~0.080%。平均值为0.057%;而RB12站位有机碳和有机氮的分布有些差异,有机碳的含量为0.32%~0.52%,有机氮的含量在0.047%~0.072%,2006年表层、2005年采集的HB08和Rb12柱状样中有机碳和有机氮的比值主要在7~10,均说明沉积物中的有机物主要来源于海洋的浮游植物。     

南水北调东线水源核心区浮游植物多样性状况与评价研究

分别于2013年4月、8月、10月和2014年1月对南水北调东线水源核心区河流浮游植物群落结构、浮游植物密度进行调查,并利用多样性指数进行水质评价.区域共检出浮游植物5门34科67属118种,春秋两季物种数较多,夏冬两季物种数较少.优势种为蓝藻门小席藻( Phormidium.tenue)、绿藻门小球藻( Chlorella.pyrenoidosa)、硅藻门变异直链藻( Melosira.varians).区域浮游植物密度为3.5 ×105 cells/L,Shannon-wiener指数为2.32,Margalef指数为1.06,Pielou均匀度指数为0.54,水质为寡污-中污水平.     

某水源地四氯化碳人体健康风险评价动态分析

四氯化碳是地下水中常见的有机污染物,文章针对某市南区供水水源地岩溶地下水遭受四氯化碳污染的情况,对供水区人群通过食入和皮肤接触四氯化碳从而对人体健康可能造成的影响进行了风险评价,并分析了该地区多年来健康风险的动态变化。结果显示从2001～2007年供水区人群风险指数整体呈下降趋势,四氯化碳污染所带来的健康危害逐渐减弱。距污染源最近的X-49井是存在风险最大的水井,非致癌指数最高为10.2,致癌指数最高为5.29×10-4,均超过规定标准。     

燃烧氧化-滴定法测定土壤中有机碳的影响因素研究

针对燃烧氧化-滴定法测定土壤中有机碳存在的问题进行了研究,通过实验比较不同抽气流量、不同抽气时间和不同静置时间等条件对土壤中有机碳含量测定结果的影响。结果表明:当抽气流量为0.3 L/min,抽气时间为(300±10)s,反应后溶液的静置时间为4 h且波板空隙满足要求时,改进后的分析方法一方面可以保证结果的准确性,满足环境监测工作的需要;另一方面又能节省实验分析时间,提高工作效率。     

后京都议定书时代的二氧化碳排放格局与中国面临的发展挑战

阐述了近期世界主要国家的温室气体排放状况,以及2012年<京都议定书>第一承诺期到期后,全球二氧化碳可能的排放格局.分析了气候变化对中国发展带来的挑战.指出气候变化是人类共同面临的挑战,世界各国都在采取各种措施努力减少额外的二氧化碳排放量;作为发展中的温室气体排放大国,中国面临巨大的减排压力,为此,中国必须尽快做出调整,向低碳经济转型.