大庆宋芳屯油田开发对周围草原羊草群落的影响

油田开发过程中,由于污染物的排放,对油田周围的生态系统将产生一定的影响。以大庆宋芳屯油田开发活动为例,通过实地调研和实验,分析油田开发建设对草原羊草群的影响和羊原群落的恢复规律。结果表明油田采油、贮存、运输及其他生产过程中产生大量的环境污染物,对油井周围环境中的植物生长发育及作物品质有一定的影响;黑钙土和风沙土上的钻井场可在４～５ａ内恢复为羊草为优势种的群落,     

锡林河流域草原植物群落分类及其多样性分析

研究锡林河流域草原群落的分类和群落多样性分布特征,可为寒旱区草原的合理利用和保护提供重要依据。基于流域植物群落的样方调查与TWINSPAN分类,得出锡林河流域主要植物群落类型以及影响群落类型和多样性变化的环境因子。结果表明,(1)锡林河流域草原可划分为5个群落类型,分别为大针茅Stipa grandis+羊草Leymus chinensis+黄囊苔草Carex korshinskyi群丛、羊草+大针茅+糙隐子草Cleistogenes squarrosa群丛、羊草+黄囊苔草+灰绿藜Chenopodium glaucum群丛、羊草+糙隐子草+灰绿藜群丛、糙隐子草+灰绿藜+猪毛菜Salsola collina群丛。(2)不同群落α多样性3种指数具有一致的变化趋势,而土壤类型、水分状况以及人类活动强度的差异导致了群落多样性的不同。(3)不同群落类型之间物种组成与更替速率不尽相同。从相异性指数来看,大针茅+羊草+黄囊苔草群落与羊草+黄囊苔草+灰绿藜群落之间共有种最多,物种组成差异性最低,相似性最高,群落间变异程度最小;在羊草+大针茅+糙隐子草群落与羊草+黄囊苔草+灰绿藜群落之间共有种最少,物种组成差异性最大,相似性最低,群落间变异程度最大。从Cody指数来看,羊草+大针茅+糙隐子草群落与羊草+糙隐子草+灰绿藜群落物种的更替速率最慢,而羊草+大针茅+糙隐子草群落与羊草+黄囊苔草+灰绿藜群落的更替速率最快。     

铅锌尾矿废水处理系统中PFU原生动物群落变化特征及其与水质净化的关系

应用国家标准《水质—微型生物群落监测—ＰＦＵ法》对位于广东省韶关的凡口铅锌尾矿废水处理系统中的原生动物群落进行了研究．分析了在该处理系统中原生动物群落的结构和群集过程的特征,并结合水质的理化参数对该处理系统的效能进行了评价．结果表明：在该处理系统中,以动物性鞭毛虫和腐生性纤毛虫为原生动物群落的主要组成部分;随着采样点距排污口的距离延长,原生动物群落的种类数和密度明显增加;群落多样性指数也随之上升．通过对原生动物群落组成与污染物浓度的统计学处理,显示出群落的种类数与各污染物的浓度间存在着显著的负线性相关．各采样点ＰＦＵ原生动物群落群集过程也可以反映出各样点环境间的差异．各采样点数据间的差异说明由于该处理系统中香蒲植物的作用,使得废水中大量的颗粒性悬浮物得到沉降,重金属浓度也明显降低,从而促进了原生动物群落在一定程度上的恢复     

土壤微生物污染诱导群落耐性研究进展

污染诱导群落耐性(PICT)是指生物群落为了在污染环境中继续生存,通过生理生化与遗传特征的改变或以耐性类群生物代替敏感类群,从而使整个群落产生耐性.目前人们已将PICT作为一项指标,从群落耐性方面来评价污染生态学的效应.目前PICT研究已涵盖了水生生物、陆地植物、微生物等,其中土壤微生物是PICT研究的重要群落对象.对土壤微生物群落PICT的研究始于上世纪90年代,并已在多方面取得进展,包括在研究方法上的一些突破和改进.在PICT产生和变化机理等方面也有新发现,如发现了土壤微生物群落PICT与污染物浓度存在较好的正相关关系,并且污染物能够引起土壤微生物群落对其他污染物的共耐性等.在PICT影响因素研究方面发现不仅环境因素会影响PICT的形成,而且检测方法也会影响对PICT的判断.论文较为全面地综述了国际上针对土壤微生物群落PICT的研究进展,包括PICT的概念、研究方法、污染物影响PICT的内在机制及影响PICT的关键因素等,最后提出了研究展望.     

吉林西部草地生态系统不同退化演替阶段土壤有机碳变化研究

草地盐碱化是吉林西部典型的生态环境问题。针对吉林西部具有＂羊草群落（Leymus chinense）→羊草-虎尾草群落（Carex duiuscula）→羊草-碱茅群落（Puccinellia distans）→碱蓬群落（Suaeda glauca）＂直至退化为盐碱地的逆向演替规律,本文选取大安市姜家甸草场为典型区进行野外样地调查,收集不同演替阶段植物样品30份,土壤剖面样品100份,表土样品40份,监测群落生态特征、土壤理化性质,计算土壤有机碳储量。分析结果表明：随着退化演替的进行,羊草-虎尾草群落的多样性指数、植被生物量、土壤有机质最高,土壤含水率及全N指数逐渐降低,土壤的pH值及土壤容重升高,土壤有机碳含量在0～100cm各土层呈现出先升高再降低的趋势,其中0～40cm内变化显著,50～100cm内相差不大,1m土壤有机碳密度从羊草群落的75.37t·hm-2升高到羊草-虎尾草群落的76.11t·hm-2,至盐碱地减少到52.21t·hm-2,约减少30%。研究结果对吉林省合理放牧、草地固碳量的增加和土壤碳储量的提高都有指导意义。     

松嫩草原黄墩蚁〔Lasisus flavus (Fabricius)〕对土壤理化性质的影响

黄墩蚁是松嫩草原土壤动物优势类群中唯一的大型土壤动物,是研究羊草草原分解者亚系统中大型土壤动物功能及作用机理的理想对象.本文研究了黄墩蚁筑巢活动对土壤物理和化学性质的影响,结果表明,黄墩蚁的筑巢活动改变了土壤颗粒的粒径分布,土壤的孔隙度增加,也明显阻止了盐分的上泛,同时增加了土壤中有机质、速效氮和速效磷的含量.受土壤理化性质改变的影响,蚁丘周围的植被组成、密度、生物量等群落特征指标也发生了较大变化.研究表明,由黄墩蚁活动引起的草原微生境的改变有利于羊草的生长和繁殖,黄墩蚁加速了羊草 虎尾草群落向羊草群落的演替,因此可以断定黄墩蚁是松嫩草原生态系统中的一个重要的干扰因子,可以利用它们这种生态作用加速退化草原的修复和重建.同时,黄墩蚁主要分布于羊草较多的生境中,对周围环境差异反应敏感,也可以作为羊草草原退化的指示物种之一.图3表2参15     

典型草原群落特征及种群生态位对土壤类型响应研究——以锡林河流域为例

土壤类型对植物群落特征、种群生态位以及对资源的利用状况有着极大的影响,有关于典型草原不同土壤类型对植被生长影响的研究鲜见报道。为明晰锡林河流域不同土壤类型中种群生态位特征、物种的分布和生长状况,以及对有限资源的利用情况。以12种土壤类型下植物群落为研究对象,利用TWINSPAN群落分类法对研究区植被进行群落分类,运用经典生态位理论,探讨其群落组成的数量特征和各群落中的主要种群(各群落中的建群种+优势种)生态位特征。结果表明,研究区内草原主要划分为5个群落类型,依次为大针茅(Stipa grandis)+羊草(Leymus chinensis)+黄囊苔草(Cares korshinskyi)、羊草+大针茅+糙隐子草(Cleistogenes squarrosas)、羊草+黄囊苔草+灰绿藜(Chenopodium glaucums)、羊草+糙隐子草+灰绿藜、糙隐子草+灰绿藜+猪毛菜(Salsola collina)。群落高度、密度、地上以及地下生物量的最大值分别出现在潜育黑土、石灰性黑钙土、石灰性黑土以及淋溶型栗钙土,其值分别为15.003 cm、707.667 plant·m~(-2)、146.217 g·m~(-2)以及15 700.18 g·m~(-3)。不同土壤类型中,植物高度的差异性最小。羊草占有绝对优势,淋溶型栗钙土中种群比较丰富,普通栗钙土中物种个体占比大,群落间共有种较少。其他土壤类型中,群落间共有种较多,物种个体所占比例较小。羊草和大针茅的生态位总宽度较大;灰绿藜的生态位重叠指数较高,双齿葱(Allium bidentatum)的较低。较高生态位宽度物种之间具有较高的生态位重叠,但在个别环境中,较窄生态位物种也会出现较大生态位重叠。     

有机污染土壤电动-微生物修复过程中的影响因素及优化措施

生物修复技术因其费用低、对环境不产生二次污染而被视为是一项具有广阔发展前景的技术。然而,一些强疏水性的有机污染物,生物可利用性很差,严重阻碍了其生物降解效率。电动与微生物联合修复技术(电动-微生物修复),在顽固性有机污染物的去除方面表现出巨大潜力。电场的施加可向土壤中分散外源物质、营养物质和微生物;或通过增强土壤中有机污染物与降解菌的传质过程,提高难降解有机物的生物可利用性;还可诱使土壤中的污染物产生电化学反应,增强污染物的去除效果。文章对有机污染土壤的电动-微生物修复过程的影响因素及优化措施进行了综述。文章认为,影响电动-微生物修复效率的因素主要有电场强度、污染物的生物可利用性、污染物结构和性质、微生物种群以及环境因素(如土壤pH值、土壤类型、营养物质、含水量等)。因此,在实施修复的过程中应根据污染场址的电化学特性选择合适的电流或电压梯度;另外,可通过施加表面活性剂、助溶剂或螯合剂,构建微生物群落,以及优化土壤环境条件,如调整土壤pH、提供营养物质、电子受体、共代谢基质等方式优化有机污染土壤电动-微生物修复的过程。深入研究有机污染土壤电动-微生物修复过程中的影响因素和优化措施,有望为电动-微生物修复技术在有机污染土壤的场地修复及过程调控中的应用提供一定的理论依据。     

微塑料对农田土壤理化性质、土壤微生物群落结构与功能的影响

微塑料作为一种新污染物普遍存在于各类环境介质中,土壤环境中的微塑料污染已受到全球的广泛关注。该研究围绕农田土壤中微塑料污染这一主题,在总结分析国内外最新研究进展的基础上,综述了微塑料对农田土壤理化性质、土壤微生物生物量以及微生物群落结构与功能的影响。通过农业活动等途径进入农田土壤的微塑料会在非生物和生物作用下发生风化和降解,并对土壤理化性质、养分循环和污染物相互作用产生影响,进而影响微生物生物量、微生物群落结构与多样性、土壤酶活性,以及碳、氮循环和污染物降解等土壤生物地球化学过程,且微塑料对上述指标的影响与微塑料自身性质、土壤类型和暴露条件等多种因素有关。最后,对未来土壤微塑料的研究方向做了展望,以期为后续研究提供参考和思路。     

土壤碳矿化对西双版纳热带森林恢复演替的响应

为探明土壤有机碳矿化对热带森林恢复演替的响应,以西双版纳热带森林不同恢复阶段(白背桐Mallotus paniculatus群落、崖豆藤Mellettia leptobotrya群落、高檐蒲桃Syzygium oblatum群落)为对象,采用室内培养法研究不同恢复阶段热带森林土壤有机碳矿化的时空动态特征,结合方差分析、相关分析及主成分分析,探讨热带森林恢复过程中土壤微生物及理化性质变化对有机碳矿化速率的影响。结果表明:恢复阶段、季节和土层对土壤碳矿化速率具有显著影响,且三者间存在显著的交互效应;热带森林恢复显著影响土壤有机碳矿化(P0.01),土壤有机碳矿化速率大小顺序为:高檐蒲桃群落(19.09mg·kg~(-1)·d~(-1))崖豆藤群落(16.93 mg·kg~(-1)·d~(-1))白背桐群落(15.35 mg·kg~(-1)·d~(-1));不同恢复阶段热带森林土壤有机碳矿化速率月份变化趋势基本一致,均表现为6月9月3月12月;不同恢复阶段热带森林土壤有机碳矿化速率均沿土层呈逐渐降低的变化趋势;热带森林恢复过程中土壤微生物生物量碳与易氧化有机碳的变化是影响土壤碳矿化的主控因子,而土壤有机质、全氮、水解氮、铵氮、硝氮对土壤有机碳矿化的贡献次之。西双版纳热带森林恢复演替主要通过影响土壤微生物生物量碳及土壤易氧化有机碳的含量而调控有机碳矿化的时空动态。     

Tropical forest restoration: tree islands as recruitment foci in degraded lands of Honduras.

Tropical forest recovery in pastures is slowed by a number of biotic and abiotic factors, including a lack of adequate seed dispersal and harsh microclimatic extremes. Accordingly, methods to accelerate forest recovery must address multiple impediments. Here, we evaluated the ability of "tree islands" to serve as "recruitment foci" in a two-year study at three sites in northern Honduras. Islands of three sizes (64, 16, and 4 m2) and at two distances to secondary forest (20 and 50 m) were created by planting 2 m tall vegetative stakes of two native species: Gliricidia sepium (Fabaceae) and Bursera simaruba (Burseraceae), each in monoculture. Open-pasture "islands" of equal sizes served as controls. Tree islands reduced temperature and light (PAR) extremes as compared to open pasture, creating a microenvironment more favorable to seedling establishment. Seed-dispersing birds (quantified at one site only) showed an overwhelming preference for islands; 160 visits were recorded to islands compared with one visit to open pasture. Additionally, frugivores visited large islands more often, and for longer time periods, than small islands, thereby increasing the likelihood of a dispersal event there. In total, 144 140 seeds belonging to 186 species were collected in islands; more than 80% were grasses. Tree islands increased zoochorous tree seed rain; seed density and species richness were greater in tree islands than in open pasture, and large islands had greater seed density than smaller islands (Gliricidia only), suggesting that they are more effective for restoration. Distance to forest did not affect seed rain. A total of 543 seedlings and 41 species established in islands; > 85% were zoochorous. Seedling density did not differ among treatments (mean 0.2 seedlings/m2 for islands vs. 0.1 seedlings/m2 for pasture), although an increasing trend in tree islands over the course of two years suggests that seedling recruitment is accelerated there. Lastly, similar seedling densities were censused in the 1 m perimeter surrounding islands, suggesting that islands can expand outward into pasture. Planting vegetative stakes to create tree islands in pastures accelerates forest recovery by overcoming a number of impediments, and presents a simple, broadly applicable alternative for facilitating forest regeneration in abandoned pastures.     

石油渗漏导致的地下水污染评价

原油贮备库邻近水源地,对水源地全构成了威胁,因而需要对其污染情况做出合理的评价．本文以兰州原油贮备库为例介绍了其地下水污染评价方法和建议,发现以库区为中心,形成一个地下水严重污染区,区域下游至黄河形成了中等程度、轻微污染和警戒程度三种地下水弥散污染带,为保障水源地,必需采取必要措施．表6,参5．     

Plant Succession, Landscape Management, and the Ecology of Frugivorous Birds in Abandoned Amazonian Pastures

From towers constructed at the interface between second-growth forest and an active and an abandoned pasture, we observed inter-habitat movements of fruit-eating birds in eastern Amazônia. The abandoned pasture was composed of grasses and forbs with a scattering of shrubs and small trees. The active pasture contained a low, uniform bed of grass. A total of 47 frugivorous bird species was recorded in the second-growth forest. We observed that 18 of these species frequented the adjacent abandoned pasture but only 3 were found in the adjacent active pasture. Fruit-eating birds flying from second-growth forest typically spent only a few minutes in the abandoned pasture, and their movements were generally restricted to a pasture belt of 1–80 m along the border with the second-growth forest. Most inter-habitat movement occurred during the rainy season, which coincided with a peak in fruit availability in the abandoned pasture. Just three bird species, Ramphocelus carbo, Tachyphonus rufus , and Thraupis episcopus , accounted for an estimated 70% of the total movement of frugivores between the second-growth forest and the abandoned pasture. All three species spent most of their time in the abandoned pasture foraging on shrubs and trees but exhibited differences in their preference for specific habitat elements and in their seed-defecation habits. An understanding of bird behaviors in altered landscapes provides important information to planners and policy makers concerned with protecting regional biodiversity and maintaining landscape integrity. This research provides a rationale for placing limits on the size of clearings in the Brazilian Amazon.     

Modelling the productivity of naturalised pasture in the North Island,New Zealand: a decision tree approach

Decision tree, one of the data mining methods, has been widely used as a modelling approach and has shown better predictive ability than traditional approaches (e.g. regression). However, very little is known from the literature about how the decision tree performs in predicting pasture productivity. In this study, decision tree models were developed to investigate and predict the annual and seasonal productivity of naturalised hill-pasture in the North Island, New Zealand, and were compared with regression models with respect to model fit, validation and predictive accuracy. The results indicated that the decision tree models for annual and seasonal pasture productivity all had a smaller average squared error (ASE) and a higher percentage of correctly predicted cases than the corresponding regression models. The decision tree model for annual pasture productivity had an ASE which was only half of that of the regression model, and correctly predicted 90% of the cases in the model validation which was 10.8 percentage points higher than that of the regression model. Furthermore, the decision tree models for annual and seasonal pasture productivity also clearly revealed the relative importance of environmental and management variables in influencing pasture productivity, and the interaction among these variables. Spring rainfall was the most significant factor influencing annual pasture productivity, while hill slope was the most significant factor influencing spring and winter pasture productivity, and annual P fertiliser input and autumn rainfall were the most significant factors influencing summer and autumn pasture productivity. One limitation of using the decision tree to predict pasture productivity was that it did not generate a continuous prediction, and thus could not detect the influence of small changes in environmental and management variables on pasture productivity.     

Effects of stricter environmental regulations on resource development

This analysis seeks to understand whether changes in oil regulation brought about by the shale revolution have restricted the pace of drilling and production. This hypothesis is tested using data on North Dakota and Montana both before and after North Dakota increased regulations that raise fixed costs. Results generally find that the new regulations had no statistical impact on the pace of drilling and production, however it is found that smaller operators reduced their production and exited. These results are instructive for policymakers who weigh the loss of economic welfare against improved environmental quality when deciding on new regulations.     

Mediation of area and edge effects in forest fragments by adjacent land use

Habitat loss, fragmentation, and degradation have pervasive detrimental effects on tropical forest biodiversity, but the role of the surrounding land use (i.e., matrix) in determining the severity of these impacts remains poorly understood. We surveyed bird species across an interior-edge-matrix gradient to assess the effects of matrix type on biodiversity at 49 different sites with varying levels of landscape fragmentation in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest—a highly threatened biodiversity hotspot. Both area and edge effects were more pronounced in forest patches bordering pasture matrix, whereas patches bordering Eucalyptus plantation maintained compositionally similar bird communities between the edge and the interior and exhibited reduced effects of patch size. These results suggest the type of matrix in which forest fragments are situated can explain a substantial amount of the widely reported variability in biodiversity responses to forest loss and fragmentation.     

Bee community shifts with landscape context in a tropical countryside.

The ongoing scientific controversy over a putative "global pollination crisis" underscores the lack of understanding of the response of bees (the most important taxon of pollinators) to ongoing global land-use changes. We studied the effects of distance to forest, tree management, and floral resources on bee communities in pastures (the dominant land-use type) in southern Costa Rica. Over two years, we sampled bees and floral resources in 21 pastures at three distance classes from a large (approximately 230-ha) forest patch and of three common types: open pasture; pasture with remnant trees; and pasture with live fences. We found no consistent differences in bee diversity or abundance with respect to pasture management or floral resources. Bee community composition, however, was strikingly different at forest edges as compared to deforested countryside only a few hundred meters from forest. At forest edges, native social stingless bees (Apidae: Meliponini) comprised approximately 50% of the individuals sampled, while the alien honeybee Apis mellifera made up only approximately 5%. Away from forests, meliponines dropped to approximately 20% of sampled bees, whereas Apis increased to approximately 45%. Meliponine bees were also more speciose at forest edge sites than at a distance from forest, their abundance decreased with continuous distance to the nearest forest patch, and their species richness was correlated with the proportion of forest cover surrounding sample sites at scales from 200 to 1200 m. Meliponines and Apis together comprise the eusocial bee fauna of the study area and are unique in quickly recruiting foragers to high-quality resources. The diverse assemblage of native meliponine bees covers a wide range of body sizes and flower foraging behavior not found in Apis, and populations of many bee species (including Apis), are known to fluctuate considerably from year to year. Thus, the forest-related changes in eusocial bee communities we found may have important implications for: (1) sustaining a diverse bee fauna in tropical countryside; (2) ensuring the effective pollination of a diverse native plant community; and (3) the efficiency and stability of agricultural pollination, particularly for short-time-scale, mass-flowering crops such as coffee.     

A calibrated auction-conjoint valuation method: Valuing pork and eggs produced under differing animal welfare conditions

This paper develops a valuation method which generates consistent and systematic estimates of people's preferences for complex multi-attribute goods by inextricably linking auction bids with conjoint ratings. The advantage of the valuation approach is that it permits the estimation of people's values for many potential goods, allows one to decompose people's values for a good into its sub-components, and permits the study of preference heterogeneity without distributional assumptions. We apply the method to an important and increasingly controversial topic: animal welfare. The method is used to determine people's preferences for eggs and pork produced from different production systems. Data from experiments conducted in three diverse U.S. locations (Chicago, IL; Dallas, TX; and Wilmington, NC) indicates that people are, on average, willing to pay $0.95 more for a dozen eggs raised in an aviary, pasture system vs. a cage system, and are willing to pay $2.02 more for two-pounds of pork chops raised in a pasture system as opposed to a crate system.     

Effects of Forest Fragmentation on Understory Hummingbirds in Amazonian Brazil

We sampled understory hummingbirds in Amazonian forest fragments from before isolation through nine years after isolation. We recorded 377 captures of eight species in five 1-ha fragments and four 10-ha fragments. The three species netted before isolation, Phaethornis superciliosus, Phaethornis bourcieri , and Thalurania furcata , were nearly equally abundant at that time. After isolation abundance of P. bourcieri and T. furcata did not change, but P. superciliosus became nearly twice as common. Five additional species that were netted only after isolation represented about 10% of the post-isolation sample. The species recorded only after isolation were forest species usually found above the levels of nets; fragments were not colonized by nonforest species. Use of fragments did not differ between 1- and 10-ha fragments. The landscape surrounding the fragments included active cattle pasture, abandoned pasture, and Cecropia -dominated second growth, but this variation had little effect on use of fragments by hummingbirds. The results suggest that these understory hummingbirds can persist in a matrix of fragments, secondary growth, and large forest patches. This response is much different than that of the insectivorous birds that dominate the understory bird community at the site, which are much more vulnerable to fragmentation.     

Pasture and hayland: Measures of reclamation success

Several characteristics of a reclaimed and two unmined grasslands used for tame pastureland in North Dakota were measured over the past eight years. Characteristics included productivity (vegetation and animal), ground cover and soil loss, species composition and numbers, and seasonality. Each characteristic is discussed as it relates to its value as a measure of reclamation success. In our view, vegetative productivity and ground cover provide an appropriate and adequate measure to document reclamation success for the postmine use of pasture and occasional hay production.