Soil erosion in the Swartland,Western Cape Province,South Africa: implications of past and present policy and practice

The Western Cape Province of South Africa has a long history of human occupation and utilisation; the impact of colonial settlement (late 17th century onwards) on agriculture has been especially prominent. The Mediterranean-type climate of the Western Cape results in landscapes which are potentially susceptible to land degradation, perhaps even desertification. The Swartland is a gently undulating inland plateau underlain largely by fine-grained and nutrient-rich shales of the pre-Cambrian Malmesbury group. Agriculture is the dominant land use to the extent of wholesale landscape transformation. The area has been subject to significant levels of land degradation in the past, manifesting itself as widespread gully erosion. During the 1940s, the region was described as on the verge of economic collapse due to the severity of soil erosion, but concerted soil conservation and education efforts under the political dispensation of the time appear to have averted that scenario. The region now faces the combined challenges of potentially rapid climate change under a considerably altered socio-economic and political order. Downscaled climate change scenarios facilitate a regional assessment of changes in the parameters affecting soil erosion susceptibility in the Swartland and leads to a consideration of the implications of such scenarios for the continuation of contemporary land use practices.     

基于BP神经网络的三峡库区土壤侵蚀强度模拟

降雨侵蚀力变化是一复杂过程,其变化存在一定的随机波动性,土壤侵蚀是三峡库区生态环境脆弱最主要的影响因素之一,查明库区土壤侵蚀强度的演化过程及未来趋势是库区生态文明建设过程中急需解决的关键科学问题。论文基于三峡库区1990年侵蚀降雨特征,利用BP神经网络对2010年75个站点降雨侵蚀力进行模拟、验证,预测2030年75个站点降雨侵蚀力。选取2030年预测结果中位于库区周围的27个站点,结合2030年库区自然增长、生态保护情景下土地利用模拟数据,使用RUSLE计算2030年土壤侵蚀强度。结果表明：1）2010年库区降雨侵蚀力模拟相对误差为15%,测试样本数据相对误差为14.67%,预测相对误差为19.65%,NE系数为0.85,说明BP神经网络对库区降雨侵蚀力具有良好模拟效果;2）2010年库区土壤侵蚀强度的Kappa指数为0.75,计算结果能满足模拟与预测需求;3）在土地利用不变情况下,2030年库区轻度、中度侵蚀面积均有所增加,微度及强烈以上侵蚀面积均呈减少趋势,且侵蚀强度转变中的58%来源于相邻侵蚀强度,跨侵蚀等级区的较少;4）在降雨侵蚀力不变情况下,自然增长、生态保护情景下未来土地利用变化所导致的土壤侵蚀均呈下降趋势,后者下降的趋势更为明显;5）在降雨侵蚀力及土地利用均变化的情况下,自然增长、生态保护情景下土壤侵蚀均呈下降趋势。     

Impacts of land use,restoration, and climate change on tropical peat carbon stocks in the twenty-first century: implications for climate mitigation

The climate mitigation potential of tropical peatlands has gained increased attention as Southeast Asian peatlands are being deforested, drained and burned at very high rates, causing globally significant carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions to the atmosphere. We used a process-based dynamic tropical peatland model to explore peat carbon (C) dynamics of several management scenarios within the context of simulated twenty-first century climate change. Simulations of all scenarios with land use, including restoration, indicated net C losses over the twenty-first century ranging from 10 to 100 % of pre-disturbance values. Fire can be the dominant C-loss pathway, particularly in the drier climate scenario we tested. Simulated 100 years of oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) cultivation with an initial prescribed burn resulted in 2400–3000 Mg CO₂?ha^?1 total emissions. Simulated restoration following one 25-year oil palm rotation reduced total emissions to 440–1200 Mg CO₂?ha^?1, depending on climate. These results suggest that even under a very optimistic scenario of hydrological and forest restoration and the wettest climate regime, only about one third of the peat C lost to the atmosphere from 25 years of oil palm cultivation can be recovered in the following 75 years if the site is restored. Emissions from a simulated land degradation scenario were most sensitive to climate, with total emissions ranging from 230 to 10,600 Mg CO₂?ha^?1 over 100 years for the wettest and driest dry season scenarios, respectively. The large difference was driven by increased fire probability. Therefore, peat fire suppression is an effective management tool to maintain tropical peatland C stocks in the near term and should be a high priority for climate mitigation efforts. In total, we estimate emissions from current cleared peatlands and peatlands converted to oil palm in Southeast Asia to be 8.7 Gt CO₂ over 100 years with a moderate twenty-first century climate. These emissions could be minimized by effective fire suppression and hydrological restoration.     

Effects of residue harvesting on water runoff,soil erosion and nutrient loss

The effect of corn (rZea mays L.) stover harvest on water funoff, soil erosion and nutrient transport under a reudced tillaage and no-till plant system was investigated in the northwestern Corn Belt (U.S.A.). Increased levels of corn stover harvest resulted in increased water runoff and soil erosion. Nutrient removal from the cropping system generally exceeded standard fertilization practices when either high levels of corn stover were harvested or soil erosion levels approached the soil loss tolerance levekl of 11.2 tons ha⁻¹ year⁻¹.     

水土流失量和养分流失量的预测

采用SCS模型,USLE模型,铁钉法和养分流失公式,对巢湖龟山研究区进行了水土流失量和养分流失量的预测和估算.结果表明:研究区的平均年径流量为476.5 mm,不同土地利用类型的年径流量不同,灌丛和草地相对较小,建设用地和未利用地则较大;USLE模型和铁钉法估算的土壤侵蚀量平均值分别为4 107.57和3 847.6 t/(km2·a),且不同土地利用类型的土壤侵蚀量均存在差异;土壤养分流失量的计算结果显示,氮素为7.389 t/(km2·a),磷素为3.166 t/(km2·a);流失土壤携带是养分流失的主要形式,径流携带养分总量相对较小,其中,氮素和磷素通过土壤携带造成的损失分别占氮、磷养分流失总量的90.14%和87.37%.      

基于土地利用的厦门市生态水文调节服务评估

生态系统具有重要的水文调节服务,通过对降水截留、过滤、吸收等手段,能够起到削峰补枯、缓和地表径流、增加地下径流的作用.以厦门市为研究对象,采用SWAT（soil and water assessment tool）水文模型评估了2015年厦门市生态系统水文调节服务;以土地利用为驱动变量,对2010年厦门市生态水文调节服务进行了评估,分析近年来厦门市加快城市绿化和海绵城市建设背景下土地利用变化对厦门市生态水文调节服务的影响.结果表明:2015年厦门市生态水文调节量为5.43×108 m3,时空差异较为明显.从各辖区来看,位于北部山区的同安区调节量（2.91×108 m3）最高,单位面积生态水文调节量（44.61×104 m3/km2）亦最高;建成区内的湖里区调节量和单位面积调节量均最低.从年内分布来看,5—9月生态水文调节量占全年的84.96%,生态系统有效减缓了径流输出,起到削峰的作用;10—11月,生态系统通过拦蓄降水,将其转换为土壤水和地下径流,使得该时期的实际径流大于潜在径流,起到补充枯期径流的作用.在相同气象条件下,2010年和2015年厦门市生态水文调节能力的空间分布整体一致,相比于2010年,2015年厦门市生态水文调节能力有明显提高,各辖区调节量和单位面积调节量均有所增加.研究显示,厦门市生态水文调节服务受气象条件和土地利用的共同作用,降水量越大,生态水文调节量越大,并且北部高植被覆盖区的生态水文调节能力高于南部建成区.      

Modelling interactions and feedback mechanisms between land use change and landscape processes

Land use changes and landscape processes are interrelated and influenced by multiple bio-physical and socio-economic driving factors, resulting in a complex, multi-scale system. Consequently in landscapes with active landscape processes such as erosion, land use changes should not be analysed in isolation without accounting for both on-site and off-site effects on landscape processes. To investigate the interactions between land use, land use change and landscape processes, a case study for the Álora region in southern Spain is carried out, coupling a land use change model (CLUE) and a landscape process model simulating water and tillage erosion and sedimentation (LAPSUS). First, both models are run independently for a baseline scenario of land use change. Secondly, different feedbacks are added to the coupled model framework as ‘interaction scenarios’. Firstly effects of land use change on landscape processes are introduced by means of a ‘changed erodibility feedback’. Secondly effects of landscape processes on land use are introduced stepwise: (i) an ‘observed erosion feedback’ where reallocation of land use results from farmers’ perception of erosion features, and (ii) a ‘reduced productivity feedback’ whereby changes in soil depth result in a land use relocation. Quantities and spatial patterns of both land use change and soil redistribution are compared with the baseline scenario to assess the cumulative effect of including each of the interaction mechanisms in the modelling framework.Overall, total quantities of land use change (areas) and soil redistribution do not differ much for the different interaction scenarios. However, there are important differences in the spatial patterns of both land use and soil redistribution. In addition, by incorporating the perception and bio-physical feedback mechanisms, land use types with stable or increasing acreages are increasingly relocated from their original positions, suggesting a current location on landscape positions prone to soil erosion and sedimentation. Implementing the ‘reduced productivity feedback’ causes most of these effects. Another important outcome is that on-site land use changes trigger major off-site soil redistribution dynamics. These off-site effects are attributed to down slope or downstream changes in sediment transport rates and/or discharge caused by changes in land surface characteristics.The results of this study provide insight into the interactions between different processes occurring within landscapes and the influence of feedbacks on the development of the landscape. The interaction between processes goes across various spatial and temporal scales, leading to difficulties in linked model representation and calibration and validation of the coupled modelling system.     

基于土地利用与植被恢复情景的土壤侵蚀演变特征

基于土地利用与植被恢复情景,使用USLE和土壤风蚀方程对坝上地区水蚀和风蚀强度进行估算。结果表明：（1）2015年坝上地区风蚀、水蚀和总侵蚀强度均值分别为8.83±5.15 t·ha^-1·a^-1、4.37±6.62 t·ha^-1·a^-1和13.22±8.18 t·ha^-1·a^-1;风蚀占总侵蚀67%,水蚀占33%。（2）土地利用调整情景下,风蚀、水蚀和总侵蚀强度分别减少4.9%~9.9%、2.9%~8.3%和4.3%~9.3%;土地利用+植被恢复情景下,风蚀、水蚀和总侵蚀强度则分别减少6.3%~13.8%、5.2%~16.2%和5.9%~14.3%。（3）土地调整面积与风蚀强度减少率呈对数关系,与水蚀强度减少率呈指数关系,与总侵蚀强度减少率呈线性关系（P<0.01）。本文结果可以为土壤侵蚀方程计算及区域土壤侵蚀防治提供数据参考。     

福建西部山地水土流失区土壤呼吸的空间异质性

土壤呼吸(Rs)作用的空间异质性对于准确估算水土流失区碳收支具有重要意义.通过对长汀县河田镇59个样地的土壤呼吸及土壤全氮(TN)、碳氮比(C/N)、有机碳含量(SOC)、叶面积指数(LAI)、土壤温度(T_(10))、土壤湿度(W)等影响因子测定的基础上,运用传统和地统计学的方法分析了土壤呼吸及其影响因子的空间异质性.结果表明,Rs及其影响因子的变异程度大小依次为:LAISOCTNRsC/NT_(10)W;Rs与T_(10)呈极显著正相关(P0.01),与TN呈显著正相关(P0.05),与其他因子的相关性不显著(P0.05);TN、SOC和T_(10)这3个因子可以解释土壤呼吸27%的空间变化.地统计学分析结果表明:Rs具有中等程度的空间自相关性,结构性因子引起的空间异质性占52.89%,与随机因素的占比(47.11%)相当;Rs及其影响因子的分维数大小依次为:RsLAIC/NT_(10)SOCWTN;Rs的空间分布格局与TN和T_(10)的空间分布格局较为一致,而与C/N、SOC、LAI的空间分布格局不同.在95%置信水平和90%估计精度下,Rs的合理采样数量为62个.     

基于风沙防治的典型农牧交错区土地利用多情景模拟

作为典型的半干旱沙区,科尔沁左翼后旗（简称"科左后旗"）土地退化严重,土壤风蚀程度较强,有针对性地调整土地利用结构,有助于农牧交错区社会经济和生态环境的可持续发展.采用修正风蚀方程（RWEQ）模拟科左后旗的风蚀状况,并结合CA-Markov模型和当地风蚀状况及区域相关规划,设定了延续现有发展态势的历史发展情景、在全区域内开展风蚀治理的全域治理情景和依照区域风蚀特征实施治理的分区治理情景3种未来可能的发展情景,基于Dyna-CLUE模型模拟各情景下科左后旗2020年的土地利用格局.结果表明:①2010年科左后旗的平均风蚀量为33.86 t/（hm2·a）,风蚀程度较为严重,并且具有明显的西高东低的空间差异.②采用Dyna-CLUE模型模拟2010年土地利用空间分布结果的Kappa指数达0.921,模拟效果良好.③与2010年相比,历史发展情景下,2020年科左后旗荒漠化趋势更加严重,未利用地面积将增加33.76%,草地退化明显;全域治理情景下,风沙治理取得了一定成效,70.30%的未利用地得到治理,其中分别有32.32%和32.52%转化为林地和草地,水域也得到一定恢复,面积将增加5.01%;相比于全域治理情景,分区治理情景下高风蚀地区有更多的未利用地得到治理,低风蚀地区耕地面积将增加4.68%,进行风沙治理的同时也在一定程度上保护了耕地.研究显示,Dyna-CLUE模型在我国农牧交错区具有较好的土地利用格局的模拟能力,采取积极的风沙防治措施可以大幅提高当地的林地和草地面积,而采取有针对性的分区域治理政策在进行风沙治理的同时也可有效地保护耕地.      

基于PPI的土地利用优化研究

土地利用类型和管理方式是非点源污染的主要影响因素,受人类活动影响较大.基于对非点源污染防治措施的汇总分析,在三道防线的理念指导下,对密云水库流域3个典型小流域的土地利用现状进行了合理性分析,并设计了9个土地利用优化情景.以曹家路流域为例,利用PPI模型和R-PPI指数对比分析不同土地利用优化情景对环境的影响,得到最佳的土地利用组合.运用PPI模型和R-PPI指数进行土地利用优化情景的设计和比较,可以得到土地利用和管理方式的最优组合,从而优化流域内土地利用的空间分布和管理方式,削减水土流失,为土地利用规划和污染防治方案的制定和选择提供支撑.     

不同土地利用/覆盖情景下东北沟流域植被生态需水量及其对产流影响

针对京津水源区上游生态环境建设需水与向下游多输水的矛盾现实,基于气象、土壤、土地利用/覆盖(1990年和2009年)数据,应用Penman-Monteith公式估算潜在蒸散量,再用土壤和植被信息对其进行修正,计算了水源区东北沟流域1990年、2009年及其他5种不同土地利用/覆盖情景下的最小生态需水量和适宜生态需水量。结果表明:2005-2009年4-10月潜在蒸散量是715.04 mm;2009年流域植被适宜生态需水量是399.42 mm,最小生态需水量是339.68 mm,比1990年的适宜和最小量分别多122.5 mm、144.5 mm;平水年的降雨均可满足各种情景生态需水要求,其中需水量较大的是情景Ⅲ(草地转化为林地),其适宜需水量达784.69×10⁴ m³,情景Ⅱ(林地转化为草地)的需水量最小,适宜需水量是687.27×10⁴ m³,该情景较适合向下游输水为目的的生态建设,但该情景实施的前提是建立下游向上游的生态补偿机制。     

三峡库区乐天溪流域生态修复效果的遥感监测研究

论文利用多时相LandsatTM E/TM影像、文献和野外调查资料,从土地利用类型与结构、植被覆盖度、土壤侵蚀等方面对三峡库区乐天溪流域生态修复效果进行了定量研究。结果表明:通过5年的生态修复,乐天溪流域林草覆盖率由1997年的80.6%增加到2002年的83.23%,不仅林草覆盖率增长,而且林地质量有较大提高,覆盖度较高的林地和灌丛面积增幅达18.1%和9.1%,相反,疏林面积减少37.9%。流域土地利用结构明显有好转,结构基本合理,相对合理指数由0.76上升到0.81。土地利用结构的改善使得流域土壤侵蚀强度大为降低,微度、中度和强度土壤侵蚀面积分别减少11.49、26.43和4.61km₂,流域平均侵蚀模数由1999年的1562.5tk/m₂降为2002年的870.7t/km₂。生态修复效果显著,但在实际工作中生态修复也需要人工的合理干预。     

三峡库区不同土地利用类型氮磷流失特征及其对环境因子的响应

农业面源污染治理是库区生态环境建设亟待解决的问题.通过对三峡库区退耕还林后不同土地利用类型养分流失的监测,分析不同退耕还林模式氮磷流失特征及其对环境因子的响应.结果表明:①不同土地利用类型养分流失浓度的变异性较强,速效养分浓度的变异性远高于全养分;②退耕还林后各土地利用类型磷的年流失负荷降低了84.53%～91.61%,氮的年流失负荷则只有乔木林和板栗显著降低,各土地利用类型的氮素流失负荷是磷素流失负荷的4.85～38.62倍;③不同土地利用类型的磷主要以颗粒态流失,而硝态氮则是氮流失的主要形态;④茶园与竹林的养分流失负荷与降雨量呈较好的相关性,磷素与降雨量的相关性优于氮素,养分流失负荷与降雨强度没有明显的相关性;⑤植被的总盖度、乔木层盖度以及凋落物层盖度对TN流失的影响程度较大.NO3--N的流失负荷受土壤表层NH4+-N含量影响程度较高.土壤TP含量和沙粒含量则是磷素流失的主要影响因素.     

Soil erosion induced by land use changes as determined by plough marks and field evidence in the Aksum area (Ethiopia)

The aim of the research presented here was to analyse soil erosion in response to changes in agricultural and soil conservation practices throughout history. The Aksum area (Tigray, northern Ethiopia) presents favourable conditions for the development of a long-term approach for assessing soil conservation techniques that have been applied for centuries (i.e., since the Aksumite kingdom, 400 BC to 800 AD). These techniques have been maintained until the present day, and parts of the terraced systems of the area are still in use. During the 1970s, social and political events led to a remarkable change in land use patterns, and large arable areas were converted into grazing land, resulting in a significant increase in soil loss. The rates of soil erosion were evaluated based on analyses of the deep scratches (plough marks) left on stones in the soil by the maresha, the ard plough pulled by oxen used in agricultural practices of the area, and the patinas, varnishes and weathering rinds exposed by soil loss after the abandonment of the fields. The study results show average rates of soil erosion of 2.8 t ha⁻¹ y⁻¹ and 65.8 t ha⁻¹ y⁻¹ for the soil conservation conditions under traditional agriculture (long-term observations) and accelerated erosion after abandonment (short-term observations), respectively. A comparison using recently calibrated erosion evaluation techniques conducted to support the field measurements revealed a close correlation between the calculated and recorded data.     

巢湖流域土地利用/覆被变化的水文效应研究

土地利用/覆被变化的水文效应导致水资源量变化,显著影响流域生态和社会经济发展。利用DEM、土壤数据库、三期土地利用数据及流域周边六个国家基本气象站1964-2000年气象、流域出口断面裕溪闸水文站1964-1989年水文资料,依托德国PIK研究所HBV-D模型建立巢湖流域降水径流关系,分析流域土地覆被变化对径流量影响：①利用HBV-D模型模拟流域降水径流关系,率定后系统相对误差控制在3%左右,纳希效率系数达约83%,适合巢湖流域土地利用/覆被变化水文效应研究;②分析得出单位面积的农业用地、居民用地和水域影响径流深大小分别为-0.134469、0.074908和-0.0015244,即巢湖流域农业用地对径流影响程度要高于居民用地且为负,农业用地减少将增加径流量,居民用地增长利于径流量增加,水域对径流量影响相对较小。     

How well are hydraulic conductivity variations approximated by additive stable processes?

Analysis of the higher statistical moments of a hydraulic conductivity (K) and an intrinsic permeability (k) data set leads to the conclusion that the increments of the data and the logs of the data are not governed by Levy-stable or Gaussian distributions. The distribution tails appear to display a Pareto-like power-law decay (i.e. Prob(|x|>s|)∝s^−α as s→∞), with α values of ≈2.5 and 3.6, respectively. Unlike the calculations of Liu and Molz (1997), α values were largely independent of lag size. These results suggest that the Levy model does not fit the tail behavior of the data well, even prior to the need for truncation in order to keep the statistical moments of simulated K distributions from becoming unrealistically large. It is suggested also that the fractional diffusion equation, based on an underlying Levy motion rather than the usual Brownian motion, might be better justified if porosity variations, as well as K variations, were considered. For the past 10 years, hydrologists and petroleum scientists have explored the use of non-stationary stochastic processes with stationary increments as models for log hydraulic conductivity distributions — the so-called scaling fractal models. Initially, Gaussian processes were used based on fractional Brownian motion. Later, a non-Gaussian model, fractional Levy motion, was suggested as a more realistic alternative. Even more recently, Levy multi-fractals have been proposed as direct models for K variations. In the on-going effort to arrive at the most practical and realistic model for K or log(K) increments, the present communication attempts to develop useful information by presenting a careful analysis of the tail behavior of K and log(K) data sets. It is concluded that although more realistic than the Gaussian model, the Levy model over-estimates the variability inherent in the two carefully measured data sets that were studied.     

长株潭地区土壤Cd和Pb固液分配特征与环境风险

区域尺度上土壤重金属下渗迁移的环境风险存在较大空间变异性.以长株潭城市及其周边土壤为对象,研究了不同土地利用类型,土壤Cd和Pb有效态含量和固液分配系数(K_d)的分布特征及其影响因素,并基于CaCl₂(固液比为1∶0.5)测定的K_d揭示了研究区土壤重金属下渗迁移的环境风险.结果表明,研究区土壤Cd和Pb有效态含量大小呈现出：自然林地>郊区农田>城市绿地>工业区绿地.土壤Cd的K_d均值为449.79 L·kg^-1,Pb的K_d均值为27 604.07 L·kg^-1,说明土壤Cd迁移性显著高于Pb.林地土壤重金属的K_d显著低于其它3种土地利用类型土壤.土壤Cd和Pb的K_d主要受土壤pH和重金属总量的影响.在此基础上,引入CaCl₂(固液比为1∶10)测定的重金属有效态含量作为因变量,构建的多元回归模型可以较好地预测土壤Cd和Pb的K_d,...     

Low carbon emission development strategies for Jambi,Indonesia: simulation and trade-off analysis using the FALLOW model

Economic growth in rural areas has to align with preservation of land uses that optimise environmental services. This means that trade-offs between economic and ecological priorities need to be understood, quantified and managed. We aimed to estimate the trade-off in the Tanjung Jabung Barat district of Jambi province Indonesia, where traditional agroforestry systems on both peat and mineral soils and logged-over forests give way to monocultural plantations of pulpwood and oil palm (Elaeis guineensis). Simulations of a 30-year time period of four scenarios using the FALLOW (Forests, Agroforests, Low-value-Landscape, Or, Wastelands) model show that a business-as-usual scenario of economic growth unhindered by the application of conservation scenarios will lead to high carbon dioxide CO₂ emissions. The forest and agroforest protection scenario, with moderate assumptions for peat-based emissions, had opportunity costs of 3–100 USD/t CO₂e. This occurred especially when the establishment of oil palm plantations, which are currently the most profitable land use option in the area, is directed solely to under utilized mineral soils. The high trade-off values are difficult to reconcile when relying only on C trading mechanism to offset economic opportunity costs of not converting forests and/or agroforests to plantations. We conclude that law-based protection of existing forests, investment in intermediate intensity agroforestry options that utilize locally adapted trees and do not require drainage of peatlands, and re-introduction of tapping Jelutung (Dyera sp) latex as non-timber peat forest product, are needed in the Tanjabar district to provide options that are sustainable from both ecological and economic perspectives.     

基于GIS和RUSLE的三峡库区小流域土壤侵蚀量估算研究

本研究以三峡库区菱角塘小流域为研究对象,在GIS技术的支持下,通过遥感技术和野外调查进行信息采集,对修正的通用土壤流失方程(RUSLE)各因子进行量化分析,从而对三峡库区菱角塘小流域土壤侵蚀量进行定量评价,并对土壤侵蚀强度进行分级;在此基础上分析不同坡度和土地利用类型的土壤侵蚀空间分布特征。结果表明,菱角塘小流域年土壤侵蚀量为208.32t/a,土壤侵蚀模数为1 987.75t/(km2·a),属于轻度侵蚀。28.62%的区域为中度、强度或极强度侵蚀,但是其侵蚀量却占总侵蚀量的82.36%,是预防和加强水土流失治理的重点区域。土壤侵蚀主要发生在坡度为15°~35°的区域,其中15°~25°的坡度土壤侵蚀属于中度侵蚀;坡耕地侵蚀最为严重,15°~25°的坡耕地侵蚀量占总侵蚀量的57.15%,表明坡耕地是该小流域水土流失的主要策源地。同时用137 Cs核素示踪技术测定的坡耕地和林地土壤侵蚀模数证实了RUSLE模型具有较高的准确性和可靠性,该模型在库区地块尺度具有一定的推广价值。