惠州农业土壤、灌溉水和农产品中有机氯农药的残留

用气相色谱法(GC-ECD)对惠州市51个农业土壤样品、12个灌溉水样品和21个农产品样品中的HCHs和DDTs残留量进行了测定.HCHs平均含量分别为土壤1.66μg/kg、灌溉水5.86ng/L、农产品24.74μg/kg;DDTs平均含量分别为土壤4.98μg/kg、灌溉水2.06ng/L、农产品41.72μg/kg,土壤中有机氯农药通过多种方式进入到水体及农产品中.从HCHs和DDTs异构体组成可以看出,环境中绝大多数农药残留是由于历史上使用造成的,个别地区可能还有新的污染输入.同其它地区相比,惠州农业土壤和灌溉水中的有机氯农药残留水平较低,但农产品尤其是蔬菜中DDTs富集程度较高.     

超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法分析土壤及沉积物中氨基甲酸酯农药

利用超高效液相色谱-串联质谱,建立土壤和沉积物中痕量氨基甲酸酯农药的分析方法。该方法用体积比1:1的二氯甲烷/甲醇对土壤和沉积物样品进行加速溶剂萃取,GCB/PSA固相萃取小柱对萃取液进行净化,内标法定量,用超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法分析土壤和沉积物中20种氨基甲酸酯农药。20种氨基甲酸酯农药在0.02~1.0 μg/mL范围内线性良好(r≥0.99),检测限为0.20~0.60 ng/g。沉积物加标样品(20ng/g)和土壤加标样品(20ng/g)的回收率分别为33.2%~101.9%、38.8%~120.5%,相对标准偏差为6.1%~28.0%、2.3%~16.0%。沉积物加标样品(2.0 ng/g)回收率为43.0%~100.0%,相对标准偏差为2.1%~11.3%。     

大伙房水库多介质中全氟化合物赋存特征、源解析及健康风险评估

大伙房水库属于全国城市供水九大重点水源地之一,作为辽宁省重要的饮用水水源地,库区水质直接影响该区域人民饮水安全及身体健康。对大伙房水库表层水体、沉积物和鱼类样品中全氟化合物（PFAS）的赋存特征及可能的来源进行分析,并运用健康风险商值法评估PFAS的潜在健康风险。结果表明,库区表层水体中ρ（ΣPFAS）为1.18~8.19 ng/L,主要污染物为全氟辛酸及其盐类化合物（PFOA）和全氟戊基羧酸（PFPA）,其浓度水平随时间呈下降趋势;沉积物中只检出3种污染物,分别为PFOA、全氟十一烷基羧酸（PFUnA）和全氟十二烷基羧酸（PFDoDA）,ω（ΣPFAS）为0.16~0.48 ng/g;不同鱼类样品中ω（ΣPFAS）由高到低依次为：武昌鱼（2.49 ng/g）>鲤鱼（2.30 ng/g）>白鲢（2.02 ng/g）>花鲢（2.01 ng/g）,主要污染物均为PFPA。基于主成分分析与相关性分析可知,大伙房水库库区的PFAS主要来自采矿、电镀、涂料等工业污染废水和生活污水;健康风险评估结果表明,表层水体和鱼类样品中的PFAS不存在健康风险。     

安庆市PM2.5碳质组分污染特征及来源解析

2020年3月2日—2021年2月28日在安庆市政务服务中心楼顶设置监测点,手工采集PM_2.5样品,运用多波段碳分析仪(DRI Model 2015)分析样品中碳质组分有机碳(OC)和元素碳(EC)质量浓度;利用OC/EC法、相关分析法和主成分因子分析法对PM_2.5中碳质组分的污染特征和可能来源进行解析。结果显示:安庆市手工采样期间PM_2.5平均质量浓度为(45.9±28.1)μg/m³,OC和EC的平均浓度分别为(8.0±3.4)、(1.4±0.6)μg/m³,在PM_2.5中占比为17.4%、3.1%。四季OC平均浓度分布为冬季(9.7±4.2)μg/m³ >春季(9.0±2.5)μg/m³ >秋季(8.3±2.9)μg/m³ >夏季(5.1±1.6)μg/m³,EC平均浓度分布为冬季(1.7±0.5)μg/m³ >春季(1.7±0.6)μg/m³ >秋季(1.3±0.4)μg/m³ >夏季(0.8±0.3)μg/m³。OC/EC范围为3.11~12.14,平均值为5.83,表明安庆市存在二次有机碳(SOC),SOC均值为(2.89±1.94)μg/m³,分别占OC和PM_2.5浓度的36.1%、6.3%;四季OC、EC相关性不显著,r均小于0.85,说明安庆市的碳质组分较复杂;在不同空气质量等级条件下,OC质量浓度随着污染等级的升高而逐渐升高,EC质量浓度随着污染等级升高而先升高后降低。利用主成分分析法进行来源解析发现,道路扬尘、燃煤、柴油车尾气是碳质组分的主要来源。     

液相色谱-串联质谱法同时测定污水中10种精神活性物质

建立了采用液相色谱-串联质谱法(LC-MS/MS)同时测定污水中10种精神活性物质的分析方法。污水样品经甲酸与甲酸铵调节pH后,加入氘代内标混匀,离心并过滤膜后可直接上样分析。研究表明,在1~250 ng/L的线性范围内,10种精神活性物质的线性相关系数均大于0.992,定量限均低于0.5 ng/L。在3个加标水平下,10种精神活性物质的加标回收率为87.2%~114%,相对标准偏差为0.53%~3.60%(n=3)。将该方法应用于某区域10份生活污水样品的检测,在3份水样中检出吗啡、甲基苯丙胺、氯胺酮等精神活性物质,对应的质量浓度范围分别为3.41~9.55、0.90~1.63、1.06~1.78 ng/L。与经固相萃取前处理后的分析方法相比,该方法可在10 min内完成分离和检测的全过程,具有简单、快速、节约的优点,可用于污水样品中10种痕量水平精神活性物质的定量分析。     

苏北灌河口多介质多环芳烃污染调查及生态风险分析

于2018年1,7和11月对苏北灌河口典型介质中多环芳烃(PAHs)的污染现状进行了调查。采用气相色谱-质谱联用仪(GC-MS)对水样、沉积物、植株和生物样品中16种PAHs富集组成特征及生态风险进行分析。结果表明,水相,悬浮颗粒物和沉积物中PAHs平均值均为枯季(1 998 ng/L, 2 987 ng/g, 1 056 ng/g)高于洪季(1 698 ng/L, 630 ng/g, 558 ng/g);不同季节水相、悬浮颗粒物和沉积物中均以2+3环PAHs为主;水相中苯并[a]蒽(BaA)、[艹屈](CHR)、苯并[b+k]荧蒽(B[b+k]FA)质量浓度高于美国环保署(US EPA)推荐的水质量标准,悬浮颗粒物和沉积物中芴(FL)和菲(PHE)对水生生物可能存在不利影响;互花米草和芦苇的落叶效应使得沉积物中PAHs质量分数高于光滩;芦苇根系沉积物和互花米草根系沉积物中PAHs的组成差异较大;成熟期(11月)蟹体内PAHs平均质量分数远高于生长期(7月),蟹体内更易富集低环数(2+3环)PAHs。     

泰安降水中多环芳烃的浓度分布和来源分析

于2006年4月到2007年8月在泰安市城北设立采样点收集降水样品,对样品中的13种美国环保署(US EPA)优控多环芳烃(PAHs)及NO3-、SO42-等无机阴、阳离子进行了定量分析.测定结果表明,雨水样品中∑13PAHs含量范围在11.3～179.4ng/L之间,平均浓度为89.8ng/L;NO3-、SO42-分别在16.35～186.4ueq/L及53.83～721.9ueq/L之间;样品中无机阴、阳离子总和之比∑(+)/∑(-)的平均值为0.93.相关分析表明,样品中菲、芴、萤蒽等3、4环多环芳烃化合物含量较高;样品中的PAHs浓度与季节存在一定的相关性,但与样品中的NO3-、SO42-浓度间无明显的相关性;样品中的多环芳烃主要来源于煤炭、木材及石油的不完全燃烧.     

PM2.5中丙二醛的检测、浓度特征及氧化损伤的研究

以和田市城区2014年采集的大气PM_(2.5)样品为实验对象,将0.1 g的PM_(2.5)样品膜与2-硫代巴比妥酸(0.2%)和三氯乙酸(20%)混合显色液反应,用可见光分光光度计测定反应产物的吸光度,通过正交实验来优化PM_(2.5)膜中丙二醛(MDA)的提取及测定条件,结果表明,在反应温度90℃、超声和加热时间40 min、显色剂用量为45 mL时,反应产物在532 nm处具有稳定的最大吸收峰。对和田市城区PM_(2.5)及MDA质量浓度的变化特征分析结果表明,和田市城区4个季节PM_(2.5)平均质量浓度由高到低顺序分别为春季(1 096.67±369.60)μg/m~3、夏季(1 016.16±708.00)μg/m~3、秋季(686.88±525.00)μg/m~3和冬季(214.54±94.70)μg/m~3。MDA平均质量浓度的变化范围为1.10～7.75 ng/m~3,其平均值最高为夏季(4.43±1.80)ng/m~3,最低为春季(1.42±0.60)ng/m~3,冬季与秋季相当,分别为(2.93±0.70)ng/m~3和(2.83±0.80)ng/m~3;最终,将PM_(2.5)膜中MDA的质量浓度与相应的TD_(30)(体外DNA氧化损伤达到30%的剂量)进行相关性分析得出,无论是全样还是水样的TD_(30)值均随MDA浓度的升高而呈降低的趋势。其中,全样与MDA质量浓度的相关性更为显著(r=-0.597,显著性P0.01)。     

超高效液相色谱-三重四极杆质谱法同时分析沉积物中6种溴代阻燃剂

利用超高效液相色谱-三重四极杆质谱建立了沉积物中6种溴代阻燃剂的分析方法,同时进行了采样分析。以正己烷-二氯甲烷(体积比1∶9)为萃取剂,在100℃下用加速溶剂萃取仪提取沉积物样品,循环3次。萃取液浓缩至2.0 m L,转移至净化柱,用150 m L正己烷-二氯甲烷(体积比1∶2)淋洗。将淋洗液浓缩至近干,加入内标物,定容至1 m L后,用液相色谱-三重四极杆准确定量。方法干重检出限为0.01～0.1 ng/g;替代标回收率为75.6%～98.9%,相对标准偏差为12.0%～13.0%;目标物回收率为70.5%～99.2%,相对标准偏差为2.1%～17.0%。研究区域水体沉积物中的三(2,3-二溴丙基)异氰脲酸酯浓度为未检出～0.14 ng/g,(2,4,6-三溴苯氧基)-1,3,5-三嗪浓度为未检出～0.14 ng/g,十溴二苯醚浓度为0.81～4.36 ng/g,六溴苯浓度为未检出～0.08 ng/g,表明沉积物中新型溴代阻燃剂浓度处于较低水平。     

兰州市土壤中PAHs和PCBs的分布特征及风险评价

通过采集兰州市各功能区表层土壤样品,分析土壤中PAHs和PCBs的分布特征及潜在风险。结果表明,兰州市土壤中16种PAHs的平均质量比为5 734μg/kg,其中7种致癌芳烃的平均质量比为276μg/kg;18种PCBs的平均质量比为45.9μg/kg,其中7种指示性PCBs的平均质量比为10.8μg/kg。风险评价结果表明,除苊为高生态风险外,兰州市土壤中PAHs其他组分和PCBs均处于低中生态风险。16种PAHs的毒性当量浓度为59.9μg/kg,主要贡献者为苯并[a]芘和苯并[b]荧蒽;7种指示性PCBs的毒性当量浓度为1.96×10~(-4)μg/kg,主要贡献来源为PCB138和PCB118。     

Topsoil and Housedust Metal Concentrations in the Vicinity of a Lead Battery Manufacturing Plant

The aim of the study was to determine the extent of heavy metal pollution in the vicinity of a lead battery manufacturing plant in the Czech Republic, both in the general environment and within homes. Topsoils (0–5 cm) were sampled from 100 sites along 4 transects which crossed the battery factory, the town centre and outlying rural areas. Housedust samples were collected from 15 plant-workers' homes and 15 non plant-workers' homes located at various distances from the factory. Samples were analysed for levels of Pb, Zn, Cd, Cu, As and Sb, using ICP-AES. Soil concentrations of Pb, Cd, As and Sb peaked at the perimeter fence of the battery factory with Pb levels of up to 12 650 g g> ^-1. Concentrations of these metals decreased exponentially within 500 m of the plant. Whilst the battery factory does appear to be a source of all the metals with the exception of Zn, emissions do not appear to be transported to any great extent over distances of more than 0.5 km. Topsoil and housedust concentrations of Pb, Zn, Cd, Cu, As and Sb in the general Mlada Boleslav area do not appear to be significantly different from those recorded in a large scale survey of urban soils in the United Kingdom. A comparison of housedust Pb concentrations in homes of plant workers and non-plant workers suggests that there may be a small input of Pb into the home environment by battery plant employees.     

An Overview of Contaminant-Related Issues Identified by Monitoring in San Francisco Bay

The San Francisco Estuary Regional Monitoring Program for Trace Substances (RMP) began in 1993 and is sponsored by 74 local, state, and federal agencies and companies through their discharge or Bay use permits. The RMP monitors water, sediment, toxicity, and bivalve bioaccumulation at 25 sites in the Bay that are considered to represent "background" conditions. Several major environmental issues have been identified by the RMP. Polychlorinated biphenyls and mercury were often above water quality guidelines, and often occurred in fish tissues above U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) screening values. Concentrations do not appear to be decreasing, suggesting continuing inputs. Episodes of aquatic toxicity often occurred following runoff events that transport contaminants into the Bay from urbanized and agricultural portions of the watershed. Sediment toxicity occurred throughout the Bay, and has been correlated with concentrations of specific contaminants (chlordanes, polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons) at some locations; mixtures of contaminants were probably also important. Since the RMP does not monitor all ecosystem components, assessments of the overall condition of the Bay cannot be made. However, in terms of contamination, the RMP samples suggest that the South Bay, and North Bay sites are moderately contaminated.     

Biomagnification factors (fish to Osprey eggs from Willamette River,Oregon, U.S.A.) for PCDDs,PCDFs, PCBs and OC pesticides

A migratory population of 78 pairs of Osprey (Pandion haliaetus) nesting along the Willamette River in westernOregon was studied in 1993. The study was designed to determinecontaminant concentrations in eggs, contaminant concentrationsin fish species predominant in the Ospreys diet, andBiomagnification Factors (BMFs) of contaminants from fish specieseaten to Osprey eggs. Ten Osprey eggs and 25 composite samplesof fish (3 species) were used to evaluate organochlorine (OC)pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polychlorinateddibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), and polychlorinated dibenzofurans(PCDFs). Mercury was also analyzed in fish. Geometric meanresidues in Osprey eggs were judged low, e.g., DDE 2.3 g g^-1 wet weight (ww), PCBs 0.69 g g^-1, 2,3,7,8-TCDD 2.3 ng kg^-1, and generally well below known threshold values for adverse effects on productivity, and the population was increasing. Osprey egg residue data presentedby River Mile (RM) are discussed, e.g., higher PCDDs were generally found immediately downstream of paper mills and eggsfrom the Willamette River had significantly elevated PCBs and PCDDs compared to reference eggs collected nearby in the CascadeMountains. Prey remains at nest sites indicated that the Largescale Sucker (Catostomus macrocheilus) and NorthernPikeminnow (Ptychocheilus oregonensis) accounted for an estimated 90.1% of the biomass in the Osprey diet, and composite samples of these two species were collected from different sampling sites throughout the study area for contaminant analyses. With the large percentage of the fishbiomass in the Osprey diet sampled for contaminants (and fisheaten by Ospreys similar in size to those chemically analyzed),and fish contaminant concentrations weighted by biomass intake, a mean BMF was estimated from fish to Osprey eggs for the largeseries of contaminants. BMFs ranged from no biomagnification(0.42) for 2,3,7,8-TCDF to 174 for OCDD. Our findings for themigratory Osprey were compared to BMFs for the resident HerringGull (Larus argentatus), and differences are discussed. Webelieve a BMF approach provides some basic understanding ofrelationships between contaminant burdens in prey species offish-eating birds and contaminants incorporated into their eggs,and may prove useful in understanding sources of contaminants inmigratory species although additional studies are needed.     

The Draft of the New German Guideline VDI 3782/8 to Model Automobile Exhaust Dispersion

The draft of the German guideline to calculate automobile exhaust dispersion is explained. It contains a two-stage-system: For first quick estimates the guideline contains the simple models MLuS and STREET. In case these models are not applicable or their results shows concentration levels close to the air quality standards, the more complex models PROKAS_V and MISKAM are recommended. PROKAS_V is a Gaussian plume model, MISKAM is a 3-dimensional microscale non hydrostatic flow model for built-up areas with an Eulerian dispersion model. The guideline comprises cases in rural areas without or with few adjacent buildings as well as urban areas with buildings near the roads. The contribution gives information about the models, typical results and some of the problems showing up presently.     

Hydrocarbon Utilization in Yeast Isolates Found to Grow in Association with Petroleum in a Polluted Ultisol of Midwestern Nigeria

The population counts of hydrocarbon-utilising yeasts weremonitored at six sampling stations in the Benin City municipalarea over a four-week period. Although the population countswere relatively constant in each locality, the highest countsoccurred in areas heavily polluted by domestic and industrialeffluents. A total of thirty-five hydrocarbon-degrading yeastswere isolated from soil at the sampling stations usingn-hexadecane as sole carbon source. The isolates were identifiedas belonging to the genera Candida (27 strains), Endomycopsis (4 strains). All the organisms grew on long-chainn-alkane, kerosene, diesel oil and crude oil but failed to growon short-chain n-alkane, aromatic and alicyclic hydrocarbons.Measurement of growth attributes of the isolates usingn-hexadecane, diesel oil and crude oil as substrates showed thatthe Candida species were better utilizers of hydrocarbonsubstrates relative to Endomycopsis and Schizosaccharomyces species.     

火焰原子吸收光谱法测定苏州开发区26种蔬菜中铜锌铁锰镍

用火焰原子吸收光谱法测定了苏州开发区26种蔬菜中的铜、锌、铁、锰和镍的含量。蔬菜样品用硝酸高氯酸混合酸进行消解。4次测定值的相对标准差<5%,加标回收率在92%～107%之间。26种蔬菜中铜、锌、铁、锰、镍的含量基本均在世贸组织规定的范围内。     

Using Multiple Taxonomic Groups to Index the Ecological Condition of Lakes

Biological indicators of communitiestypically reflect a common environmental signalreflecting the general condition of the ecosystem, as well asindividual signals by indicators differentiallysensitive to particular environmental conditions. Wedescribe here a method of integrating and interpretingsuch indicators from 19 New England lakes for fivetaxonomic groups (diatoms, benthos, zooplankton, fish,and birds). Our approach provides a systematicstandardized way to integrate multiple metrics fromdifferent taxonomic groups by addressing four elementscrucial to analyzing data from multiple indicators: covariate control, re-scaling of data, standardizing the sign of responses, and dimensional reduction. We evaluated the biologicalmetrics against individual environmental stressors andagainst multivariate physicochemical metricscharacterizing general anthropogenic stress among thelakes. The method detected a response to variationin the gross environmental condition of the lakes thatwas correlated across taxa and metrics. In addition,a differential response to near shore conditions wasdemonstrated for fish. The success of the approach inthis study lends support to its general application toecological monitoring involving complex data sets.     

Concentrations of Cadmium, Mercury and Selenium in Blood, Liver and Kidney of Common Eider Ducks from the Canadian Arctic

We determined concentrations of selected trace elements inlivers, kidneys and blood samples from common eiders (Somateria mollissima borealis) from the eastern Canadianarctic during 1997 and 1998. Concentrations of totalmercury and organic mercury were generally low in the liversof these birds (less than 6 and 4 g g^–1 dry wt,respectively). Selenium ranged between 11–47 g g^–1 inlivers. Renal cadmium concentrations were among the highestever published for this species (range: 47–281 g g^–1). The regressions of log-transformed concentrations ofthese trace elements in blood samples on those in liver orkidney were significant (all P-values < 0.05) andpositive. However, except for organic mercury (RM ² = 0.83), the co-efficients of determination were low tomoderate (range of R ²: 0.26–0.52), suggesting poorto moderate predictive capability. Furthermore, therelationships between total mercury in blood and liverchanged between 1997 and 1998, suggesting that it would notbe possible to predict consistently, concentrations ofmercury in blood from those in liver based on samples takenin one year. Blood samples can be used to determineconcentrations of these trace elements in common eiders (andprobably other sea duck species as well). The use of bloodsamples is especially warranted when it is undesirable tokill the animal such as when working with rare or endangeredsea duck species or when the objective is to relate traceelement exposure to annual survival rates. However, thepredictive equations developed here should not be used topredict expected concentrations in one type of tissue fromthose in the other.     

Impact of Pollution Caused by Uranium Production on Soil Macrofauna

Thirty years of mining and milling activities of the Priargunsky Mining-Chemical Production Company (South-Eastern Siberia, Russia) have resulted in an enrichment of uranium in adjacent steppe soils by a factor of up to 600. A number of attendant pollutants (thorium, arsenic and heavy metals) also have high concentrations in the soil. To estimate the effects of this pollution on soil-living macroinvertebrates, pitfall trapping and core sampling were applied. The element composition of four beetle species was analysed. Soil macroinvertebrates had 3–37 times lower abundance and biodiversity at the contaminated sites compared with the control. Ground beetle communities at the contaminated sites were reduced compared to the control site. The concentrations of uranium and arsenic in beetles collected at the contaminated sites were 2–41 and 2–26 times higher, respectively, than at the control site. There is strong evidence that the contamination caused by uranium production has severe negative biological effects on important groups of the soil food web.     

Eutrophication and Sedimentation Patterns in Complete Exploitation of Water Resources Scenarios: An Example from Northwestern Semi-arid Mexico

Water requirements to supply human needs lead water stakeholders to store more water during surplus periods to fulfil the demand during – not only – scarcity periods. At the reservoirs, mostly those in semi-arid regions, water level then fluctuates extremely between rises and downward during one single year. Besides of water management implications, changes on physical, chemical and biological dynamics of these drawdown and refilling are little known yet. This paper shows the results, throughout a year, on solids, nutrients (N and P), chlorophyll-a, and sedimentation changes on the dynamics, when the former policy was applied in a reservoir from the semi-arid Northwestern Mexico. Water level sinusoidal trend impinged changes on thermal stratification and mixing, modifying nutrient cycling and primary producer responses. According to nitrogen and phosphorus concentration as well as chlorophyll-a, reservoir was mesotrophic, becoming hypertrophic during drawdown. Nutrient concentrations were high (1.22 ± 0.70 and 0.14 ± 0.12 mg P l⁻¹), increasing phosphorus and lowering N:P significantly throughout the study period, although no intensive agricultural, no urban development, neither industrial activities take place in the watershed. This suggests nutrient recycling complex mechanisms, including nutrient release from the sediment–water interface as the main nutrient pathway when shallowness, at the same time as mineralization, increases. Outflows controlled nitrogen and phosphorus availability on the ecosystem while organic matter depended on river inflows. As on other subtropical aquatic ecosystems, nitrogen limited primary productivity (Spearman correlation R = 0.75) but chlorophyll-a seasonal pattern showed an irregular trend, prompting other no-nutrient related limitants. Shallowness induced a homogeneous temporal pattern on water quality. This observed temporal variability was mainly explained statistically by changes on solids (mineral and organic), chlorophyll-a and flows (62.3%). Annual sedimentation rates of total solids ranged from 11.73 to 16.29 kg m⁻² year⁻¹ with organic matter comprising around 30%. N:P ratio on sedimentation rates were as high as could be expected in a resuspension dominated ecosystem, and spatially inverse related with N:P ratio on bottom sediments. Distance from river inlet into the reservoir reveals a marked spatial heterogeneity on solid and nitrogen sedimentation, showing the system dependence on river inflows and supporting resuspension as the main phosphorus pathway. Accretion rates (2.19 ± 0.40 cm year⁻¹) were not related to hydrological variability but decreased with the distance to the river input. Total sediment accumulation (9,895 tons km⁻² year⁻¹) denotes siltation as other serious environmental problem in reservoirs but possibly not related with operational procedures.