新疆雅克拉断凸下古生界碳酸盐岩储层特征

新疆雅克拉油气田具有多套含油层系,其中下古生界碳酸盐岩也是重要储层之一.过去由于研究手段和方法上的限制,对于这套储层缺乏深入认识,给碳酸盐岩的勘探开发工作带来了一定的难度.为了搞清这一问题,充分利用了钻井、录井、测井、地震、岩心薄片和分析化验资料,并进行了高分辨率测井约束地震反演.通过综合分析和新技术的应用,对雅克拉油气田碳酸岩储层的纵、横向的展布特征有了比较明确的认识.确定了有利的储集相带主要发育在潮坪和台滩微相中,受后期改造作用,分布在构造较高部位,可作为碳酸盐油气藏勘探的主攻方向.     

基于熵权法的水淹层综合定量评价——以渤中34-2/4油田沙三中段为例

综合渤中34-2/4油田钻井、测井和开发动态资料,提出了一套定量表征水淹非均质性的方法"熵权法",并引入水淹指数的概念来定量表征剩余油分布。研究表明:泥质含量是影响研究区储层水淹强度平面分布的首要因素。根据微观地质分析,孔隙少、黏土矿物含量高、伊蒙混层含量高这三个原因导致泥质含量是影响水淹强度的决定因素。根据水淹指数可将水淹层定量划分为四个级别,分别为未水淹、弱水淹、中水淹和强水淹。研究区剩余油呈现尖灭型和离散型两种分布样式。根据水淹层定量评价研究结果,在研究区部署了调整井,生产情况表明该井开发效果良好。     

礁滩灰岩油田基于地质模型的储量不确定性分析——以珠江口A油田为例

生物礁滩灰岩,储层非均质性强,横向变化快,在开发前期井少条件下储量不确定性大。通过对地质模型的储量不确定性成因分析,获得了油藏储量的概率分布,评价了储量的不确定性且预测了储量存在的风险和潜力,优选出了后续开发方案研究的基础模型。同时明确了储层构造、地震预测对地质模型的影响程度,储层变差函数及油水界面,有效厚度下限是影响非均质性强的礁滩灰岩油藏地质储量计算结果的主要因素,并针对各不确定性变量进行敏感性分析,提出了减小储量不确定性的建议,指出了地震预测对有效储层的识别能力是油田储量的潜力及风险的关键因素。这种储量不确定性分析方法可为下一步投资建议、井位部署提供科学决策的依据。     

薄互层油储地球物理测井方法的研究和应用

薄互层油储地球物理测井方法是我国关于陆相薄互层地球物理的理论和方法的重要研究课题之一,并且受到我国"八五"自然科学基金会的高度重视。他主要的研究内容是在薄互层油电磁波、声波和电阻率等几个方面的理论和应用,和涉及到其他方面的全面讲述体系,以对薄交互储层进行分析、地震反演以及井孔之间储层探寻,对其进行解释并给出了准确的相关资料。     

油基钻井液施工条件下井场HSE风险与防控

针对油基钻井液钻井施工特点,分析了作业过程中存在的火灾、燃爆、滑跌等安全风险,以及使用油基钻井液可能导致的环境污染和职业健康危害。结合现场实践,提出了油基钻井液钻井施工作业现场安全生产、环境保护和职业健康风险的防控对策,值得行业内油气勘探开发公司和工程服务公司借鉴。     

油田勘探开发建设中噪声对环境的影响

在石油勘探开发过程中，噪声主要来源于地震勘探阶段、钻井阶段、并下作业过程、油气采集和储运过程及油田地面建设时所产生的施工噪声、交通噪声。油田勘探开发过程中产生的这些噪声会给周围环境及作业人员带来不同程度的危害。1前言油田勘探开发工程是一项以生产石油为目的的综合性系统工程，整个过程包括了勘探、钻井、采油、井下作业、油气集输和储运等工艺。数重众多的油井、计量站、接转站、联合站等设施，是由油、气、水管网联成的一个整体，它们使油田开发工程具有区域广、噪声源分散诸特点。在油气勘探开发过程中，能对环境中生较…     

乌多坎含铜砂岩矿床(摘要)

1949年在外贝加尔东北部发现的乌多坎含铜砂岩矿床，无论是在铜的勘探工业储量方面还是在其有别于已知建造的含铜砂岩矿床的一系列突出地质特点方面均是独一无二的。根据勘探结果，乌多坎矿床的铜储量为20百万吨以上，铜的平均含量为1．5％。伴生组分：银，平均含量为13g／t矿石中）；金，含量为0．5g／t（精矿中）；铁，与黄铁矿结合的。该矿床是含铜砂岩矿石建造的典型代表，具有该矿石建造所固有的一切特征（矿化局限于红色岩组的沉积建造中，具成层现象；矿体顺围岩层产出，在地质年龄沿横向变化的剖面中成层分布，具有原生矿物分带）。…     

莱州湾凹陷垦利10油田沙三中段沉积相及演化

古近系沙河街组沙三中段储层是油田主力开发层系。沉积相类型以辫状三角洲前缘为主,结合测井、岩心和地震资料,将工区沙三中段划分为低位域和高位域,在高位域内部识别出6个四级旋回,低位域内部识别出1个四级旋回。在高精度层序框架约束下,利用地震相分析和属性地层切片,刻画沙三中段砂体的横向展布特征,实钻井证实符合程度高。     

水体富营养化预测方法探讨

1引言水体富营养化是指在人类活动和自然作用的影响下，生需的氮、磷等营养物质大量进入湖泊、河口等缓流水体，引起藻类及其它浮游生物迅速繁殖，水体溶解氧量下降，水质恶化，鱼类及基它生物大量死亡的现象。影响藻类生长的物理、化学和生物因素极为复杂，除氮、磷等关键因素外，还有光照，营养盐类、季节变化、水温、水的PH值，以及生物本身的相互关系等，因此，很难准确预知藻类的生长状况。鉴于目前水体富营养化尚缺乏系统的预测方法，为能预测水体富营养化的发生可能性和发展趋势，本文结合在建的大凌河白石水库工程的实际情况，对水…     

中国油气勘探面临的理论及研究方法问题

经过几代人的探索，中国石油地质学取得了重大进展，并有效地指导了油气勘探实践。但我国油气勘探屯面临着一系列的理论与技术问题。在石油地质理论方面主要有：①海相油气生成聚集；②油气藏形成机理及形成模式；③如何建立起我国的含油气系统并以此指导油气勘探。在研究方法和勘探技术方面如资源评价、盆地模拟、油藏描述及三维地震等虽已形成了一整套具有较高水平的操作规程，但这些技术有待完善。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.     

Sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions

The contribution of aliphatic-rich plant biopolymer to sorption of hydrophobic organic compounds is significantly important because of their preservation and accumulation in the soil environment,but sorption mechanism is still not fully understood.In this study, sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions was examined to better understand the contributions of respective fraction.Toward this end,cuticular materials were isolated from the fruits of tomato by chemical method.The tomato cuticle sheet consisted of waxes (6.5 wt%),cuticular monomer (69.5 wt%),and polysaccharide (24.0 wt%).Isotherms of l-naphthol to the cuticular fractions were nonlinear (N value (0.82-0.90)) at the whole tested concentration ranges.The KodKow ratios for bulk cuticle (TC1),dewaxed cuticle (TC2),cutin (TC4),and desugared cuticle (TC5) were larger than unity,suggested that tomato bulk cuticle and cutin are much powerful solption medium.Sorption capability of cutin (TC4) was 2.4 times higher than the nonsaponifiable fraction (TC3).The 1-naphthol interactions with tomato cuticular materials were governed by both hydrophobic-type interactions and polar (H-bonding) interactions. Removal of the wax and polysaccharide materials from the bulk tomato cuticle caused a significant increase in the sorption ability of the cuticular material.There was a linear negative trend between K_(oc) values and the amount of polysaccharides or fraction's polarities ((N O)/C);while a linear positive relationship between K_(oc) values and the content of cutin monomer (linear R~2=0.993) was observed for present in the cuticular fractions.Predominant sorbent of the hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) in the plant cuticular fraction was the cutin monomer,contributing to 91.7% of the total sorption of tomato bulk cuticle.     

Seed selections for crystallization of calcium phosphate for phosphorus recovery

Seed induces and promotes the crystallization of calcium phosphate, and acts as carrier of the recovered phosphorus （P）. In order to select suitable seed for P recovery from wastewater, three seeds including Apatite （AP）, Juraperle （JP） and phosphate-modified Juraperle （M-JP） were tested and compared. Batch and fixed-bed column experiments of seeded crystallization of calcium phosphate were undertaken by using synthetic wastewater with 10 mg/L P phosphate. It shows that AP has bad enduring property in the crystallization process, while JP has better performance for multiple uses, and M-JP is a hopeful seed for P recovery by crystallization of calcium phosphate.