环境应急监测能力建设的问题与思考

正突发性环境污染事故的发生,对社会稳定和人民生命财产构成了一定的威胁,这就要求不断加强环境应急监测能力建设,使监测结果能更加及时、准确的为处置突发性环境污染事故提供科学依据,把污染事故造成的损失降到最低点。一、当前环境应急监测能力建设中所存在的问题1、缺乏统一的环境应急监测技术规范目前全国没有统一的环境应急监测规范,现行的监测技术规范,主要是针对环境质量监测和工业污染源监测     

长江下游水源地突发性水污染事故预警应急系统研究

针对长江下游主要水源地特点及水污染事故特征,以长江江苏段为例,建立整体一维、分段二维的水量水质预测模型,构建适用于该地区的水源地风险预警模型,实现对于固定源、移动源等水污染事故风险过程的动态模拟及风险预警;将水质预测模型、风险预警模型、地理信息系统、远程控制及自动化等技术有机耦合,研发水源地突发性水污染事故预警应急系统,可准确直观地表现水污染事故的影响范围及发展趋势,为水源地水污染事故风险预警应急工作决策提供科学依据。     

《城市环境与城市生态》第17卷总目次(2004年)

第 1期城市绿色空间及对城市热岛效应的影响李延明 ,郭　佳 ,冯久莹 (1)…………………………………………………………外源性污染对梅梁湾水质影响的定量化李一平 ,逢　勇 ,吕　俊 ,等 (5 )……………………………………………………突发性环境污染事故应急预警网络系统的设计与开发冯文钊 ,张　宏 ,彭立芹 ,等 (9)……………………………………生物膜法A/O/O工艺城市污水脱氮处理的挂膜启动李亚新 ,张宏伟 ,连瑛秀 ,等 (12 )……………………………………我国城市污水厂延伸污泥处理与处置责任杨　健 ,吴　敏 (16 )……………………………     

1985年以来我国重大水体突发污染事件及在线生物监测的必要性分析

通过查阅和检索公开报道的期刊、报纸和网络,统计分析我国1985以来水体突发污染事件。1985—2015年间,我国水体突发污染事件年均发生数量总体变化呈现先动态增长后逐渐下降的趋势,其中2006年为水体突发性污染事件发生频次的转折点。导致水体突发性污染的主要原因包括企业违规排放、企业事故性泄漏、交通事故、自然因素和人为投毒等,污染方式多样。水体突发性污染的污染物种类包括化学品、污水(工业废水和生活污水)、油类、农药、重金属、生物污染物和其他不明污染物。鉴于水体突发性污染事件污染方式的多样性和污染物的复杂性,采用在线生物监测技术可实现对水体突发性污染事件在线监测与分析预警,已成为当前监测和评价水体突发污染事件有效手段。     

天津滨海新区城市化进程中的环境风险分析

从天津滨海新区城市化趋势入手,系统分析了滨海新区城市化进程中产生的非突发性环境风险、突发性环境风险,并在此基础上进行了滨海新区区域生态环境安全和突发性环境污染事故的环境风险评估,结果表明:水环境安全系统是影响滨海新区区域生态环境安全的关键因素,滨海化工区是环境风险事故重点控制区、滨海新区中心商务区是环境风险影响重点防范区。结合滨海新区区域发展战略,提出了天津滨海新区环境风险防范管理对策与建议。     

氯化镉、灭多威和硝基苯对日本青鳉(Oryzias latipes) 行为抑制的生物应急监测

研究了氯化镉、灭多威和硝基苯对孵化以后7d左右日本青鳉(Oryzias latipes)行为毒性。结果表明,在不同污染物中,随暴露浓度的增加,第1尾日本青鳉产生行为抑制的时间逐渐缩短,并且半数行为抑制时间(time ofhalf behavior inhibition,THBI,Y)随暴露浓度(X)呈现幂指数关系Y=aXb,其中20相似文献   

长江宜昌段溢油事故影响数学模型分析研究

为研究长江内河突发性溢油事故油膜运动扩散规律,利用MIKE21软件建立了长江宜昌江段平面二维溢油数学模型,模拟了该江段不同水文条件、不同溢油总量条件下的溢油事故的影响范围和程度。模拟结果显示:丰水期和枯水期油膜运动扩散规律不同,油膜厚度、飘移范围和持续时间有显著差异;对于狭长型河道,溢油量对油膜厚度影响较大,而对油膜飘移范围影响较小。该结论可为内河溢油事故应急处理和内河溢油事故数值模拟深入研究提供参考依据。     

生物监测及其在环境监测中的应用(Biological Monitoring and Its Application in Environmental Monitoring)

生物监测是近几十年来发展起来的应用于环境监测领域的一门新兴技术,是指利用生物个体、种群或群落对环境污染或变化所产生的反应,从生物学角度对环境污染状况进行监测和评价.作为环境监测的重要组成部分,生物监测具有敏感性、长期性、连续性、经济性、非破坏性和综合性等优势,有望在生态系统环境监测、总量控制、环境风险评价、环境污染早期预警、突发事件监测和环境标准制定等领域取得突破.在总结国内外相关研究的基础上,从目前在环境监测中应用的生物监测的原理、分类、特点、方法学和实际应用等方面进行综述.尽管生物监测还有不足之处,但可以肯定,其发展和应用将会对环境监测事业产生极大的推动作用,有着非常广阔的发展前景.     

邵阳市林业有害生物防控现状及防控体系建设模式初探

邵阳市是湖南省四大林区之一,多年来,林业有害生物发生危害严重.该文简要介绍了该市林业有害生物防控工作现状,分析了存在的主要问题;作者结合近年来的工作实践,从监测预警、检疫御灾、应急控灾、森林培育、宣传教育等5个方面提出了建设林业有害生物防控体系的基本模式,并就防控体系建设方面做了相应的探讨.     

环境污染纠纷行政处理制度存在的问题及完善

目前，环境污染纠纷行政处理制度存在受理范围概念不清，与污染事故混淆,责任认定性质不明确等问题，应当扩大受理范围、分清污染事故与纠纷的性质，确认赔偿责任认定的法律效力，以进一步完善环境污染纠纷行政处理制度。     

Total phosphorus accident pollution and emergency response study based on geographic information system in Three Gorges Reservoir area

• A new algorithm of two-dimensional water quantity and the quality model was built. • The migration and diffusion of TP was simulated. • The emergency measures for sudden water pollution accidents was proposed. In recent years, sudden water pollution accidents in China’s rivers have become more frequent, resulting in considerable effects on environmental safety. Therefore, it is necessary to simulate and predict pollution accidents. Simulation and prediction provide strong support for emergency disposal and disaster reduction. This paper describes a new two-dimensional water quantity and the quality model that incorporates a digital elevation model into the geographic information system. The model is used to simulate sudden water pollution accidents in the main stream of the Yangtze River and Jialing River in the Chongqing section of the Three Gorges Reservoir area. The sectional velocity distribution and concentration change of total phosphorus are then analyzed under four hydrological situations. The results show that the proposed model accurately simulates and predicts the concentration change and migration process of total phosphorus under sudden water pollution accidents. The speed of migration and diffusion of pollutants is found to be greatest in the flood season, followed by the water storage period, drawdown season, and dry season, in that order. The selection of an appropriate water scheduling scheme can reduce the peak concentration of river pollutants. This study enables the impact of pollutants on the ecological environment of river water to be alleviated, and provides a scientific basis for the emergency response to sudden water pollution accidents in the Three Gorges Reservoir area.     

我国畜禽养殖业存在的环境污染问题及治理对策

畜禽养殖业环境污染问题越来越引起了人们的关注．本文概述了我国畜禽养殖业中存在的环境污染问题并从保护生态环境角度出发，提出了利用现代微生物工程应用技术和常规的处理方法相结合的治理措施。     

Identification of pollution sources in rivers using a hydrodynamic diffusion wave model and improved Bayesian-Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithm

● A hydrodynamic-Bayesian inference model was developed for water pollution tracking. ● Model is not stuck in local optimal solutions for high-dimensional problem. ● Model can estimate source parameters accurately with known river water levels. ● Both sudden spill incident and normal sewage inputs into the river can be tracked. ● Model is superior to the traditional approaches based on the test cases. Water quality restoration in rivers requires identification of the locations and discharges of pollution sources, and a reliable mathematical model to accomplish this identification is essential. In this paper, an innovative framework is presented to inversely estimate pollution sources for both accident preparedness and normal management of the allowable pollutant discharge. The proposed model integrates the concepts of the hydrodynamic diffusion wave equation and an improved Bayesian-Markov chain Monte Carlo method (MCMC). The methodological framework is tested using a designed case of a sudden wastewater spill incident (i.e., source location, flow rate, and starting and ending times of the discharge) and a real case of multiple sewage inputs into a river (i.e., locations and daily flows of sewage sources). The proposed modeling based on the improved Bayesian-MCMC method can effectively solve high-dimensional search and optimization problems according to known river water levels at pre-set monitoring sites. It can adequately provide accurate source estimation parameters using only one simulation through exploration of the full parameter space. In comparison, the inverse models based on the popular random walk Metropolis (RWM) algorithm and microbial genetic algorithm (MGA) do not produce reliable estimates for the two scenarios even after multiple simulation runs, and they fall into locally optimal solutions. Since much more water level data are available than water quality data, the proposed approach also provides a cost-effective solution for identifying pollution sources in rivers with the support of high-frequency water level data, especially for rivers receiving significant sewage discharges.     

氯化镉和敌敌畏突发胁迫下斑马鱼的行为差异

采用计算机摄像跟踪技术,以正常水体中斑马鱼的行为变化为基础,比较突发性氯化镉和敌敌畏污染胁迫下斑马鱼的个体行为(游动速度、深度、转弯次数和加速度)和鱼群行为(平均距离和分散度)的变化规律.研究结果表明:斑马鱼在两种污染物突发性胁迫下,行为反应快速且敏感,游动行为响应与污染物种类和暴露时间直接相关;两种不同类型的污染胁迫...     

黄河流域农业水资源与水环境问题及技术对策

对黄河流域农业水资源与水环境现状和存在问题进行了分析,并针对这些问题,提出了改善黄河流域农业水资源利用与水环境安全的技术对策。研究指出,黄河流域水资源贫乏、水质污染严重、灌溉水水质劣化、农业水资源供需矛盾突出,水环境日趋恶化,产生了严重的生态环境问题;而目前我国缺乏有效的农业水资源和水环境监测预警系统,节水农业和水污染防治技术水平低,基础设施落后,信息平台建设不够,农业种植结构和水资源不匹配。今后应加快建立农业水资源与水环境监测预警系统与信息平台,积极推进农业水资源高效利用技术升级,全面提高农业污染防控技术水平,加强农业水环境保护,调整种植结构,建立节水高效种植制度。     

广东省跨市河流边界水质控制断面方案讨论

在对广东省主要跨市河流进行详细调查的基础上，分析现有跨市河流边界水质控制断面的存在问题；综合考虑跨市河段的地理位置、水体现状功能及水环境敏感性等因素，并兼顾上、下游地区社会经济发展现状及趋势，建议在新丰江、增江、韩江、灞江、绥江、西南涌、西江干流、榕江、枫江等河道新设边界水质控制断面13个，在全省共布设38个断面，构成广东省跨市河流边界水质达标管理的监测体系。文章还建议，要尽快制定广东省跨市河流边界水质保护条例，为加强广东跨市河流边界水质的达标管理，解决上下游地区之问的污染纠纷提供法律依据。     

寒冷地区流域水污染防治问题

我国寒冷地区河流冰封期最长可达180天,其间水体自净功能差,加之城镇污水处理水平低于全国平均水平,工业点源污染负荷沉重,流域水污染问题显得格外突出,水环境压力巨大.因此,有针对性地解决寒冷地区流域水环境问题已经成为协调资源供求、经济发展与环境保护的核心问题.通过分析寒冷地区流域水污染特点及成因,提出了建立流域水污染防治...     

An integrated model for structure optimization and technology screening of urban wastewater systems

The conventional approach to wastewater system design and planning considers each component separately and does not provide the optimum performance of the entire system. However, the growing concern for environmental protection, economic efficiency, and sustainability of urban wastewater systems requires an integrated modeling of subsystems and a synthetic evaluation of multiple objectives. In this study, a multi-objective optimization model of an integrated urban wastewater system was developed. The model encompasses subsystems, such as a sewer system, stormwater management, municipal wastewater treatment, and a wastewater reclamation system. The non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm (NSGA-II) was used to generate a range of system design possibilities to optimize conflicting environmental and economic objectives. Information from a knowledge base, which included rules for generating treatment trains as well as the performance characteristics of commonly used water pollution control measures, was utilized. The trade-off relationships between the objectives, total water pollution loads to the environment, and life cycle costs (which consist of investment as well as operation and maintenance costs), can be illustrated using Pareto charts. The developed model can be used to assist decision makers in the preliminary planning of system structure. A benchmark city was constructed to illustrate the methods of multi-objective controls, highlight cost-effective water pollution control measures, and identify the main pressures on urban water environment.     

长江上游宜宾至泸州江段突发水污染风险评估

为防控长江上游重大突发水污染事件的发生,收集整理长江宜宾至泸州江段沿江水环境污染源及受体基础资料,构建水环境潜在污染风险分级评价体系。采用地统计学理论和地理信息系统(Geographic Information System,GIS)相结合的方法开展突发水污染风险分区评价研究,以揭示研究区江段突发水污染风险空间分布差异性。结果表明,污染源或受体热点分布主要集中在城镇化、工业化较快的地区,如宜宾市叙州区污染源最多,泸州市龙马潭区高风险污染源最密集,宜宾县和南溪县高敏感受体数量最多;其他区域污染源或受体分布较为均衡,未形成明显的冷点区域。水环境潜在污染高风险区集中分布在龙马潭区江段和江阳区江段,须提高该区域对潜在污染的风险管理能力,以降低污染事故发生的可能性。