共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 578 毫秒
1.
《Journal of Environmental Economics and Management》2013,65(3):377-389
Many important environmental policies involve some combination of emission controls and ambient environmental quality standards, for instance SO2 emissions are capped under Title IV of the U.S. Clean Air Act Amendments while ambient SO2 concentrations are limited under National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS). This paper examines the relative performance of emissions standards and ambient standards when the natural environment provides stochastic environmental services for assimilating pollution. For receiving media characterized by greater dispersion in the distribution of environmental services, the optimal emissions policy becomes more stringent, whereas the optimal ambient policy generally becomes more lax. In terms of economic performance, emissions policies are superior to ambient policies for relatively non-toxic pollutants, whereas ambient standards welfare dominate emissions standards for sufficiently toxic pollutants. In the case of combined policies that jointly implement emissions standards and ambient standards, we show that the optimal level of each standard relaxes relative to its counterpart in a unilateral policy, allowing for greater emissions levels and higher pollution concentrations in the environmental medium. 相似文献
2.
Many important environmental policies involve some combination of emission controls and ambient environmental quality standards, for instance SO2 emissions are capped under Title IV of the U.S. Clean Air Act Amendments while ambient SO2 concentrations are limited under National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS). This paper examines the relative performance of emissions standards and ambient standards when the natural environment provides stochastic environmental services for assimilating pollution. For receiving media characterized by greater dispersion in the distribution of environmental services, the optimal emissions policy becomes more stringent, whereas the optimal ambient policy generally becomes more lax. In terms of economic performance, emissions policies are superior to ambient policies for relatively non-toxic pollutants, whereas ambient standards welfare dominate emissions standards for sufficiently toxic pollutants. In the case of combined policies that jointly implement emissions standards and ambient standards, we show that the optimal level of each standard relaxes relative to its counterpart in a unilateral policy, allowing for greater emissions levels and higher pollution concentrations in the environmental medium. 相似文献
3.
Environmental Chemistry Letters - Nitric oxide, ammonia and volatile organic compounds are common air pollutants which need to be removed for health security. To reach ultra-low emission standards,... 相似文献
4.
Tienan Ju Mei Lei Guanghui Guo Jinglun Xi Yang Zhang Yuan Xu Qijia Lou 《Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering》2023,17(1):8
5.
Prakash Karamchandani Kristen Lohman Christian Seigneur 《Environmental Fluid Mechanics》2009,9(1):59-71
Several air toxics are emitted from mobile sources on roadways and these emissions account for a significant fraction of the
health risks to the population. In addition, health effect studies are now becoming more comprehensive and some account for
the spatial heterogeneities of air pollutant concentration fields (as is the case near roadways). Standard models can simulate
either the near-source concentration fields or the urban background, but no model can handle both spatial scales in the vicinity
of roadways in a coherent and scientifically correct manner. Here, we present a model that provides such an integrated treatment
by combining a grid-based air quality model of the urban background with a plume-in-grid representation of roadway emissions.
The model is applied to simulate near-roadway concentrations due to emissions from a busy interstate highway in New York City.
Qualitative comparisons with typical measured concentration profiles show that the model captures the observed features of
toxic air pollutant concentrations near roadways. 相似文献
6.
Li Zhen Yu Shaocai Li Mengying Chen Xue Zhang Yibo Li Jiali Jiang Yapping Liu Weiping Li Pengfei Lichtfouse Eric 《Environmental Chemistry Letters》2022,20(1):59-69
Environmental Chemistry Letters - Despite large decreases of emissions of air pollution during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) lockdown in 2020, an unexpected regional severe haze... 相似文献
7.
The question to what extent primary and secondary air pollutants are relevant to atmospheric pollution and their effects on
human health and the quality of the environment can be answered in a straight-forward manner: atmospheric processes, including
oxidation procedures, particle formation and equilibria, determine the fate of primary emissions and, in most cases, the secondary
products of these processes are the more important ones concerning their effects on human health and the quality of the environment.
The formation of secondary products represents the critical property determining the establishment of certain air standards,
rather than the actually emitted substance, although there are notable exceptions. In this paper, a review concerning transformation
of primary pollutants as studied in the atmosphere of Athens is used to enlighten matters that may need further attention
by the responsible authorities and stakeholders for the control and reduction of atmospheric pollution. 相似文献
8.
王充 《城市环境与城市生态》1997,10(1):25-28
本文介绍了干熄焦环境除尘系统的基本构成形式和工艺烟法特点。针对现有聊尘系统存在的一些缺欠,提出了四条相应的改进措施,并结合除尘系统实际运行情况,通过不同方式的风量调节对比,从理论上阐明了对风机进行调速设计才是达到调节风量和节能的最佳方式。 相似文献
9.
Scott E Atkinson Donald H Lewis 《Journal of Environmental Economics and Management》1974,1(3):237-250
A number of linear programming models purport to minimize the costs of emission control to achieve ambient air quality standards. Many of the simulations incorporate the simplifying assumption that improvements in ambient air quality are proportional to reductions in regional emissions. This approach minimizes the cost of mass emission reduction, but not the cost to achieve a prescribed ambient air quality. The costs of this emissions least-cost strategy are compared to an ambient least-cost strategy which does achieve prescribed ambient air quality at minimum cost. The cost saving achieved by this strategy relative to the emissions least-cost strategy is as much as 50670. In addition, both are compared to a strategy typical of those currently used by the states, which is found to be as much as ten times as expensive as the ambient least-cost strategy. 相似文献
10.
Scott E. Atkinson Donald H. Lewis 《Journal of Environmental Economics and Management》1976,3(4):363-380
This paper utilizes two least-cost emission control strategies and develops rules for structuring and implementing optimal air quality standards. A strategy typical of those currently enforced, based on the State Implementation Plans (SIP's ), is compared to two least-cost strategies: (i) ambient least cost (ALC ), which achieves required air quality at least cost; and (ii) emissions least cost (ELC ), which achieves required emissions reduction at least cost. A demonstration is given of the theoretically derived result that the ALC strategy should be utilized in cost-benefit analyses to determine air quality standards and to generate emissions taxes. Preliminary analysis of the St. Louis area indicated tentative justification for a particulate ambient standard at least as strict as the current Federal primary standard. The efficiency, equity, and administrative costs for implementation of strategies based on the least-cost concept are also examined. 相似文献
11.
Nandigama Satish Kumar Bheeram Vema Reddy Mukkamala Saratchandra Babu 《Environmental Chemistry Letters》2019,17(1):447-454
Environmental Chemistry Letters - Carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from fossil fuels cause air pollution and lead to adverse impact on environment. To achieve low-carbon economy, capturing CO2 in the... 相似文献
12.
Garth Heutel 《Journal of Environmental Economics and Management》2011,61(1):36-51
Environmental regulations that grandfather existing plants, by not holding them to the same strict standards as new plants, may have the unintended consequence of retarding new investment. If new plants are cleaner, then this effect may increase pollution in the short run. I develop a dynamic model of a facility’s decisions over scrapping and abatement, which depend on capital depreciation, profitability shocks, and environmental policy. Using data from fossil fuel fired boilers at electric power plants, I estimate the structural parameters of the model and assess the impact of grandfathering in the Clean Air Act on sulfur dioxide emissions. Counterfactual policy simulations show that an increase in the stringency of performance standards would have led to a decrease in investment in new boilers. However, this does not lead to increased emissions, since there is less investment in dirtier coal boilers as compared to relatively cleaner oil or natural gas boilers. 相似文献
13.
Bayesian estimation of European sulphur emissions using monitoring data and an acid deposition model
A statistical method for estimating national emissions of acidifying air pollutants in Europe is presented. The method uses an acid deposition model to match official emissions data from European countries and measured depositions from a monitoring network. An application to 1990 sulphate data demonstrates the method and suggests some tendencies in the reported emissions. The proposed framework may prove useful for verifying national compliance with emissions standards, and the method should be applicable also to other substances than sulphur dioxide. The problem of designing an optimal monitoring network may also be assessed within the proposed statistical framework. 相似文献
14.
K. Srogi 《Environmental Chemistry Letters》2007,5(4):169-195
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a large group of organic compounds with two or more fused aromatic rings. They
have a relatively low solubility in water, but are highly lipophilic. Most of the PAHs with low vapour pressure in the air
are adsorbed on particles. When dissolved in water or adsorbed on particulate matter, PAHs can undergo photodecomposition
when exposed to ultraviolet light from solar radiation. In the atmosphere, PAHs can react with pollutants such as ozone, nitrogen
oxides and sulfur dioxide, yielding diones, nitro- and dinitro-PAHs, and sulfonic acids, respectively. PAHs may also be degraded
by some microorganisms in the soil. PAHs are widespread environmental contaminants resulting from incomplete combustion of
organic materials. The occurrence is largely a result of anthropogenic emissions such as fossil fuel-burning, motor vehicle,
waste incinerator, oil refining, coke and asphalt production, and aluminum production, etc. PAHs have received increased attention
in recent years in air pollution studies because some of these compounds are highly carcinogenic or mutagenic. Eight PAHs
(Car-PAHs) typically considered as possible carcinogens are: benzo(a)anthracene, chrysene, benzo(b)fluoranthene, benzo(k)fluoranthene,
benzo(a)pyrene (B(a)P), dibenzo(a,h)anthracene, indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene and benzo(g,h,i)perylene. In particular, benzo(a)pyrene
has been identified as being highly carcinogenic. The US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has promulgated 16 unsubstituted
PAHs (EPA-PAH) as priority pollutants. Thus, exposure assessments of PAHs in the developing world are important. The scope
of this review will be to give an overview of PAH concentrations in various environmental samples and to discuss the advantages
and limitations of applying these parameters in the assessment of environmental risks in ecosystems and human health. As it
well known, there is an increasing trend to use the behavior of pollutants (i.e. bioaccumulation) as well as pollution-induced
biological and biochemical effects on human organisms to evaluate or predict the impact of chemicals on ecosystems. Emphasis
in this review will, therefore, be placed on the use of bioaccumulation and biomarker responses in air, soil, water and food,
as monitoring tools for the assessment of the risks and hazards of PAH concentrations for the ecosystem, as well as on its
limitations. 相似文献
15.
Wang Zhenyu Shi Xianjin Chen Meijuan Cao Junji Ho Wingkei Lee Shuncheng Wang Chuanyi Huang Yu 《Environmental Chemistry Letters》2023,21(5):2913-2952
Environmental Chemistry Letters - Air pollution in Chinese megacities by particulate matter and ozone is a major health problem originating partly from emissions of nitrogen oxides. Therefore,... 相似文献
16.
Wu Yujie Wang Peng Yu Shaocai Wang Liqiang Li Pengfei Li Zhen Mehmood Khalid Liu Weiping Wu Jian Lichtfouse Eric Rosenfeld Daniel Seinfeld John H. 《Environmental Chemistry Letters》2018,16(3):1117-1127
Environmental Chemistry Letters - Air pollution is an increasingly critical health issue responsible for numerous diseases and deaths worldwide. In China, to address severe air pollution in the... 相似文献
17.
Alan J Krupnick Wallace E Oates Eric Van De Verg 《Journal of Environmental Economics and Management》1983,10(3):233-247
After examining the properties of several alternative forms of marketable permit systems for the control of air pollution, this paper proposes a system of pollution offsets as the most promising approach. Under the pollution-offset scheme, sources of emissions are free to trade emissions permits subject to the constraint of no violations of the predetermined air-quality standard at any receptor point. The paper shows that the pollution-offset system has the capacity to achieve the predetermined standards of air quality at the minimum aggregate abatement cost, while making comparatively modest demands both on the sources and on the administering agency. 相似文献
18.
Eugene P Seskin Robert J Anderson Robert O Reid 《Journal of Environmental Economics and Management》1983,10(2):112-124
In evaluating current environmental protection policy, economists often note that current regulations are more costly than necessary to meet environmental quality standards. While the a priori case is strong that current regulatory approaches are resulting in higher-than-necessary costs to attain environmental standards, there is relatively little empirical evidence to support this claim. The purpose of this paper is to supply some of the missing evidence by presenting the results of one study that assesses some of the potential savings associated with implementing economic, rather than command-and-control, regulatory approaches to abate one type of air pollution in one region of the country. Specifically, the paper examines the costs of meeting a prospective short-term standard for nitrogen dioxide under a range of alternative emissions control strategies for stationary sources of nitrogen oxide emissions in the Chicago Air Quality Control Region. The alternative strategies that are considered range from those that might result under current regulatory policy to those that economic policy approaches (such as emissions charges or marketable permits) are designed to implement. The analysis shows that the most efficient program of emissions controls may be more than an order of magnitude less costly than current regulatory strategies, and that economic approaches have additional advantages over more conventional regulatory approaches. 相似文献
19.
Environmental and Ecological Statistics - Fine particulate matter ( $$\text{ PM}_{2.5}$$ ), tiny particles in the air, is air contamination that negatively impacts the environment and human health... 相似文献
20.
Jin-Li Hu 《国际发展与全球生态学杂志》2013,20(4):327-340
This paper computes the efficient air pollution abatement ratios of 30 regions in China during the period 1996–2002. Three air emissions (SO2, soot and dust) are considered. Data envelopment analysis (DEA) with a single output (real GDP) and five inputs (labour, real capital stock, SO2, dust and soot emissions) is used to compute the target emissions of each region for each year. The efficient abatement ratios of each region in each year are then obtained by dividing the target emission by the actual emission of an air pollutant. Our major findings are: 1. The eastern area is the most efficient region with respect to SO2, soot and dust emissions in every year during the research period. 2. The eastern, central and western areas have the lowest, medium and highest 1996–2002 average target abatement ratios of SO2 (22.09%, 42.23% and 57.58%), soot (26.19%, 56.34% and 66.37%) and dust (15.20%, 29.09% and 40.59%), respectively. 3. These results are consistent with the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) theory, whereby a more developed area will use environmental goods more efficiently than a less developed area. 4. Compared to dust emission, the average target abatement ratios for SO2 and soot emissions (as direct outcomes of burning coal) are relatively much higher for all three areas. 相似文献