水平潜流人工湿地流场数值模拟与结构优化分析

为了解决传统水平潜流人工湿地在床体结构设计方面的随意性与经验化问题,以流场均匀分布为目标,利用数值模拟方法对人工湿地床体结构参数进行优化,包括人工湿地基质填充厚度、床体长宽比例、构建尺度、主体填料区的分层填充方式,解析基质结构的配置规律,实现各参数的定量化。模拟结果表明,填料的分层配置对流场分布的影响很大。在基质厚度为0.6 m,长宽比为5∶3,且填料按照渗透系数指数规律分层填充的情况下,流场分布较均匀。在此基础上,根据模拟结果所确定的结构参数构建潜流人工湿地小试装置,并与传统结构人工湿地进行对照,对模拟结果进行验证。实验结果表明,当水力停留时间(HRT)为36 h时,分层填充与单层填充方式的人工湿地对COD、TP和TN的平均去除率分别为64.89%、82.72%、69.69%和29.84%、39.15%、31.83%,结构优化后的人工湿地净化效果得以显著提升。     

潜流人工湿地水力学特性及工程设计

以净化低污染水体的潜流人工湿地水力学特性工程设计为重点,系统开展了室内外实验研究,并利用Peelet数分析了水平潜流人工湿地碎石床渗流返混程度。结果表明,潜流人工湿地集水花管孔口出流计算、基质填料内渗流计算、碎石床平均水力停留时间计算可分别借鉴薄壁孔口恒定淹没出流、线性或非线性渗流、活塞流理论;但受工程实际条件及运行淤堵等影响,工程实测结果均小于理论计算值。基于室内外实验成果,提出一套包括集配水系统水力计算、填料内渗流计算、平均水力停留时间计算在内的潜流人工湿地水力学特性计算方法和参数选择,可为人工湿地技术的工程设计提供借鉴。     

不同运行条件下潜流人工湿地的水力效率分析

水力停留时间是湿地系统处理效果和水力学优化设计考虑的重要因素。在实际工程应用中,可通过调节不同的运行条件使湿地得到最优化。鉴于水力效率可以综合分析水力停留时间及分布散度对湿地水力学性能的影响,通过不同进/出水口位置和进水流量下潜流人工湿地的脉冲示踪实验,获得其水力停留时间分布曲线,计算不同运行条件下的相对水力效率并进行对比分析。结果表明,进水口位置在上层(进水口①)和小进水流量(0.050 7 m3/h)的湿地系统因具有较长的平均水力停留时间和较小的分布散度,因此其水力效率最高;各进水口的潜流人工湿地出水口位置在上层(出水口①)的有效体积比和水力效率均最大,这可能与出水口所在的填料层孔隙率有关。     

进出水位置对水平潜流人工湿地水力效率影响及可视化分析研究

通过对水平潜流人工湿地9种不同进出水方式进行NaCl脉冲示踪实验,得到不同进出水方式下的水力停留时间分布密度曲线,计算其平均水力停留时间、表观水力停留时间、峰值停留时间等水力学参数,根据不同停留时间的对比关系计算相对水力效率。此外,利用染料进行不同进出水方式下的可视化示踪实验,通过MATLAB图像处理,获得高对比度的流态图像。识别不同进出水方式下的"死区"分布,计算"死区"相对面积用以表征其水力效率。结果表明:(1)进出水方式为中进上出和下进上出时,水力效率相对较高;(2)水力分布散度会对水力效率造成较大影响;(3)相比有效体积比,采用水力学效能所得到的排序结果更能代表水平潜流人工湿地的实际水力效率;(4)出水口位置对水平潜流人工湿地"死区"分布和面积有较大影响,在实际水平潜流人工湿地的设计中,出水口位置设置在上部、转角处设计为圆角将有助于减小"死区"面积、提高水力效率,有利于发挥人工湿地最大除污效果。     

潜流式湿地系统停留时间分布实验结果分析

鉴于水力停留时间对人工湿地系统处理效果和构建设计的重要性,通过示踪实验测定了潜流式湿地系统的停留时间分布,结合反应器理论,对实验测定的不同进水流量范围的停留时间响应结果,分别以多釜串联模型以及移位正态分布函数进行拟合,并进一步对系统的水力平均停留时间、系统的流动形态以及非理想性进行了分析和讨论,为湿地系统的水力学优化设计和实际运行提供理论基础和技术参数.     

起端曝气对垂直潜流人工湿地运行效果的研究

垂直潜流人工湿地由于自身构造的限制,传氧能力较差,内部溶解氧(DO)浓度较低,若在湿地内部曝气则会限制反硝化的进行,不利于TN的去除。为解决这一问题,对垂直潜流人工湿地进行起端曝气,考察不同曝气强度下人工湿地内DO沿程变化以及污染物沿程去除规律,通过对曝气强度进行优化,以实现对湿地内部DO环境的有效调控。结果表明,随曝气强度的增加,湿地的好氧环境从表层区域逐渐扩大到40cm深度,且起端曝气人工湿地对COD、氨氮和TP的降解为垂直方向分层降解;当曝气强度达到0.86m~3/d时,COD、氨氮、TP去除率均高达80%以上,分别为85.8%、80.9%、82.7%。     

不同水力负荷率对潜流人工湿地内部污染物迁移转化的影响

为深入研究污染物在潜流人工湿地各填料层内的迁移转化规律,提高潜流人工湿地污染物降解效率,考察了4种进水水力负荷率(HLR,0.15、0.35、0.55、0.80 m~3/(m~2·d))下潜流湿地填料层内部不同区域DO、COD和氨氮浓度分布。结果表明:HLR为0.35m~3/(m~2·d)时,湿地内部DO浓度水平最高,湿地系统污染物处理效果最好,COD、氨氮去除率分别为93.32%、90.16%,COD及氨氮的主要降解区域分别为湿地0~60、0~40cm深度处,60cm深度以下DO水平较低,为污染物降解低效区,可研发新技术提高湿地底层DO水平以提高COD及氨氮去除效果。     

水平潜流人工湿地在不同水力负荷下的水力效率及可视化分析

构建水平潜流人工湿地装置,通过NaCl示踪脉冲实验,得到不同水力负荷条件下的水力停留时间分布密度曲线,根据不同停留时间的关系计算相对水力效率,并利用染料,进行不同水力负荷下的可视化示踪实验,通过MATLAB处理得到高对比度的流态图像。观察"死区"分布,计算"死区"相对面积用以表征其水力效率。结果表明,湿地装置进水水力负荷较高或较低时,水力效率均较低,且水力负荷较大时更明显;水力分布散度(σ2θ)的大小会对水平潜流人工湿地水力效率造成较大影响;在不同水力负荷下,采用水力学效能(λ)所得到的排序结果相比短路值(s)和有效体积比(e)更能代表实际水平潜流人工湿地的水力效率。     

水力负荷与有机负荷协同作用对人工湿地微生物群落结构的影响

以单层基质结构(CW1)、3层基质结构(CW3)、6层基质结构(CW6)的水平潜流人工湿地系统为对象,考察水力负荷及有机负荷对不同人工湿地系统去除COD、总悬浮固体(TSS)效果的影响,同时利用高通量测序技术,分析高负荷条件下系统微生物群落结构。结果表明,不同水力负荷运行条件下,随着有机负荷的提高,CW1、CW3、CW6湿地系统对COD、TSS的去除率均表现出先升高后下降的趋势,总体看来,在相同运行条件下CW6湿地系统COD、TSS的去除率最高。群落结构分析表明,不同人工湿地系统微生物结构存在相似性,但湿地床体的基质结构会对微生物群落结构产生一定影响,总的来说分层填充的人工湿地系统微生物群落结构更为稳定,对污染物的去除效果更好。     

阶段曝气和植物对人工湿地处理城镇污水厂尾水的影响

采用人工配水模拟城镇污水处理厂尾水水质,利用3套阶段曝气垂直潜流人工湿地(VSFCW)对其进行处理。结果表明:当水力负荷分别为30、90和180 cm·d-1时,3套人工湿地对COD具有较好的去除效果,其去除率都大于66.7%;在处理总磷(TP)和总氮(TN)方面,VSFCW-1(无植物-曝气垂直潜流人工湿地)去除效果远远低于VSFCW-2(芦苇-曝气垂直潜流人工湿地)和VSFCW-3(芦苇-不曝气垂直潜流人工湿地),VSFCW-2(芦苇-曝气垂直潜流人工湿地)和VSFCW-3(芦苇-不曝气垂直潜流人工湿地)对TP和TN的去除率分别在80.0%和75.0%以上且具有较强的抗水力负荷冲击能力。VSFCW-2(芦苇-曝气垂直潜流人工湿地)和VSFCW-3(芦苇-不曝气垂直潜流人工湿地)对COD、TP的去除主要是集中在沿程的前1/4段(0~24 cm),后3/4段(24~115 cm)保证了出水水质的稳定。     

Optimization of Height of Release of Air Pollutants

A number of key projects in the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) particulate R&;D program having applicability to industry are presented. For electrostatic precipitators (ESP) there is presented the result of work on large diameter discharge electrodes which provide a decrease in penetration of up to a factor of 4 when compared to conventional small diameter electrodes. Also discussed is the multistage ESP which provides a collection efficiency that would require a collecting plate area 4 or 5 times larger with conventional ESP technology. The E-SOX technology makes use of the multistage concept to free up space in the ESP for SO₂ removals of up to 90%. Electrostatically augmented fabric filtration provides a reduction in pressure drop of about 5 0% as compared to conventional fabric filtration. Wind tunnel modeling of windbreaks for material storage piles indicates a potential for providing engineering design data that would allow significant emission reduction caused by wind erosion     

Investigation of the characteristics of the reflectivity of clouds

This paper investigates some of the reflectivity characteristics that clouds (when modelled as solid bodies) must exhibit to be compatible with observations that the reflecting surface of a cloud (i) appears almost equally bright across its face, (ii) is brightest when the cloud is opposite to the Sun but decreases in brightness as the cloud moves to other positions and (iii) increases in brightness with increasing optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight. These observations, respectively, are shown to imply that the peak value of the bidirectional total reflectivity from a cloud surface (i) increases in inverse proportion to the cosine of the angle between the Sun and the normal to the cloud surface, as the incident angle increases, (ii) appears to be directed back in the direction of the incident radiation, and (iii) increases as optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight increases. The results could have application in many fields (e.g. modelling diffuse radiance distributions for cloudy skies).     

Estimation of uncertainty of sampling for analysis of pesticide residues

Abstract

A computer model was used to take random samples from primary sample populations obtained from field trials to simulate the uncertainty of sampling for residue analysis of plant commodities and soil. The results indicate about 40%, 30% and 20% relative uncertainty when random samples of size 5, 10 and 25 are taken respectively, from a single lot. Therefore the sample size should be the same for establishing and enforcing legal limits.     

扬中生态环境建设的思考与实践

结合扬中生态环境的基本情况和存在的不足，进行了具体分析，对扬中未来生态建设的发展方向提出了建议及实施措施。     

实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实施

在实施ISO／IEC17025：1999标准《检测和校准实验室能力的通用要求》过程中，通过实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实践与系统分析，识别出内部审核实施阶段的关键环节，提出召开首次会议、收集审核证据、确定审核发现和召开末次会议的技术方法，对提高内部审核的质量和有效性、获得可靠的审核结论具有重要意义。     

次氯酸钠发生器的研制

介绍了电解法生产次氯酸钠的原理 ,并在原有生产工艺的基础上进行了重新设计和对设备的重新选择、改造 ,得出了各个工艺参数的最佳值 ,生产出高品质的次氯酸钠     

An application of the theory of kinematics of mixing to the study of tropospheric dispersion

The most common technique used for numerical simulations of tracer mixing is that of the numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation with the unresolved fluxes parameterized using the similarity theory. Despite correct predictions of the overall directions of transport, models based on a numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation lack sufficient accuracy to correctly reproduce the coupling of mixing with small scale processes which are sensitive to the microstructure of the tracer distribution. The objective of this paper is to revisit the basic formalism employed in numerical models used to investigate atmospheric tracers. The main mathematical method proposed here is the theory of kinematics of mixing which could be applied effectively for simulations of atmospheric transport processes. At the beginning of the paper, we introduce simple mathematical transformations in order to demonstrate how complex topological structures are created by mixing processes. These idealistic flow systems are essential to explain transport properties of much more complex three-dimensional geophysical flows. An example of the application of the kinematics of mixing to the analysis of tracer transport on a planetary scale is presented in the following sections. The complex filamentary structures simulated in the numerical experiment are evaluated using some commonly applied statistical measures in order to compare the results with the data published in the literature. The results of the experiment are also analysed with the help of simple conceptual models of fluid filaments. The microstructure of the tracer distribution introduced in the paper is essential to increase our understanding of atmospheric transport and to develop more realistic parameterizations of small-scale mixing. The presented results could also be used to improve calculations of the coupling between microphysical processes and tracer mixing.     

Impact of overexploitation of shellfish: northeastern coast of India

India has a very extensive coastline of about 7515 km, rich in diverse living resources. These resources continue to deteriorate with rampant harvesting or are altered for other uses such as aquaculture and fisheries. The present paper deals with degrading coastal habitats in northeastern India, and projects the intensity of the stress arising from the collection of tiger prawn seeds (Penaeus monodon) for aquacultural farms and molluskan shells for poultry feed and edible lime. Indiscriminate exploitation of these resources leads to a heavy reduction of the species concerned and other associated marine communities. The magnitude of such destruction has been quantified. The impacts of biodiversity loss and their after-effects on the ecobalance of this coastal system have become a matter of great concern to ecologists to maintain security and sustainability. The authors propose a public awareness program on themes relating to the importance of biodiversity for human livelihoods.     

Comparison of methods for evaluation of activity of photocatalytic films

Objective

This work aims to investigate the correlation between the photocatalytic activity determined by methylene blue bleaching (DIN 52980), stearic acid degradation, and degradation of acetone in gas phase.

Method

The photocatalytic TiO₂ coatings included in this investigation ranged from thin commercially available coatings (Activ^TM and BioClean^TM) and ready to use suspensions (Nano-X PK1245) to lab-produced PVD and sol?Cgel coatings. XRD analysis of the photocatalytic coatings showed that all the coatings consisted of nanocrystalline anatase, although the thickness and porosity varied considerably.

Results

The study showed that the reproducibility of the activity measurements was good. However, more importantly, the investigation showed that there is a good correlation between the activities determined by the different methods even though the characteristics of the photocatalytic coatings and the organic probe molecules varied considerably.

Conclusion

The overall findings of this work suggest that there is a good correlation between the investigated methods. These results are promising for the future work concerning standardization of methods for determination of the activity of photocatalytic films.