MBR出水氯、紫外、臭氧单独与组合消毒

采用氯、紫外和臭氧单独与2种组合工艺对MBR工艺中试出水进行了消毒实验,研究了不同消毒方式对指示性微生物的去除效果以及消毒副产物三卤甲烷(THMs)生成量随有效氯投加量的变化.结果表明,组合工艺消毒效果明显优于单独消毒效果,紫外剂量为25 mJ/cm2与有效氯投加量为3 mg/L的紫外与氯组合、臭氧投加量为6 mg/L与有效氯投加量为4 mg/L的臭氧与氯组合2种工艺消毒后出水中的总大肠菌群指标均满足《污水再生利用城市杂用水水质》(GB/T 18920-2002)的要求.THMs生成量随着有效氯投加量的增加而增加.相对紫外与氯组合消毒,臭氧与氯组合消毒可以大幅度降低THMs生成量,有效氯投加量为4 mg/L时,THMs生成浓度为14.11 μg/L,比氯单独消毒过程降低了37.19%.     

不同pH值条件下Fe3+、Cu2+和Zn2+对厨余垃圾两相厌氧消化水解酸化过程的影响

通过间歇实验研究了在pH=7和不调节pH两种情况下添加不同浓度的Fe3 、Cu2 和Zn2 对厌氧消化水解酸化阶段有机酸组分和含量的影响.结果表明,pH=7时,添加50 mg/L Fe3 和30 mg/L Cu2 ,有利于厨余垃圾水解酸化过程的进行,反应生成的VFA(挥发性脂肪酸)含量增加.不调节pH时,添加100 mg/L以下的Fe3 和Cu2 对VFA含量也有所促进,但乳酸含量也增加.在2种pH条件下添加Zn2 对反应的促进或抑制作用均不明显.     

氯胺消毒对三卤甲烷生成影响因素研究

采用腐殖酸模拟天然水体中消毒副产物前体物,探求了氯氨比、氯胺投加量、总有机碳(TOC)浓度和Br-浓度在氯胺消毒过程中对消毒副产物——三卤甲烷(THMs)生成量的影响。结果表明:(1)随着氯氨比的降低,THMs及各组分的生成量显著减少。(2)THMs的生成量均随着氯胺投加量的增加而增加,且都呈现出了良好的线性关系。当氯胺投加量大于7.0mg/L时,氯代卤化物成了优势产物。(3)随着TOC浓度的增加,THMs生成量增加,且具有一定的线性关系;三氯甲烷和一溴二氯甲烷生成量均增加,氯氨比为3∶1(质量比,下同)时三氯甲烷和一溴二氯甲烷生成量增加了9.86、7.80μg/L,氯氨比为5∶1时则分别增加了15.21、13.62μg/L;三溴甲烷和二溴一氯甲烷生成量均呈现先增加后减少的趋势。(4)随着Br-浓度的增加,THMs、一溴二氯甲烷、二溴一氯甲烷和三溴甲烷生成量均增加,三氯甲烷生成量减少。溴化物的存在会促进THMs的产生。     

微污染水源水中消毒副产物前体物的去除

采用生物接触氧化法对北京某水库的微污染水源水中消毒副产物前体物的去除进行了研究。结果表明,水源水和生物接触氧化柱(简称生化柱)出水中的消毒副产物前体物氯化后形成的消毒副产物三卤甲烷(THMs)以CHCl3,CHCl2Br和CHBr2Cl为主,其中CHCl3含量最高,约占THMs的70％。水温对THMs前体物的去除有很大的影响,水温15．8℃时,生化柱对THMs前体物的去除率为65．2％;当水温由15．8℃降至12．8℃时,THMs前体物的去除率由65．2％降至18．8％。2002年11月至2003年1月间,生化柱UV254吸收值的平均去除率为11％。     

Cu~(2+)助芬顿法处理高浓度邻苯二甲酸二甲酯废水

Cu2+可以与H2O2发生类Fenton反应,用Fenton法处理同时含有难降解有机物和Cu2+的工业废水时,Cu2+对于Fenton氧化难降解有机物的反应具有促进作用。本实验在高浓度邻苯二甲酸二甲酯(DMP)和Cu2+组成的模拟工业废水中投加Fenton试剂(Fe2++H2O2),利用Cu2+辅助Fe2+催化Fenton反应氧化难降解有机物。通过正交实验,优选反应条件,并进行单因素实验,分析不同Cu2+浓度、初始H2O2浓度、H2O2∶Fe2+(摩尔比)、pH及温度对DMP去除率的影响,以确定最佳的反应条件,并对反应机理进行了初步探讨。当Cu2+浓度为10 mg/L、DMP浓度为250 mg/L、初始H2O2的浓度为499.5 mg/L、H2O2∶Fe2+的摩尔比为4∶1、温度为20℃时,DMP的去除率最高可达到98.67%。本研究为类芬顿法处理难降解有机物和重金属离子共存的复杂工业废水奠定了基础。     

微波辅助Cu(Ⅱ)-Fenton体系催化氧化处理对硝基苯酚废水

为了拓宽Fenton反应pH范围,提高降解效率、减少药剂用量,向Fenton体系中添加辅助催化剂Cu(Ⅱ),并对微波辅助催化氧化对硝基苯酚(PNP)模拟废水工艺进行了研究。提出微波辐照-放置处理工艺,并与普通全过程微波处理工艺进行了比较。结果表明,该体系处理工艺将Fenton反应最佳pH范围由2.0~3.5拓宽到2.0~5.5;在pH=5.0时,对于100 mg/L的PNP溶液,当[Cu2+]=0.8 mg/L、[Fe2+]=3.0 mg/L、[H2O2]=0.2 g/L,微波功率250 W,辐照2.0 min、放置4.0 min,PNP去除率可达98%以上;辅助催化剂Cu2+的加入增强了氧化效果,同时节约药品20%以上。通过对比实验发现,Cu2+与Fe2+发生了某种作用机制,联合促进了体系中·OH的生成。该反应体系不仅将传统Fenton反应体系狭窄的pH值范围延伸到接近中性的区域5.0~5.5,又可在短时间内使PNP去除率达到98%以上。     

4A沸石对复合污染水体中Pb2+、Cu2+和Cd2+的去除

采用静态吸附法以4A沸石为吸附剂研究其对复合污染水体中Pb2+、Cu2+和Cd2+的竞争吸附特性,并探讨了影响吸附的环境因素。实验表明,在室温条件下,溶液pH5～6,4A沸石15 mg对10 mL复合污染溶液(Pb2+、Cu2+和Cd2+浓度分别为100 mg/L)吸附20 min时,对溶液中3种重金属的吸附去除率均可达99.8%以上。反应过程中4A沸石对3种重金属的吸附速率大小为Pb2+>Cu2+>Cd2+。复合污染水体中4A沸石对Pb2+、Cu2+和Cd2+的吸附符合Langmuir和Fre-undlich等温吸附方程,相关系数分别为0.9981、0.9901、0.9916和0.9638、0.9194、0.9689。经计算,4A沸石对Pb2+、Cu2+和Cd2+的饱和吸附量分别为129.9 mg/g、107.5 mg/g和99.0 mg/g。4A沸石吸附重金属离子达到吸附平衡的时间较短,对溶液pH值的适应性较好。吸附后的4A沸石可以再生利用,对铅离子洗脱重复利用性较铜离子和镉离子强。     

磁性壳聚糖/膨润土复合吸附剂吸附Cu2+

以膨润土、壳聚糖、Fe3O4为原料,制备了在外加磁场作用下能实现快速固液分离的磁性壳聚糖/膨润土复合吸附剂.利用SEM、XRD、VSM、FTIR等分析手段对复合吸附剂的形貌及微观结构进行了表征.通过静态吸附实验研究了复合吸附剂对Cu2+的吸附性能,探讨了溶液初始pH值、吸附剂投加量、吸附时间和吸附温度等对Cu2+吸附效果的影响.结果表明,壳聚糖和Fe3O4均已负载到膨润土上.复合吸附剂吸附Cu2+的效果随溶液pH值和吸附剂投加量的增加而增加,并最终趋于稳定;当吸附剂投加量为7.2 g/L、pH值为6、Cu2+初始浓度为30 mg/L时,Cu2+的去除率可达98.5%.吸附动力学和吸附等温线数据分别较好地符合准二级动力学模型和Langmiur吸附等温模型.热力学参数表明,吸附是自发、吸热的过程.     

二氧化氯应用于二次供水安全消毒的静态研究

采用二氧化氯（ClO2）作为二次供水的消毒剂进行静态实验研究,考察了ClO2投加量、氨氮与CODMn浓度及pH对ClO2衰减及消毒副产物氯酸盐（ClO3^-）和亚氯酸盐（ClO2）的生成影响,并建立了ClO3-和ClO2生成浓度的经验预测模型。结果表明：前4h内,随着消毒剂初始投加浓度提高,ClO2的衰减速率增加,4h后降解则较缓慢。ClO2加入水中,立即有ClO3^-与ClO2^-生成,4h后基本达到稳定,且随着药剂投加量的增加,ClO3^-和ClO2-的生成量逐渐增大。氨氮、CODMn及pH的升高,可加速ClO2的衰减,同时可促进ClO3^-和ClO2-的生成。其中,氨氮浓度从0．085mg／L升高到0．585mg／LClO3^-与ClO2-的生成浓度分别增加了6．49μg／L和8．32μg／L;CODMn从1．13mg／L升高到3．13mg／L,ClO3^-与ClO2-的生成浓度分别增加了13．75μg／L和9．23μg／L;pH从6．49升高到8．45,ClO3^-与ClO2-的生成浓度分别增加了13．28μg／L和10．01μg／L。     

新型碳源驯化的SRB去除酸性矿山废水中SO_4~(2-)最佳反应条件

针对硫酸盐还原菌(SRB)处理酸性矿山废水缺乏有效有机碳源问题,运用生活污水、鸡粪和锯末质量比80∶7∶3混合物的发酵液作为新型有机碳源驯化硫酸盐还原菌SRB,并研究SRB以该新型有机碳源作为营养物质在不同COD/SO2-4(C/S)值、pH值、初始硫酸根(SO2-4)浓度、重金属离子(Fe2+、Mn2+、Cu2+和Zn2+)浓度条件下对SO2-4的去除效果,以确定SRB去除SO2-4的最佳反应条件。实验结果表明,在厌氧环境SRB接种量8%、生长温度35℃、转速50 r/min、C/S为1.5~2.0、pH值6~7、初始SO2-4浓度≤3 000 mg/L、Fe2+在100~300 mg/L、Mn2+为35 mg/L时反应条件最佳,SO2-4去除率均可达90%以上;其中Fe2+浓度≤500 mg/L、Mn2+浓度≤140 mg/L时均会促进SRB对SO2-4的还原,当Fe2+浓度≥600mg/L时会严重抑制SRB,Mn2+浓度140 mg/L时会抑制SRB;Cu2+、Zn2+的存在对SRB均有影响,当Cu2+浓度15 mg/L时、Zn2+浓度45 mg/L时对SRB均有抑制作用。新型有机碳源可作为SRB的优良有机碳源,同时可实现以废治废的目的。该成果为实际应用提供了参考。     

Effect of various reaction parameters on THMs aqueous sonolysis

Ultrasonic irradiation was investigated for destruction of the following THMs: CHCl(3), CHBrCl(2), CHBr(2)Cl, CHBr(3), and CHI(3). The effect of pH, temperature, and the organics initial concentration on the THMs sonodegradation at acoustic frequency of 20 kHz was studied. An increase of the solution temperature resulted in a faster sonodegradation rates. Initial aqueous solution pH, in the range from 3 to 10, was found to have little effect on the degradation of the THMs. The THMs sonolysis efficiency was reduced when the initial organic compounds concentration was increased from 10 mg l(-1) to 300 mg l(-1).     

Effects of copper(II) and copper oxides on THMs formation in copper pipe

Little is known about how the growth of trihalomethanes (THMs) in drinking water is affected in copper pipe. The formation of THMs and chlorine consumption in copper pipe under stagnant flow conditions were investigated. Experiments for the same water held in glass bottles were performed for comparison. Results showed that although THMs levels firstly increased in the presence of chlorine in copper pipe, faster decay of chlorine as compared to the glass bottle affected the rate of THMs formation. The analysis of water phase was supplemented by surface analysis of corrosion scales using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDX). The results showed the scales on the pipe surface mainly consisted of Cu₂O, CuO and Cu(OH)₂ or CuCO₃. Designed experiments confirmed that the fast depletion of chlorine in copper pipe was mainly due to effect of Cu₂O, CuO in corrosion scales on copper pipe. Although copper(II) and copper oxides showed effect on THMs formation, the rapid consumption of chlorine due to copper oxide made THM levels lower than that in glass bottles after 4 h. The transformations of CF, DCBM and CDBM to BF were accelerated in the presence of copper(II), cupric oxide and cuprous oxide. The effect of pH on THMs formation was influenced by effect of pH on corrosion of copper pipe. When pH was below 7, THMs levels in copper pipe was higher as compared to glass bottle, but lower when pH was above 7.     

Influence of clay minerals on the reduction of Cr6+ by citric acid

The influence of clay minerals on the reduction of Cr6+ by citric acid was investigated at pH values 4.0, 4.5 and 5.0 at 25 degrees C. The results indicate that montmorillonite and illite greatly accelerate the reduction reactions at pH 4.0 and 4.5, but their effects are dramatically reduced at pH 5.0. The role of clay minerals in accelerating the reactions is in the order: illite>montmorillonite>kaolinite, which has a positive correlation with the amount of Mn2+ adsorbed on the surfaces of these minerals. With light, Fe(3+) also significantly increases reaction rates. Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) greatly suppresses the acceleration of the reduction reactions by these minerals, indicating that EDTA competes with citric acid for Mn2+. Thus, the formation of complexes between Mn(2+) and citric acid could be a prerequisite for the acceleration of the reductions of Cr6+ by clay minerals. In addition, there is no relationship between the specific surface area of clay minerals and the reduction rate of Cr6+ by citric acid.     

Cu2+对有机废物联合发酵产乳酸的影响

利用剩余污泥和厨余垃圾2种有机废物联合发酵,研究了在pH 7.0,温度为35℃,Cu2+投加量分别为0、20、40和100 mg·L-1时,乳酸的含量及其手性的变化规律。同时,探讨联合发酵过程中多糖、蛋白质、氨氮、VFA和pH与乳酸的变化关系。结果表明Cu2+在低浓度时可以促进乳酸的产生：当投加量为20 mg·L-1,发酵第3天总乳酸最高浓度为23.22 g·L-1,较空白提高了77.06%,其中L-及D-乳酸浓度分别达到6.95 g·L-1和16.27 g·L-1。随着Cu2+含量继续提高,总乳酸产量随之下降：在Cu2+100 mg·L-1时,乳酸最高浓度下降至16.55 g·L-1,获得最高值的发酵时间滞后至第6 天。响应面分析表明,发酵体系中D-乳酸的光学纯度随Cu2+投加量整体呈上升趋势。深入研究发现,适量Cu2+在厌氧发酵体系过程中促进了多糖和蛋白质的溶出水解速度,从而提高了酸化的发酵潜力。     

天然氧化纤维素的吸附性能

重金属污染已成为最严重的环境问题之一。纤维素是一种可生物降解的天然高分子,含量极其丰富。将纤维素经TEMPO/NaBr/NaClO体系进行氧化改性,得到了一种新型吸附材料——天然纤维素氧化物。研究了其对废水中Cu2+和Fe3+的去除效果,并探究吸附剂投加量、pH、温度、初始浓度和吸附时间对去除效率的影响。结果表明,室温条件下,在Cu2+浓度为100 mg/L和pH为5~6的溶液中,加入0.175 g吸附材料,吸附时间为60 min,可以得到99%的吸附效率;而Fe3+的溶液需要调节到pH值为4~5,添加的吸附材料是0.15 g,吸附效率也是99%以上。动力学研究还表明,该材料对Cu2+和Fe3+的吸附过程与Freundlich型及Langmuir型吸附等温模型都能较好地拟合。该新型吸附材料在废水处理行业将会有广阔的应用前景。     

Formation of halogenated acetaldehydes, and occurrence in Canadian drinking water

Controlled laboratory chlorination of acetaldehyde (ACD) under typical drinking water conditions (pH 6.7, 7.6 and 8.8, and temperature 4 degrees C and 21 degrees C) revealed that the formation of chloral hydrate (CH), the most common halogenated acetaldehyde (HAs), increased with contact time (0-10 days). However, at increased pH and temperature, CH reached maximum levels and subsequently broke down partially to chloroform and other unidentified compounds. After 10 days contact time, a maximum of 63% (molar) of the initial ACD consumed were converted into CH or chloroform (TCM). Various surveys of drinking water systems indicated that ACD is not the only precursor of CH. A suite of aldehydes (including ACD), and chlorinated disinfection by-products (including TCM and CH) were found in most distribution systems. The levels of bromide in source water impacted speciation of HAs. In addition to CH, brominated and other mixed (Cl/Br) acetaldehydes were detected in most samples; the speciation of HAs and THMs followed comparable trends. Similar to chloroform for trihalomethanes, CH contributed from as low as 5% to up to 60% of the total HAs. The bromine incorporation factors (BIF) in THMs and HAs were shown to increase with increasing bromide ion concentrations in the source water. Brominated THMs are more readily formed than their HA analogues; in fact, BIF values for THMs were 2-3 times higher than for the HAs. It was found that HAs may be as high as THMs in some drinking waters. As a result, the determination of the other target HAs, in addition to CH, is necessary for a better assessment of the pool of disinfection by-products in drinking water.     

超声波-空气体系对溶液中五氯酚的降解

以五氯酚(PCP)为目标污染物,研究了超声波-空气体系对PCP降解的可行性和降解特性。溶液温度和初始pH对五氯酚吹脱作用实验表明,在弱酸性和碱性条件下空气对五氯酚基本无吹脱作用;空气流量、初始pH、温度、反应物浓度等因素对超声波-空气体系降解五氯酚的影响实验表明,当空气流量为25 mL·min-1,pH=5时,去除效果最优,低温、低浓度有利于五氯酚降解;考察了5种常见金属离子对强化降解五氯酚的影响,其强化作用顺序依次为Fe2+ > Cu2+ > Al3+ > Zn2+ > CK > Mg2+(CK为空白),Fe2+与体系之间存在协同效应;降解机理研究表明,体系对五氯酚的降解以自由基氧化作用为主,H2O2氧化为辅,空气的加入能明显促进H2O2的产生,加入Fe2+后,H2O2与之反应生成·OH,导致H2O2含量急剧减少。     

交联壳聚糖对重金属离子的吸附性能研究

以海蟹壳为原料制备的壳聚糖在碱性条件下,经环氧氯丙烷交联制得水不溶性的交联壳聚糖,采用静态法研究交联壳聚糖对Ｃｕ＾２＋,Ｃｒ＾３＋,Ｎｉ＾２＋,Ｐｂ＾２＋,Ｚｎ＾２＋,Ｈｇ＾２＋等几种重金属离子的吸附性能及ｐＨ值对吸附性能的影响,探讨了它们的作用机理。     

石油污染土壤胶体特征及其稳定性

采集辽河油田石油污染土壤样品并用离心法提取胶体,定性和定量研究了石油污染土壤胶体的主要物理化学性质,通过间歇实验研究了不同pH(pH=4~9)、不同价态阳离子(Na+、Ca2+和Fe3+)和不同价态阴离子(NO3-、SO42-和PO43-)存在下的胶体稳定性,比较了阳离子存在下石油污染土壤胶体和未受污染土壤胶体稳定性。研究结果表明,该石油污染土壤胶体总石油烃含量为123.24 mg/g,石油烃主要为直链烷烃和环烷烃。相同pH条件下石油污染土壤胶体Zeta电位负值比未受污染土壤胶体Zeta电位负值高。石油污染土壤胶体稳定性随pH值增加而增加,随着阳离子价数升高而减小,随阴离子价数升高而增大。Ca2+和Cu2+存在下,石油污染土壤胶体比未受污染土壤胶体稳定性更小。Na+和Fe3+存在下,石油污染土壤胶体比未受污染土壤胶体稳定性更大。