基于能值分析的城市生态效率研究——以南京市为例

本文采用能值分析和数据包络分析方法,构建了城市物质代谢生态效率的度量模型,从代谢流量和生态效率两个角度评价了南京市生态经济系统1990～2010年间的可持续发展情况。结果表明：（1）21年来,南京地区的能值产出率和可持续指标不断降低,环境负载率呈持续增长趋势;（2）南京城市系统生态效率总体呈波动上升趋势,1990～2006年间资源生态效率一直低于环境生态效率,2006年后开始有所提升。虽然南京市生态效率有所提高,但未来的发展面临快速增长的环境压力等阻碍。为此,南京应优化进口能值组成,加大可更新资源开发力度,提高不可更新资源利用率,实现废弃物资源化等。     

基于能值的工业生产系统可持续性分析

在绝大多数工业生产系统的运行过程中,都会不可避免地产生一定量的污染物,它们会对环境造成一定的危害.本文针对目前在工业系统能值分析中对排放废物的环境影响考虑较少的情况,采用传统和改进的能值评价指标对考虑污染物排放前后的硫酸厂系统发展的可持续性进行了分析.分析结果显示,改进后的能值评价指标更能够反映工业生产系统的特点;考虑污染物能值影响后的系统的能值产出率没有变化,但系统的环境负载率升高,同时系统环境可持续发展性降低.     

国外区域资源环境承载力评价的实践案例研究

选择美国、德国和日本3国域资源环境承载力评价的实践案例,从评价方法、评价指标、评价流程等方面提炼国外区域资源环境承载力评价的一些成功经验:基于能值分析法,从资源支撑能力与废物消纳能力两个层面选择净能值产出率、环境负载率、能值利用强度等6个指标评价美国新泽西州环境承载力;基于生态足迹法,选择耕地、草地、林地等6种生态类型,从区域人均面积、足迹需求与足迹供给3个指标评价德国萨克森州生态承载力;基于向量模法,选择人均GDP、城镇化率、人均可支配收入等8个指标评价日本东北地方水环境承载力。     

基于能值分析的平原区农业生态经济系统评价——以德州市为例

应用能值理论和分析方法,以德州市农业生态系统为例,分析了平原区农业生态经济系统的环境资源和经济特征.结果表明,德州市农业生态经济系统的发展程度相对较低,农业经济的发展应进一步调控工业辅助的能值投入,保证提高农业科技含量和可更新资源能值投人,以及农业生态经济的持续发展.     

苏州市大气环境质量变化趋势及建设生态城市的对策与途径

通过对苏州近十年的大气环境数据的分析,描述出其发展趋势,并找出其存在的主要问题与成因,在此基础上提出了以改善大气环境质量为中心的完善和促进苏州建设生态城市的对策与途径,即以＂城市布局、产业能源结构、交通设施与工具、区域合作＂为改善与建设主架,各层次、多方位有机协调提升苏州市大气环境质量,从而推动苏州现代生态城市的建设,提升苏州综合竞争力.     

城市生态环境质量评价——以南充市为例

以可持续发展理论为指导,结合南充生态城市建设的要求,对南充城市生态环境进行定量评价并提出改进对策。采用城市空气污染指数API等23个指标,应用层次分析法对四川省第二座大城市南充的生态环境质量进行定量评价,2010年南充城市的生态质量综合值P为0.67,达到Ⅲ级标准,城市生态可持续发展水平状况良好。伴随着快速的城市化和人口激增,南充城市生态问题日益突出。主要问题表现为:老城区交通拥堵、绿地面积小、建筑屋间距不够,城市环境指数低,工业园区建设与城市房地产开发占用较多土地,城市原生态的生态-地貌景观被人为过度的破坏与改造,城市经济有待进一步发展。     

基于熵权分析的西安城市生态系统健康评价

从城市生态系统健康内涵出发,结合西安城市实际情况,选取活力、组织力、恢复力、生态服务功能和人群健康状况构建城市健康评价指标体系,采用基于熵值的赋权法来确定指标权重,运用模糊数学的方法对2000-2007年西安城市生态系统健康进行评价分析.结果表明,2000-2007年西安市城市生态系统健康经历从病态、不健康再到亚健康的转变,逐年趋向于健康方向发展;其中恢复力、人群健康是影响西安城市生态系统健康状况的有利因素,活力、系统服务功能和组织结构成为影响西安城市生态系统健康状况的不利因素.     

南充生态经济系统的能值分析与可持续发展研究

本文利用美国生态学家H．T.Odum的能值分析理论和方法对南充生态经济系统的能量流动进行定量的分析。简要介绍了南充自然、社会、经济等方面的概况，结合南充的基础数据，应用能值理论计算出1994～2003年南充生态经济系统的能值评估表及能值指标趋势分析。在计算南充的人均能值使用量（EPC），电力占有率（FEE），环境负荷率（ELR），能值投入率（EIR），净能值产出率（EYR），能值货币比率（EDR），能值使用强度（ED），人口承载力（PCC），废物能值比率（WER），能值自给率（ES），可持续发展指数（ESI）基础上，运用南充的各项指标与其它国家和地区进行了横向和纵向的分析。结果表明：南充的生态经济系统是比较脆弱的，从发展过程来看还没有进入工业积累阶段，仍然属于农业大市。所以加强第二、第三产业的发展是南充经济发展的重要出路。     

生态城市可持续发展动力分析——以徐州市为例

运用熵值法,根据生态城市的内涵,从经济建设、社会建设和环境建设三个方面对徐州市2001—2008年的生态城市建设进行了评价。结果发现,徐州市生态城市建设质量在逐年提高的同时存在着发展动力不足的问题。针对该问题,指出行政推动力、经济推动力、城市经济组织与居民推动力、资源与环境约束力是解决徐州市生态城市建设可持续发展动力不足的关键。     

国际期刊速览

正从环境视角看中国各省的国际贸易差距《资源、保护与重复利用》Resource,conser vation and recycling在经济繁荣的背后,国际贸易也出现了环境和资源利用的问题。在中国,国际贸易存在明显的省级差异,进一步影响了各省的可持续发展水平,而不是缩小区域差距。文章尝试采用能值计量的方法研究1993—2012年,一个省份在多大程度上获得其贸易优势和对应的环境资源流。文章采用三个能值贸易指标(能值交换率、能值收益率和机会比率)和传统的货币指标一起来描述研     

Emergy Assessment of a Wheat-Maize Rotation System with Different Water Assignments in the North China Plain

Sustainable water use is seriously compromised in the North China Plain (NCP) due to the huge water requirements of agriculture, the largest use of water resources. An integrated approach which combines the ecosystem model with emergy analysis is presented to determine the optimum quantity of irrigation for sustainable development in irrigated cropping systems. Since the traditional emergy method pays little attention to the dynamic interaction among components of the ecological system and dynamic emergy accounting is in its infancy, it is hard to evaluate the cropping system in hypothetical situations or in response to specific changes. In order to solve this problem, an ecosystem model (Vegetation Interface Processes (VIP) model) is introduced for emergy analysis to describe the production processes. Some raw data, collected by investigating or observing in conventional emergy analysis, may be calculated by the VIP model in the new approach. To demonstrate the advantage of this new approach, we use it to assess the wheat-maize rotation cropping system at different irrigation levels and derive the optimum quantity of irrigation according to the index of ecosystem sustainable development in NCP. The results show, the optimum quantity of irrigation in this region should be 240–330 mm per year in the wheat system and no irrigation in the maize system, because with this quantity of irrigation the rotation crop system reveals: best efficiency in energy transformation (transformity = 6.05E + 4 sej/J); highest sustainability (renewability = 25%); lowest environmental impact (environmental loading ratio = 3.5) and the greatest sustainability index (Emergy Sustainability Index = 0.47) compared with the system in other irrigation amounts. This study demonstrates that application of the new approach is broader than the conventional emergy analysis and the new approach is helpful in optimizing resources allocation, resource-savings and maintaining agricultural sustainability.     

西安市生态经济系统的能值分析与发展评估

运用能值理论与方法,分析了西安2000-2005年的人口承载量、人均能值、能值投入率、能值货币比率、电力能值比、环境负荷率、净能值产出率和可持续发展指数8个指标及其变化趋势,并与其他国家和地区的相关指标进行比较研究.结果表明,西安市经济发展主要是依赖当地资源,能值自给率达93.35%,人口数量已经超出环境承载量,未来加强优势资源的开发、引进外界资源、控制人口规模、转变经济增长方式、减少与防治污染才是实现其持续性发展的必由之路.     

Energy and resource basis of an Italian coastal resort region integrated using emergy synthesis

Sustainable development of coastal zones must balance economic development that encourages human visitation from a larger population with desires that differ from the local residents with the need to maintain opportunities for the local resident society and conserve ecological capital, which may serve as the basis for residents.We present a case study in which the sustainability level of a coastal zone (Riviera del Beigua), located along the Ligurian coast of north-western Italy, was assessed through the lens of systems ecology using emergy synthesis to integrate across economic, social and environmental sub-systems.Our purposes were (1) to quantify the environmental sustainability level of this coastal zone, (2) to evaluate the role of tourism in affecting the economy, society and environment, and (3) to compare emergy synthesis to Butler's Tourism Area Life Cycle model (TALC). Results showed that 81% of the total emergy consumption in the coastal zone was derived from external sources, indicating that this tourist-heavy community was not sustainable. Tourism, as the dominant economic sub-system, consumed 42% of the total emergy budget, while local residents used the remaining 58%. The progressive stages of the TALC model were found to parallel the dynamic changes in the ratio of external emergy inputs to local emergy inputs, suggesting that emergy synthesis could be a useful tool for detecting a tourist region's TALC stage. Use of such a quantitative tool could expedite sustainability assessment to allow administrative managers to understand the complex relationship between a region's economy, environment and resident society so sound policies can be developed to improve overall sustainability.     

艾比湖湿地生态效应能值评价

湿地是地球上具有多功能的独特生态系统,是自然界最富生物多样性的生态景观和人类最重要的生存环境之一。内陆干旱区的湿地则因其所处地理环境的特殊性更具有巨大保护价值。艾比湖湿地在我国内陆荒漠自然生态系统中具有一定典型性。其生态系统极不稳定,具有很强的敏感性和脆弱性。人类社会经济的迅猛发展,引起一系列以土地荒漠化为代表的生态逆向演替,严重的水土流失和锐减的生物多样性使其不可更新资源的能值投入远远超过其可更新资源,同时,肆虐的盐尘严重危害着天山北坡经济带甚至更远地区工、农、牧业生产和人们的生活环境。从能值角度评价环境的贡献,注重其生态效应,以期引起人们警醒,加强湿地资源的保护和管理,维护其可持续发展。     

基于能值生态足迹的海岛可持续性评估——以舟山为例

基于能值理论,结合生态足迹方法,构建能值生态赤字/盈余、渔业足迹强度(D)、社会发展压力指数(I)和经济协调指数(Q)参数评价海岛可持续性,选取典型海岛城市浙江省舟山市作为案例研究。结果显示:2003—2017年舟山能值足迹、能值承载力均呈上升趋势;人均能值生态足迹共增加15.78 hm²,增幅为63.26%;人均能值承载力增加5.20×10² hm²,增幅为82.86%;其中,化石能源用地能值足迹增加最多,社会经济承载力增加最多,而自然承载力却有所下降。能值生态赤字/盈余和经济协调指数不能完全反映区域可持续性,区域渔业足迹强度的不断增加表明当前的渔业经济模式不满足可持续发展要求,社会发展压力指数增大也进一步表明舟山的发展状况偏离了可持续性的轨道。     

基于能值分析的山区县域经济可持续发展评价——以吉林省抚松县为例

选取吉林省抚松县为研究区域,采用能值分析方法,从生态安全、经济发展、社会接受方面建立评价指标体系,对吉林省抚松县生态经济系统进行定量和定性评价。研究结果表明：①2005--2009年抚松县生态经济系统能值投入量和能值产出量均呈增加态势,能值投入以本地资源为主,工业产值迅速增加（以林产品为主）,而农产品产值持续减少。②抚松县经济发展水平在全国、全省范围内均属于较低水平,工业发展效率很低,居民生活质量不高。③生态环境压力逐年增大,主要原因是自然资源的大规模开发,但是与其他发达地区、我国西部地区相比,抚松县在生态环境承载力方面仍具有相对优势。据此,提出了通过大力发展旅游产业、绿色食品、林产品的深加工等增强系统开放性,深入挖掘优势资源的高价值形态,以达到山区县域经济的可持续发展。     

Dynamic emergy evaluation of a fish farm rearing process

The environmental sustainability of a fish farm rearing process was examined by means of emergy analysis. Many emergy analyses integrate data for a whole year smoothing short term variations and sometimes losing meaningful information (aliasing). For this reason we developed a model for an instantaneous emergy evaluation in an aquacultural system so that transformities, efficiency and effort spent at each moment during the fish rearing activity could be calculated. By means of the model and dynamic emergy calculations it is possible to recognize step by step the importance of the various emergy contributions and verify where and when to modify the system to move toward optimum production of a sustainable product. By the application of the model we confirmed that the emergy trends in a fish farm installation follow wide oscillations during a year due to variations in both internal and external emergy contributions. Among the fluxes considered, those due to the introduction of fingerlings represented the highest contributions to the total emergy budget. Thus, to improve the sustainability of the analyzed system the amount, frequency and timing of these fluxes must be carefully considered. For this purpose, a comparison between two different fry introduction schedules was performed to evaluate differences in the efficiency of the rearing process.     

Integrated emergy,energy and economic evaluation of rice and vegetable production systems in alluvial paddy fields: Implications for agricultural policy in China

China is the largest rice producing and consuming country in the world, but rice production has given way to the production of vegetables during the past twenty years. The government has been trying to stop this land-use conversion and increase the area in rice-vegetable rotation. Important questions that must be answered to determine what strategy is best for society are, “What is the reason behind this conversion?”; “Which system is more productive and which is more sustainable?”; and “How can economic policy be used to adjust the pattern of farmland use to attain sustainable development?” To answer these questions, a combined evaluation of these agricultural production systems was done using emergy, energy and economic methods. An economic analysis clearly showed that the reason for this conversion was simply that the economic output/input ratio and the benefit density of the vegetable production system were greater than that of rice. However, both energy and emergy evaluations showed that long-term rice was the best choice for sustainable development, followed by rotation systems. The current price of rice is lower than the em-value of rice produced from the long-term rice system, but higher than that of rice produced from the rotation system. Scenario analysis showed that if the government increases the price of rice to the em-value of rice produced from the long-term rice system, US$0.4/kg, and takes the value of soil organic matter into account, the economic output/input ratios of both the rice and rotation systems will be higher than that of the vegetable system. The three methods, energy, emergy and economics, are different but complementary, each revealing a different aspect of the same system. Their combined use shows not only the reasons behind a system’s current state or condition, but also the way to adjust these systems to move toward more sustainable states.     

Integrating emergy evaluation and geographic information systems for monitoring resource use in the Abruzzo region (Italy)

This paper presents an application of an environmental accounting method, namely emergy evaluation, developed for the monitoring and assessment of environmental resource use by local communities in the Abruzzo Region (Italy). Once quantified and classified according to their origin (renewable or non-renewable, local or external), emergy flows were elaborated through a geographic information system (GIS) that allowed us to represent their spatial distribution throughout the region. Outcomes took the form of patterns in which different emergy intensities, namely empower (unit: seJ yr^?1), were represented through a graduated grey-scale and visualized on a cartographic basis. The concentration of emergy flows, depending on the activity of local communities, showed variable levels of environmental load in different areas. In particular, spatial zones with homogeneous values of empower density (unit: seJ yr^?1 km^?2) – high, medium and low – were detected in order to identify areas with a similar “thermodynamic” nature, emergy being a thermodynamics based function. This allowed for the representation, at a glance, of a kind of geography that mirrors the behavior of a population settled in an area as additional information for investigating the effects of the use of urban structures and functions and improving our understanding of regional systems. A combined use of emergy evaluation and GIS could thus provide a complementary view of a territorial system and inform policy makers for planning specific strategies of future development.     

能值理论在海岛生态旅游中的应用研究

21世纪是海洋的世纪,大力发展海洋经济成为全世界的共同目标。海岛作为“人类开发海洋的远涉基地和前进支点”被大规模开发,其主要开发利用方式——海岛生态旅游也蓬勃发展。在此背景下,如何协调海岛生态环境与旅游经济的关系成为人们关注的焦点,也是海岛生态旅游可持续发展亟待解决的问题。运用能值理论对海岛生态旅游系统进行研究,构建海岛生态旅游系统能值指标体系,定量分析整个系统的结构、功能、旅游经济效益、生态效率和综合状况,为海岛生态环境资源和旅游经济活动的评估提供客观标准,并为海岛生态旅游可持续发展研究提供科学的依据。