浒苔生长-衰亡过程中氮形态的迁移转化过程

针对浒苔氮吸收代谢机制，通过连续培养实验研究浒苔生长-衰亡过程中不同形态氮在藻体和培养液中的分布和迁移.结果表明，浒苔在生长期吸收NO₃^--N（17.37μmol/（g·d））而衰亡期向胞外释放NH₄⁺-N（0.84μmol/（g·d））；在生长期胞内NO₃^--N占无机氮（DIN）73.75%~92.15%，在衰亡期NH₄⁺-N占无机氮60.87%~92.13%；培养液中溶解有机氮（DON）浓度持续增加，其中<1kDa组分占64%~98%，> 1kDa组分占2%~36%.在培养期藻体细胞吸收DIN速率平均为8.96μmol/（g·d），释放DON的平均迁移速率约为59.57μmol/（g·d）.通过收支模型计算，浒苔将近60% DIN转化为以<1kDa组分占优的DON并分泌到胞外.由此可以推测，近海浒苔爆发可以在月际尺度上对水体生源要素结构产生显著影响.     

不同畜禽粪便堆肥过程中有机氮形态的动态变化

利用室内模拟堆肥试验,对不同畜禽粪便在堆肥过程中酸水解态氮及其组分的变化规律进行了研究.研究结果表明,随着堆肥的进行,酸水解态氮呈现先降后增的变化趋势,且与堆肥前相比,堆肥处理后酸水解态氮占全氮比例增加,尤其是在猪粪、鸡粪等家禽粪便更为明显,表明畜禽粪便经过堆肥处理后有利于氮素的保蓄;非酸解性氮占全氮比例的变化趋势与酸水解态氮的变化趋势相反;酸解铵态氮、氨基酸态氮和氨基糖态氮占全氮的比值在堆肥过程中均呈现先增加后降低的趋势;未鉴别态氮占全氮比例在整个堆肥过程中的变化趋势与上述3种可鉴别态的酸水解态氮的变化趋势相反.温度、pH值与氨基糖态氮变化趋势相同,这可能是影响氨基糖态氮变化的主要因素;而温度与酸解铵态氮、未鉴别态氮变化的趋势相同,可能是影响酸解变化的主要因素,pH 值与酸水解态氮、非酸解性氮变化趋势相同,可能是影响它们变化的主要因素.     

城市污泥好氧堆肥过程中重金属的形态变化

污泥中重金属的含量和各重金属的生物有效性是污泥农业利用的重要限制因素.本研究对城市污泥进行了堆肥化处理,并采集不同阶段样品,通过顺序浸提法对样品中不同形态的重金属进行提取,分别利用原子吸收分光光度计测定Zn、Cu、Ni、Pb、Cd含量、分光光度法测定Cr和As含量.研究结果发现,与现有国际及我国污泥农用标准比较,所研究污泥中重金属含量均未超过允许的水平.污泥堆肥中Cu、Ni、Cd、Cr主要以残渣态形式存在,Cu、Ni、Pb、Cd四种重金属元素的可氧化态含量也相对较高,除Cd外,经过堆肥化处理后所有重金属的有效态含量均呈下降趋势,因此,堆肥可以促进污泥中的重金属稳定化,降低土壤的污染风险.     

污泥堆肥过程中氮素形态的变化

以污水污泥(SS)为原料,小麦秸秆糠(WSB,粒径小于0.5cm)和小麦秸秆段(WSS,长度约3cm)为调理剂,采用强制通风静态好氧堆肥与自然通风好氧堆肥相结合的堆肥方法进行了为期120d的堆肥化处理,研究了堆肥化过程中各种氮素形态的变化特征.结果表明,在堆肥过程中,2次处理的堆温变化明显呈现出升温期、高温期和降温期3个阶段.在堆肥过程中,处理ss WSB比处理ss WSS的堆体升温快,高温期持续时间长,并且堆体的含水率也高.处理ss WSB和处理ss WSS的pH值分别从初始的8.74和8.06下降为6.69和6.18,TN含量分别从21.16g·kg-1和11.57g·kg-1增加到31.93g·kg-1和28.02g·kg-1,C/N比分别从23.39和22.90下降到15.31和13.75,水溶性总凯氏氮(TKN(w))含量降低幅度分别为70.43%和34.05%,NH -N含量分别从3.43g·kg-1和1.31 g·kgll下降到0.35g·kg-1和0.42g·kg-1并且在2次处理中NH1 ;-N与pH达到最大值的时间相一致.处理SS WSS比处理SS WSB的高温持续时间短,NO-3 -N含量高,含量高,说明控制堆体的高温期持续时间,有利于硝化反应的进行.处理SS WSB和处理SS WSS的种子发芽指数(GI)在堆肥结束时分别为115.8%和97.52%,说明处理SS WSB的腐熟情况明显优于处理SS WSS.统计分析结果表明,添加不同形态的小麦秸秆作为调理剂对污泥堆肥中pH、NO;.N、GI、含水率、TN、水溶性凯氏氮(TKN(W))和NH 4-N含量变化的影响显著(P<0.05);对C/N比变化的影响不显著(P=0.125);2次处理中NH 4-N的含量对pH的影响均显著(P均为0.027).     

氮磷形态与浓度对铜绿微囊藻和斜生栅藻生长的影响

以铜绿微囊藻（Microcystis aeruginosa）和斜生栅藻（Scendesmus obliquus）为研究对象,分别以硝酸钠、氯化铵和尿素为氮源,以磷酸氢二钾、甘油磷酸钠和三磷酸腺苷为磷源,配置不同浓度的氮磷培养基（氮浓度1.00,4.00,8.00mg/L,磷浓度0.20,2.00mg/L）,通过一次性培养实验研究2种藻氮、磷饥饿时对不同形态和不同浓度氮磷的生长响应.结果表明,2种藻对氮、磷的形态和浓度响应均不同,且藻种之间也有明显的响应差异.铜绿微囊藻在3种浓度硝酸钠培养下比生长速率无显著差异,而斜生栅藻的比生长速率在硝酸钠4.00mg/L时达到最高,说明1.00mg/L的硝酸钠已满足铜绿微囊藻对氮的生长需求,斜生栅藻对氮的需求高于铜绿微囊藻.铜绿微囊藻在1.00,4.00mg/L氯化铵和尿素培养下的比生长速率相同,且比生长速率和现存量均高于同浓度硝酸钠培养组,说明相比于硝酸钠,铜绿微囊藻更喜欢利用还原态的氯化铵和尿素.但当氯化铵浓度高达8.00mg/L时,铜绿微囊藻比生长速率低于相同浓度尿素和硝酸钠培养组,也低于低浓度氯化铵培养组,说明高浓度氯化铵不利于铜绿微囊藻的生长.然而,斜生栅藻在8.00mg/L氯化铵培养下比生长速率和现存量与尿素培养时无显著差异,而且均高于硝酸钠培养组,说明斜生栅藻对氯化铵的耐受能力比铜绿微囊藻高.3种形态的磷均能被铜绿微囊藻和斜生栅藻利用,但铜绿微囊藻用高浓度有机磷培养时的现存量更高,斜生栅藻则在高浓度无机磷培养下生长更好,说明铜绿微囊藻比斜生栅藻能更好的利用有机磷,高浓度的无机磷不利于铜绿微囊藻生长.太湖目前铵氮浓度降低显著,水体无机磷占比很低,溶解态有机磷浓度占比较高,这些都更有利于蓝藻形成优势.     

生活垃圾堆肥过程中腐殖质及有机态氮组分的变化

利用实际城市生活垃圾,采用工厂化工艺进行堆肥试验,探讨在堆肥过程中腐殖质及有机态氮组分的动态变化.结果表明,随着堆肥的进行,有机碳、富里酸、全氮、酸水解性有机氮含量均有不同程度的降低,与堆肥前相比,降低幅度分别为53.00%、64.73%、21.78%、22.80%.而腐殖质、胡敏酸、氨基酸态氮则分别在堆肥的第35d达到最低点,而后呈逐渐增加的趋势.酰胺态氮、氨基糖态氮在堆肥的第21d达到最高峰.堆肥过程中,腐殖质与胡敏酸、酸水解有机态氮与全氮含量显著相关.胡敏酸的红外光谱分析结果表明,堆肥后胡敏酸分子的芳构化程度明显增强.     

Aqueous and organic extracts of Trigonellafoenum-graecum L. Inhibit the mycelia growth of fungi

Aqueous extracts from various plant parts of fenugreek(3%)(aerial parts:leaves and stems(LS),roots(R),ground seeds(GS)and not ground seeds(NGS))and petroleum ether,ethyl acetate and methanolic fractions of the aerial parts were assayed to determine their antifungal potential against Botrytis cinerea,Fusarium graminearum,Alternaria sp.,Pythium aphanidermatum,and Rhizoctinia solani.All fenugreek plant parts showed antifungal potential and the magnitude of their inhibitory effects was species and plant parts d...     

镉在三色堇中的积累及亚细胞与化学形态分布

通过营养液培养实验,研究了在不同Cd浓度(0、0.01、0.05、0.1、0.2、0.3、0.4 mmol·L-1)处理下,三色堇地下部和地上部中Cd的含量与积累特征,进一步分析了Cd在三色堇体内的亚细胞分布特征和化学形态分布特征.结果表明,三色堇体内Cd积累量随着Cd浓度的增加而不断增加,对Cd具有很高的积累能力,是一种潜在的Cd超富集植物.三色堇地下部和地上部大部分的Cd分布在可溶组分和细胞壁中,而在细胞器中的分布较少.随着Cd处理浓度的增加,地下部细胞壁中镉的分配比例呈增加趋势.植株中大部分的Cd以乙醇提取态和水取提态存在,随着Cd处理浓度的增加,地上部中活性强、毒性较高的乙醇提取态和水提取态Cd分配比例总和减少,而活性较弱、毒性较低的氯化钠提取态和醋酸提取态Cd分配比例增加,这有利于降低总镉的相对毒性.因此,液泡区隔化、细胞壁固持和化学形态转化可能是三色堇应对Cd胁迫的重要耐性机制.     

辽东湾海冰生消的热力要素分析

利用辽海湾ＪＺ２０－２海域冰斯气象、水文和海泳的测量资料，对冰面太阳辐射、长波辐射、盛热、潜热、冰内热传导和泳下海洋热通量等热力要素的计算方法进行了讨论，并对其中的部分参数进行了确定；对１９９７～１９９８年度不同天气条件和不同泳期的海８泳热力要素进行了对比分析，发展太阳辐射的主要影响因素为云层，冰面感热主要受控于风速和和气温，而长波辐射变化量不大，不同风向时的相对湿度差别很大，疳直接影响到冰面潜热     

Aqueous and organic extracts of Trigonella foenum-graecum L. inhibit the mycelia growth of fungi

Aqueous extracts from various plant parts of fenugreek (3%) (aerial parts: leaves and stems (LS), roots (R), ground seeds (GS) and not ground seeds (NGS)) and petroleum ether, ethyl acetate and methanolic fractions of the aerial parts were assayed to determine their antifungal potential against Botrytis cinerea, Fusarium graminearum, Alternaria sp., Pythium aphanidermatum, and Rhizoctinia solani. All fenugreek plant parts showed antifungal potential and the magnitude of their inhibitory e ects was species and plant parts dependent. R extract was shown less toxic (30.38%), whereas NGS extract expressed the strongest inhibition, with an average of 71.44%, followed by GS (58.56%) and LS (57.1%). Screening indicated that P. aphanidermatum was the most resistant species, with an average inhibition of 34.5%. F. graminearum, Alternaria sp. and R. solani were the most sensitive species, and were similarly inhibited (63.5%). The stability test indicated that the aqueous extracts of all plant parts lost approximately 50% of their relative activity after one month of storage at 4°C, whilst they lost 60%–90% of their activity when stored at ambient temperature for one month. The antifungal activity resided mainly in the methanol fraction and the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of methanol fraction witch caused total inhibition of R. solani and Alternaria sp. was 60 g/ml. Results of current study suggested that the constituents of Trigonella foenum-graecum have potential against harmful pathogenic fungi. Therefore, fenugreek could be an important source of biologically active compounds useful for developing better new antifungal drugs.     

Effects of road dust on the growth characteristics of Sophora japonica L. seedlings

Road dust is one of the most common pollutants and causes a series of negative effects on plant physiology. Dust's impacts on plants can be regarded as a combination of load,composition and grain size impacts on plants; however, there is a lack of integrated dust effect studies involving these three aspects. In our study, Sophora japonica seedlings were artificially dusted with road dust collected from the road surface of Beijing so that we could study the impacts of this dust on nitrogen/carbon allocation, biomass allocation and photosynthetic pigments from the three aspects of composition, load and grain size. The results showed that the growth characteristics of S. japonica seedlings were mostly influenced by dust composition and load. Leaf N, root–shoot ratio and chlorophyll a/b were significantly affected by dust composition and load; leaf C/N, shoot biomass, total chlorophyll and carotenoid were significantly affected by dust load; stem N and stem C/N were significantly affected by dust composition; while the dust grain size alone did not affect any of the growth characteristics. Road dust did influence the growth characteristics more extensively than loam. Therefore, a higher dust load could increase the differences between road dust and loam treatments. The elements in dust are well correlated to the shoot N, shoot C/N, and root–shoot ratio of S. japonica seedlings. This knowledge could benefit the management of urban green spaces.     

垂序商陆叶细胞壁结合锰机制研究

垂序商陆是一种典型的锰超积累植物,细胞壁在其累积解毒锰的过程中起了一定的作用.通过细胞壁吸附实验,研究不同p H和不同锰浓度对细胞壁吸附锰的影响,并采用傅立叶红外光谱及同步辐射X-射线吸收光谱技术探讨了其吸附机制.结果表明,垂序商陆叶细胞壁吸附锰的最适p H值为5~6;其吸附行为可用Langmuir模型较好地描述(R2=0.978 5),并计算得其最大吸附量为62.50μmol·g-1.细胞壁上的羟基(—OH)和羰基(—CO)是结合锰的主要位点;锰周围第一配层为氧原子,其配位数为6.3,Mn—O键长为0.216 nm,细胞壁与锰主要以内配层模式相结合.     

不同磷肥对砷超富集植物蜈蚣草修复砷污染土壤的影响

施肥是提高重金属污染土壤的植物修复效率的必要强化措施之一.通过研究农业生产中常用磷肥对砷超富集植物蜈蚣草生长、砷累积及氮磷钾吸收的影响,确定可提高蜈蚣草修复砷污染土壤能力的最佳磷肥类型.结果表明,与不施砷对照组相比.添加砷处理中施用相应磷肥的蜈蚣草总生物量中蜈蚣草均有所降低(除钙镁磷肥外);在添加砷的情况下,钙镁磷肥、磷酸二氢钙和磷酸二氢铵等3个施磷处理总生物量相对较高.显著高于其他磷肥处理和不施磷处理(0.83 g/pot);地上部砷累积量由大到小的顺序为:磷酸二氢钙>钙镁磷肥>磷酸二氢铵>磷酸二氢钾>磷酸二氢钠>不施磷>过磷酸钙;磷酸二氢钙处理的砷去除效率高达7.28%.由此可见,磷肥能一定程度提高砷超富集植物的修复能力,但不同磷肥对其砷去除效率的影响可达数倍之差,磷酸二氢钙是首选磷肥类型,综合考虑土壤pH、N、P和有效态砷等各种因子,磷酸二氢铵和钙镁磷肥也可作备选肥料类型.