产品的生命周期和环境:从产业生态学到家庭生态学

与人口变化相关的生活水平的提高表现为对商品和服务日益增长的需求 .生态系统恶化的原因与对原料总是更多的攫取、与小生态环境的改变、与对包括人类在内的生物群落有损害的产品日益增加的排放有关 .旨在降低环境风险的解决办法基于对社会生态学机制的更好理解,基于制定评价的工具和方法以及有效的介入 .与在企业中的环境管理举措相补充,家庭生态学能够提供有助于决策的恰当的整体的要素 .     

铝与土壤之间的表面化学反应及其后果

80年代以来，由于酸雨的发生及其对农业生产和生态环境的危害，土壤酸化问题再次成为土壤化学研究的热点．铝离子的土壤化学行为是土壤酸化的根本原因，而铝的吸附是给离子的土壤化学行为的重要方面．因此．研究铝的吸附有助于提示土壤酸化的本质，为防治土壤酸化提供有益的信息．本文综述了近30年来铝离子吸附的研究进展．其中包括吸附性铝离子的形态；铝的吸附表面；阴离子对铝吸附的影响；铝吸附的机理；铝的吸附对土壤性质的影响等．     

北京地区农业生态系统的评价与调控问题

农业生产是在农业生态系统中进行的,其生态系统的状况与农业生产的发展,尤其是持续的发展有着十分密切的关系。对农业生态系统进行确切的评价,需要掌握生态系统的特征、结构与功能以及发展的趋势,揭示其中存在的矛盾和问题,得出控制与调整结构的客观依据。评价的标准必须符合生态经济的要求,在充分利用自然资源的同时,     

发刊词

适宜的环境是人类生存发展的基础资源,经济建设和文化建设的必要条件,不言而喻,没有辽阔肥美的土地、繁茂的森林、清彻的水体、洁净的空气,就没有健全的发展,也没有子孙后代的幸福。因此,保护环境,使我们的生存空间和基础资源免受污染和破坏,是我们大家的神圣职责和不可推卸的光荣义务。     

捷克共和国

持续的清洁生产要求改变管理的理念和战略本文涉及在中等规模的电镀车间实施清洁生产的方法,在这样的车间中,捷克清洁生产中心进行过在职的培训．金属精加工领域清洁生产的潜力是众所周知的,比如通过良好的内部管理和简单的操作变化就可以。通过改善雇员的健康和安全状况还可以获得明显的效益．     

生态危机的社会伦理根源

从人与自然的关系实际上是人与人之间的利益关系的论点出发,揭示了生态危机发生实质是人类为了获取自身利益的最大化,对自然资源无止境的索取和争夺而导致的;论证了生态危机发生的社会伦理根源是技术理性的扩张导致科学技术的异化、消费主义的盛行加重了对自然的消耗与污染、功利主义的漫延导致代际自然资源分配不公;提出了要缓解人与自然日趋紧张的关系,解决生态危机,不仅要依靠科技、经济手段,最根本的还是要从改变人们的社会伦理观出发,用价值理性自觉地调适技术理性的非理性倾向、改变物质主义的生活方式、摒弃发展理念的功利主义,从而调节好人与人之间的利益冲突,处理好人与自然的"物质变换"关系。     

增城市土地利用的景观生态研究

土地利用的景观生态学研究是在土地利用的研究中产生并发发展起来的,以协调人与景观的相互,达到合理利用土地为目的。在景观生态学和土地利用的相关理论的指导下,选取反映景观生物的一些结构、功能指标,通过定性和定量相结合的方法对增城市的土地利用的特征进行生态分析和研究,为达到土地的合理利用和各景观类型间协调发展的目标而提供量化的依据。     

能源在可持续发展中的作用：拉丁美洲能源政策分析的要素

与能源政策和可持续发展之间的关系有关的决策的制定应该不仅包括对当前问题的鉴定和对未来影响的评估，而且为了增加这些政策成功的可能性还包括有关各方面的积极参与，因为一切环境政策都有着非常复杂的环境内涵，仅仅采用有限的技术手段或系统的运作可能很难找到合适的解决方案。     

植物多样性对土壤微生物的影响

生物多样性强烈地影响生态系统的过程.生态系统过程的变化可导致生物多样性衰减并因此导致生态系统功能衰退.植物种丰度和植物功能多样性对土壤细菌群落的代谢活性和代谢多样性有成正比的影响.土壤细菌的代谢活性和代谢多样性随植物种数量的对数和植物功能组的数量而直线上升.其原因可能是由植被流入土壤的物质和能量的多样性和数量的增加,也可能是由土壤动物区系起作用的土壤微生境的多样性的增加造成的.由于植物多样性的丧失所引起的植物生物量的减少对分解者群落有强烈的影响微生物生物量将可能减少,因为在大多数陆地生态系统中,有机碳源限制着土壤微生物的活性.     

城市人类生态系统评价的生物地球化学方法

该文介绍研究城市人类生态系统的生物地球化学方法,概述了环境中化学元素是城市化地区的重要污染源.通过研究诊断学中生物培养物与研究特殊的和非特殊的(生物化学的,形态学的和其它的)指标来评价工业引起的地球化学负荷对人类造成的影响.研究在低于客许值浓度的污染物作用下生物培养物中微量元素成分的起始变化,显示出流行病研究中城市内化学元素分布的地球化学地图具有很高的信息量.     

活性炭纤维的表面结构及其吸附模式

迄今的吸附模式,Henry定律、Langmuir模型、BET模型、D-R方程、D-A方程都分别适用于不同的表面结构,对于活性炭纤维（Activated Corbon Fiber,ACF）这种特殊的炭吸附材料适用于哪种吸附模型,未见有文献专题论述。本论文在对ACF材料进行了大量表面结构研究的基础上,对ACF的表面结构与颗粒活性炭（GranularActivated Carbon,GAC）的表面进行了对比,并尝试性地对适用于ACF的吸附模式进行了计算和比较,得到了一些有价值的结论。     

活性碳纤维在环境保护中的应用

由于活性碳纤维的吸附面积大,可以作为固相微萃取的纤维用于对环境污染物质的分析检测,包括含硫和含氯的一些有机化合物.同时,活性碳纤维具有良好的导电性能,可以作为电极,能有效地去除环境中城市污水、燃料废水和腐植酸的污染.     

Recovery efficiency of the hydrofluorocarbon (HFC‐134a) by activated carbons of different physicochemical properties

The adsorption characteristics of 1,1,1,2‐tetrafluoroethane (HFC‐134a) on activated carbon were investigated to evaluate the recovery efficiency of HFC‐134a by six activated carbons (two granular activated carbons (GAC1 and GAC2), one high‐surface area activated carbon (HAC), and three activated carbon fibers (ACF10, ACF15, and ACF20)). HFC‐134a adsorption on the activated carbons increased with increase in the specific surface area and pore volume of the activated carbon. The differential heat of the HFC‐134a adsorption decreased with increase in the percentage of the micropore volume to the total pore volume. The adsorption model of HFC‐134a on the activated carbon could be based on the Langmuir model. The constant a of the Langmuir plot of HAC and ACF20 is smaller than GAC1 or GAC2 and ACF10 or ACF15, respectively. The constant W_s of HAC has the largest value. The constant a was correlated to the heat of adsorption. It is concluded that the largest amount of HFC‐134a was adsorbed on HAC, and the least amount of interaction occurred between HFC‐134a and the HAC. The amount of HFC‐134a adsorbed on the activated carbons over time was applied to the Sameshima equation. The adsorption rate constant of HFC‐134a on HAC was the largest. The HAC could be suitable for the recovery of HFC‐134a.     

A Cu-modified active carbon fiber significantly promoted H2S and PH3 simultaneous removal at a low reaction temperature

• Cu_0.15-ACF performs the best for H₂S and PH₃ simultaneous removal. • 550°C and 90°C are separately calcination and reaction temperatures. • The reason why Cu_0.15/ACF shows better performance was found. • The accumulation of H₂PO₄⁻ and SO₄²⁻(H₂O)₆ is the deactivation cause of Cu_0.15/ACF. Poisonous gases, such as H₂S and PH₃, produced by industrial production harm humans and damage the environment. In this study, H₂S and PH₃ were simultaneously removed at low temperature by modified activated carbon fiber (ACF) catalysts. We have considered the active metal type, content, precursor, calcination, and reaction temperature. Experimental results exhibited that ACF could best perform by loading 15% Cu from nitrate. The optimized calcination temperature and reaction temperature separately were 550°C and 90°C. Under these conditions, the most removal capacity could reach 69.7 mg/g and 132.1 mg/g, respectively. Characterization results showed that moderate calcination temperature (550°C) is suitable for the formation of the copper element on the surface of ACF, lower or higher temperature will generate more cuprous oxide. Although both can exhibit catalytic activity, the role of the copper element is significantly greater. Due to the exceptional dispersibility of copper (oxide), the ACF can still maintain the advantages of larger specific surface area and pore volume after loading copper, which is the main reason for better performance of related catalysts. Finally, increasing the copper loading amount can significantly increase the crystallinity and particle size of copper (oxide) on the ACF, thereby improving its catalytic performance. In situ IR found that the reason for the deactivation of the catalyst should be the accumulation of generated H₂PO₄⁻ and SO₄²⁻(H₂O)₆ which could poison the catalyst.     

磷酸活化粘胶基活性碳纤维吸附甲硫醚的实验研究

不同活化条件下,以磷酸为活化剂制备粘胶基活性碳纤维(VACF),研究VACF对甲硫醚静态吸附的效果.随着活化温度的升高,活性碳纤维对甲硫醚的吸附率增大;碳化活化时间达1h后,活性碳纤维对甲硫醚的吸附性能没有明显变化;活化剂浓度为1:3(磷酸与水体积比)、浸泡的时间为10h时,活性碳纤维对甲硫醚的吸附效果最佳.     

活性炭及活性炭纤维对CS2的吸附行为研究及其方法探讨

以活性炭纤维(ACF)对水中CS:的吸附处理作为研究对象,并与另外两种活性炭(颗粒活性炭GAC和粉末活性炭PAC)进行对比研究,展示了ACF对CS:的优异吸附性能与处理效果,即吸附容量大,吸附低浓度效果好.同时运用新的宽平衡浓度吸附试验方法,测试了ACF、GAC、PAC对CS2的吸附平衡曲线,并对几种常见的吸附等温方程...     

氧化热处理对活性炭纤维吸附转化SO2能力的影响

本文研究了经Ｏ２,空气或ＨＮＯ３氧化后,高温下热处理改性的活性炭纤维（ＡＣＦ）在Ｏ２和水蒸气存在下脱除ＳＯ２的能力。结果表明,氧化热处理改性后,ＡＣＦ的脱硫能力都有明显提高,其中Ｏ２改性的ＡＣＦ脱硫活性最高,ＨＮＯ３改性的ＡＣＦ最低,空气改性的ＡＣＦ居中。并对改性ＡＣＦ具有不同脱硫活性的原因进行了分析。ＴＰＤ实验表明,Ｈ２ＳＯ４从Ｏ２改性ＡＣＦ上脱除最容易。     

活性碳纤维的应用

本文在比较活性碳纤维与活性碳的结构和吸附特点的基础上,综述了这种吸附材料在废水处理,饮用水净化,空气净化,溶剂回收等各个领域的应用。     

Influence of environmental temperature and relative humidity on photocatalytic oxidation of toluene on activated carbon fibers coated TiO

TiO₂ supported on active carbon fiber (TiO₂/ACF), an absorbable photocatalyst, is a new kind of material applied in air purification. In this paper, the influence of environmental temperature (T) and relative humidity (RH) on the gas-solid adsorption of toluene and the photocatalytic oxidation (PCO) efficiency of adsorbed toluene on TiO₂/ACF were studied, and then, the purification capability of TiO₂/ACF was estimated. PCO results showed that although the PCO efficiency increased under high RH and T levels, the amount of adsorption of toluene decreased. Moreover, quantitative analysis results of intermediates indicated that more environmental risk emerged when PCO of toluene was carried out at higher environmental T and RH levels because more toxic intermediates would be accumulated on the TiO₂/ACF. So, it is significant to control the environmental T and RH conditions in the application of the PCO technique. T = 25°C and RH = 30% is the optimal condition for purifying toluene in our experimental system.     

Influence of environmental temperature and relative humidity on photocatalytic oxidation of toluene on activated carbon fibers coated TiO2

TiO₂ supported on active carbon fiber (TiO₂/ACF), an absorbable photocatalyst, is a new kind of material applied in air purification. In this paper, the influence of environmental temperature (T) and relative humidity (RH) on the gas-solid adsorption of toluene and the photocatalytic oxidation (PCO) efficiency of adsorbed toluene on TiO₂/ACF were studied, and then, the purification capability of TiO₂/ACF was estimated. PCO results showed that although the PCO efficiency increased under high RH and T levels, the amount of adsorption of toluene decreased. Moreover, quantitative analysis results of intermediates indicated that more environmental risk emerged when PCO of toluene was carried out at higher environmental T and RH levels because more toxic intermediates would be accumulated on the TiO₂/ACF. So, it is significant to control the environmental T and RH conditions in the application of the PCO technique. T = 25°C and RH530% is the optimal condition for purifying toluene in our experimental system.