生物滴滤塔脱除SO2的填料选择研究

利用生物滴滤塔,比较了活性炭、煤矸石、陶粒、沸石和竹炭作为滴滤塔中生物附着载体性能的优劣.结果表明,竹炭对T.ferrooxidans菌液的固定效果最好,固定的生物量最高,其次是活性炭,然后是陶粒和沸石,煤矸石固定的生物量最小;不同填料滤塔对SO2的去除效率明显不同,去除效果从好到差依次为竹炭、活性炭、陶料、煤矸石和沸石,其对SO2的去除效率在运行时间内的平均值分别为93.71%、89.88%、80.08%、74.37%和63.65%.研究表明,竹炭填料系统对脱硫微生物的固定化效果最好,固定的生物量最高,且具有较好的SO2去除能力,是优质的生物滴滤填料.     

生物滴滤塔净化恶臭气体研究进展

介绍了恶臭污染物的来源、危害及其治理方法,分析了生物法除臭的发展,着重对生物滴滤塔除臭系统进行了介绍。总结了生物滴滤塔除臭的影响因素,分析了生物填料的发展,并比较了不同填料的理化性质及其除臭性能。简要归纳了工艺操作参数对生物滴滤塔除臭性能的影响。详细列举了应用于生物滴滤塔除臭的降解菌的种类及其功能。综述了填料上恶臭组分的传质和降解规律,总结了国内外关于生物膜内恶臭组分的降解反应动力学模型。同时介绍了生物滴滤塔在市政除臭和工业除臭方面的应用实例,并对生物滴滤塔理论研究与应用中存在的不足进行了分析,提出了可能的解决途径。今后可加强研究的方向有生物填料的开发与改良、生物滴滤塔的模型化设计及生物除臭组合工艺。     

低浓度氨气对生物滴滤塔处理硫化氢的影响研究

通过在生物滴滤塔中接种脱硫杆菌,以H2S和NH3为研究对象,选用合适的循环液喷淋量、循环液pH值以及进气中目标污染物的质量浓度,考察NH3的存在对系统净化H2S效果的影响.结果表明:当循环液喷淋量为120～ 160 mL/h,pH值为6～7.5,停留时间为34s,进气中NH3的质量浓度小于80 mg/m3,H2S的质量浓度在800～1 500 mg/m3时,进气中H2S和NH3的去除效率为99％和70％以上.说明该系统对H2S具有较好的处理能力,同时低质量浓度NH3的存在不影响生物滴滤塔对H2S的净化效果.在该生物净化装置中,H2S通过生物降解作用主要转化为SO42-,NH3则主要以(NH4 )2SO4的形式被去除.低质量浓度NH3存在时,系统无需对pH值进行调节.     

UV/H2O2氧化微囊藻毒素-LR的动力学模型

介绍了一种UV/H2O2光氧化体系降解微囊藻毒素MC-LR的动力学模型.根据UV光分解、H2O2和·OH氧化MC-LR的反应以及稳态近似法,导出了MC-LR降解的动力学方程.解释了体系中H2O2、HO-2、CO23-、HCO-3等对降解MC-LR动力学的影响.实验结果表明,在一定的光强和H2O2浓度情况下,由于反应产生的CO23-、HCO-3和HO-2等离子的影响,UV/H2O2光氧化MC-LR的过程只能近似用准一级动力学方程描述.     

UV/H2O2催化氧化去除微囊藻毒素-LR

研究了UV/H2O2氧化降解微污染水体中微囊藻毒素MC-LR的效果,探讨了各种因素如H2O2浓度、pH值、光强、MC-LR浓度及反应时间对降解的影响.UV和H2O2氧化去除MC-LR具有协同作用,H2O2在UV照射下产生的羟基自由基对MC-LR有很强的氧化能力.MC-LR的降解过程可用准一级反应速率方程和二级反应速率方程拟合.反应速率常数随MC-LR的起始浓度增加而减少,反应半衰期随MC-LR的起始浓度增加而延长.在H2O2浓度为1.0 mmol/L、反应温度为(25.5±1)℃、pH值为6.8、光强2.5×104 lux及反应时间60 min的条件下,质量浓度为0.203 mg/L的MC-LR的去除率可以达到80.8%.结果表明,UV/H2O2氧化体系能有效地降解MC-LR.     

黄单胞菌生物滴滤塔处理硫化氢能力及产物研究

以黄单胞菌为硫氧化菌种挂膜于生物滴滤塔,研究其去除能力及产物.通过测定压降、生物量确定挂膜时间,以进出气口浓度变化反映去除效率,测定营养液pH值变化,用SEM电镜扫描、能谱分析、X射线衍射对产物进行分析.结果表明,黄单胞菌挂膜时间为4 d,持续运行,菌种均匀地分布于填料表面;保持气体流量为1 L/min,H_2S气体质量浓度在2 000 mg/m~3以下时,去除率大于90.5%,单位体积最大生化去除量为43.23 g/(m~3·h);以10 d为周期添加营养,系统的pH值在5～7;自然沉降得到的黄色颗粒状沉淀粒径为3.161～31.90 μm;能谱分析表面主要成分为C、O、S,应该为微生物和S系物;X射线衍射分析表明干燥粉末的主要无机物质存在形态为S单质.塔在弱酸环境运行,能减少对装置的腐蚀,营养液中通过物理沉降、过滤、低速离心的简单手段,就能回收产物S单质.     

紫外光催化预处理对生物滤塔二甲苯去除率的影响研究

为评价紫外光催化作为生物滤塔预处理的可行性,系统考察了生物滤塔中二甲苯气体的去除性能及其影响因素.所考察的影响因素包括进口二甲苯浓度和空塔停留时间,实验同时考察了挂膜过程中生物膜的表面形态变化过程.结果表明:顺利挂膜完成后的生物膜中占优势菌种的是长杆菌,有少量的短杆菌;紫外预处理可以有效提高生物滤塔系统处理二甲苯的效率;二甲苯去除率受到其进口浓度和空塔停留时间影响,当进口质量浓度为500 mg/m3,空塔停留时间为70 s时,二甲苯去除率可以达到95.7％.     

生物滴滤塔填料改性前后NOx去除效果的对比试验研究

选取活性炭作为生物滴滤塔中微生物的载体,采用不同浓度的硝酸和氢氧化钠为改性剂对活性炭填料表面进行改性,分析对比不同改性条件下活性炭的物化性质及附着生物量,从而优化改性条件,并探讨填料改性对生物滴滤塔净化NOx工艺运行效果的影响。结果表明,不同浓度的硝酸和氢氧化钠中,1 mol/L的氢氧化钠改性效果最佳。改性后活性炭填料的形态、密度等基本性状均未发生较大变化,但比表面积较改性前增大了2倍左右,更适合微生物的生长繁殖,附着生物量最多。经最佳改性条件改性后的生物滴滤塔对NOx的去除效率明显提高,且稳定在87%~90%。在800~5 000 mg/m3范围内随机改变进气质量浓度,改性后的生物滴滤塔系统较改性前运行更稳定,抗负荷冲击能力更强。     

生物接触氧化法及其研究进展

综述了生物接触氧化法的发展历程、工作原理、技术特点和影响生物接触氧化法处理效果的主要因素,以及生物接触氧化法在填料选型、生活污水、工业废水以及微污染水源水处理领域的研究应用,提出了发展方向。     

阻挡放电联合金属氧化物催化降解H2S的研究

采用介质阻挡放电联合金属氧化物催化降解气态H2S,考察了单组分及复合金属氧化物催化剂、催化剂与低温等离子体结合方式对H2S及副产物O3去除性能的影响,分析了等离子体联合Mn复合金属氧化物催化降解H2S机理。结果表明,金属负载量相同条件下,电压低于22kV时,Mn复合金属氧化物对H2S的催化活性高于单组分Mn金属氧化物,催化活性及对O3的分解能力从大到小依次为:Ag+Mn、Cu+Mn、Fe+Mn、Mn。当电压为18 kV时,Ag+Mn、Cu+Mn、Fe+Mn复合催化剂分别比单组分Mn催化剂对H2S的去除效率提高了近10%、6%、4%。等离子体后催化区域中Mn催化剂催化氧化H2S的效率明显低于等离子体催化区域。Mn催化剂在等离子体后催化区域中能有效催化分解O3。随着电压的升高,Mn金属氧化物在等离子体后催化区域对H2S催化作用逐渐增强。在电压22 kV时,等离子体联合后催化比单独等离子体作用时,H2S去除效率提高了近11%。     

Removal of H2S by co-immobilized bacteria and fungi biocatalysts in a bio-trickling filter

Biological control of odor gases has gained more attention in recent years. In this study, removal performance of a vertical bio-trickling filter inoculated with bacteria and fungi was studied. Bacteria and fungi were isolated from activated sludge in a sewage treatment plant. By adopting “three step immobilization method”, the bio-trickling filter could degrade pollutant immediately once hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) passed. The optimal empty bed resident time was 20 s. The optimal elimination capacity was about 60 g H₂S m^?3 h^?1 with removal efficiency of 95%. And the maximum elimination capacity was 170 g H₂S m^?3 h^?1. Pressure drop was ranged between 5 and 15 mm H₂O per bed over the whole operation. Removal efficiency was not affected obviously after terminating nutrient supply. The bio-trickling filter could recover back after shut down H₂S gaseous and liquid supplies simultaneously. Microbial community structure in the bio-trickling filter was not changed significantly.Combining bacteria and fungi would be a better choice for inoculation into a bio-trickling filter because of the quickly degradation of H₂S and rapid recovery under shut-down experiment. This is the first study attempting to combine bacteria and fungi for removal of H₂S in a bio-trickling filter.     

高级催化氧化法降解4BS模拟染料废水

用煤灰渣加入活性组分复合成催化剂、H2O2作为氧化剂的高级催化氧化法降解4BS模拟染料废水.结果表明,高级催化氧化法可以有效降解4BS.当pH=4、H2O2投加量为0.46 mL/L、反应100 min时,脱色率达98%,同时COD去除率可达83%以上.催化剂运转时间累计达到500 h,脱色率和COD去除率分别保持为98%和83%,未发现有活性下降现象.本研究为染料废水的处理提供了一种经济有效的方法.     

An experimental study for H2S and CO2 removal via caustic scrubbing system

In this study, removal of hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) and carbon dioxide (CO₂) from simulated syngas has been studied on one column scrubbing system. Gas flow rate as a measure of gas residence time and superficial gas velocity, gas composition, inlet H₂S load, flow modes (countercurrent and cocurrent) and packing geometry were the parameters in the design and/or operation of an acid gas scrubber system. Better H₂S scrubbing efficiencies have been obtained in countercurrent flow mode than that of cocurrent flow mode. When accordingly designed, static mixer with its superior performance on H₂S removal overweighed to structured packings. The coexistence of CO₂ and H₂S has been shown to increase the sodium hydroxide (NaOH) consumption along the scrubber column thereby decreasing the H₂S removal efficiency at higher H₂S loads. The gas residence time as changing with the gas velocity was found to be more dominant on acid gas removal efficiency than the effect of superficial gas velocity within the experimented range. A gas residence times of equal or above 3 s were seemed to be closer to the optimum point.     

Application of random pore model for SO2 removal reaction by CuO

In this work, mathematical modeling of SO₂ removal reaction with CuO was accomplished by the random pore model. The partial differential equations, describing the reaction of a gaseous reactant with a single pellet and also a packed bed of solid reactant, were solved by the finite element method. The results of modeling consist of CuO conversion-time profiles at different temperatures and SO₂ concentrations, and also break through curves which were compared with the literature experimental data in a good accuracy. The rate constants were estimated from the initial slope of the conversion-time curves, and the product layer diffusivities were evaluated from the whole conversion-time profiles.     

Fenton协同催化氧化处理焦化生化废水的研究

通过Fenton协同FeC2O2催化氧化焦化生化废水的多因素正交实验,以及实验影响因素分析,取得了降解COD和色度去除的合适工艺参数,即FeSO4 360 mg/L,H202 300 mg/L,FeC2O4 10 mg/L,pH=3,反应时间32min.按此工艺参数运行,可降解COD 73.7％,色度去除率81.2％.H2O2是降解COD的主要因素,去除色度的主要因素为硫酸亚铁.     

生物膜法净化低浓度SO2气体的工艺条件研究

采用生物膜填料塔净化低浓度SO2气体,研究其适宜工艺条件.结果表明,SO2进口气体质量浓度2 500～3 500 mg/m3、气体流量0.1m3/h、循环液流量10～12 L/h、24℃、循环液pH＜1.7时,生物膜填料塔对SO2的净化效率可达97.2%以上,对SO2生化去除量达52～56mg/(L·h).本研究为生物法脱除烟气中低浓度SO2提供了参考.     

石油开采防护H2S危害的研究

石油开采的众多硫化物中,H2S所占的比例较大,稠油油藏伴生出了H2S气体,热采工艺加速了H2S的生成和浓度上升;由于H2S使嗅神经麻痹,臭味反而不易嗅到,往往会出现＂闪电＂式中毒死亡,危害极大。在石油开采中应用好常规防护技术和开展新型高效脱硫剂与＂高效吸收固硫剂装置＂的研究具有重要的现实意义;学习借鉴加拿大油田H2S的防护经验,建立我国含H2S油气田井作业许可制度。我们要认真深刻的吸取＂12.23＂重庆开县罗家16H天然气井喷失控硫化氢中毒重大事故的教训,在含H2S油气田井的石油开采中,只有认真搞好H2S防护的安全教育和检测报警工作、落实H2S防护对策、制定详细的事故应急预案、定期组织应急演练,才能达到防患未然的目的。     

臭氧氧化去除二级出水中PPCPs的研究

药品及个人护理用品(PPCPs)是一类痕量、顽固的新兴有机污染物,采用传统水处理工艺不易去除,需深度处理。采用批量试验方法,研究了臭氧氧化二级出水中添加的19种PPCPs的去除效果,考察了臭氧投加量、p H值、自由基抑制剂对去除效率的影响,并根据氧化产物推断可能的反应途径。结果表明,在原水水样p H=7.1条件下,臭氧质量浓度为1.2 mg/L时,能有效去除大多数PPCPs。其中,抗生素类PPCPs和个人防护类PPCPs的去除率分别达到了68%和70%,而雷尼替汀和噻苯咪唑去除效果不明显,仅为17.73%和12.3%。增加臭氧投加量或提高反应p H值会显著提高除雷尼替汀和噻苯咪唑外的PPCPs去除率。加入的自由基抑制剂对臭氧氧化PPCPs有明显抑制作用。PPCPs的氧化降解产物有机酸会降低反应p H值,进而影响PPCPs的去除效果。     

Failure of a heat exchanger generated by an excess of SO2 and H2S in the Sulfur Recovery Unit of a petroleum refinery

The aim of this work is to investigate the level of damage to the heat exchanger in a Sulfur Recovery Unit (SRU) of a petroleum refinery. The by-products of oil refining are submitted to special treatment in order to meet technical specifications of corrosivity, sulfur content, acidity, formation of pollutant compounds, and color alteration. Sulfur is removed from the by-products in the form of H₂S, which is an acid gas that is sent to the SRU for sulfur production. The gases in the SRU are H₂S, CO₂, SO₂, and SO₃, which are corrosive to the mild steel equipment. The Unit is frequently forced to paralyze its activities due to the corrosion of its heat exchangers and pressure vessels, and the acid gas load is burnt causing the release of SO_x into the atmosphere. The above occurs when generalized corrosion damages SRU equipment. The importance of this work is to emphasize that the leakage of acid gas and sulfur into the atmosphere is a direct result of corrosion, which causes economical and environmental damage. This study may be used to improve the control of The Claus Process and to minimize corrosion damage. The SRU does not, at present, carry out any corrosion prevention methods. The corrosion of mild steel is controlled by correct air admission to oxide H₂S, and to produce SO₂, which is the reagent in the reaction of sulfur production.