原子荧光光谱法同时测定环境水体中痕量锡和锌

采用原子荧光光谱法同时测定环境水样中痕量锡和锌,优化了试验条件。锡在1.00μg/L～10.0μg/L、锌在20.0μg/L～200μg/L范围内线性良好,方法检出限锡为0.13μg/L,锌为1.76μg/L,锡和锌标准溶液测定的相对标准偏差分别为2.9%和4.0%,环境水样加标回收率锡为96.4%～106%,锌为92.0%～111%。     

固相萃取气相色谱法测定水中15种硝基苯类化合物

使用Oasis HLB固相萃取柱,以正己烷/丙酮混合溶剂(体积比为3∶1)为洗脱溶剂,采用毛细管柱气相色谱电子捕获检测器同时测定水中15种硝基苯类化合物,以保留时间定性,外标标准曲线法定量。硝基苯和硝基甲苯在50.0μg/L～1 000μg/L、其他硝基苯类化合物在5.00μg/L～100μg/L范围内线性良好,检出限硝基苯和硝基甲苯为0.035μg/L～0.052μg/L,其他硝基苯类化合物为0.003 5μg/L～0.005 6μg/L,加标水样平行测定的RSD为1.4%～4.0%,平均回收率为92%～100%。     

UPLC-串联质谱法快速测定地表水中多种农药残留

采用超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定地表水中21种氨基甲酸酯和有机磷农药,通过优化试验条件,使方法在0. 500μg/L～100μg/L范围内线性良好,方法检出限为0. 1μg/L～6. 2μg/L。对空白水样做3个质量浓度水平的加标回收试验,5次测定结果的RSD为0. 3%～9. 5%,回收率为82. 0%～113%。将该方法用于测定徐州某地表水样品,3个水样均为未检出。     

气相色谱法测定地表水中百菌清和菊酯类农药

采用正己烷萃取地表水中的百菌清和6种菊酯类农药,通过毛细管气相色谱法-电子捕获检测器(GC-ECD)定性定量。供试农药的线性范围:百菌清为10.0μg/L～200μg/L,6种菊酯类为50.0μg/L～1 000μg/L;方法检出限分别为:百菌清0.054μg/L,甲氰菊酯0.62μg/L,三氟氯氰菊酯0.68μg/L,氯菊酯0.40μg/L,氯氰菊酯0.65μg/L,氰戊菊酯0.78μg/L,溴氰菊酯0.15μg/L;对地表水样品3个质量浓度水平的平均加标回收率为91.3%～118%,6次平行测定的RSD<5%。     

气相色谱/负离子化学电离质谱法测定地表水中硫丹及其代谢物

采用气相色谱/负离子化学电离质谱法测定地表水中的硫丹及其代谢物,用正己烷提取,外标法定量。α-硫丹、β-硫丹及硫丹硫酸酯在0.200μg/L～10.0μg/L范围内线性良好,方法检出限分别为0.010μg/L、0.008μg/L及0.010μg/L,空白加标平行测定的RSD为3.9%～4.8%,地表水样品加标回收率为85.5%～93.8%。     

液相色谱-串联质谱法测定生活饮用水中硝基酚类化合物

采用聚醚砜滤膜过滤净化水样,以Dionex Pac AG11色谱柱作为分析柱,用液相色谱-串联质谱法测定生活饮用水中2,6-二硝基酚、地乐酚和消螨酚等3种硝基酚类化合物。结果表明,方法在1.00μg/L～200μg/L范围内线性良好,方法检出限为0.09μg/L～0.19μg/L,定量下限为0.36μg/L～0.76μg/L。3种目标物4个质量浓度水平的加标回收率为93.6%～118%,7次测定结果的RSD为0.7%～4.8%。     

2,4-滴、灭草松和多种酚类的快速检测方法探讨

采用Waters Oasis HLB柱分离富集水样,用超高效液相色谱法同时测定水中2,4-滴、灭草松和7种酚类。通过优化试验条件,使方法在0. 03 mg/L～10. 0 mg/L范围内线性良好,方法检出限为0. 03μg/L～0. 12μg/L,自来水水样的回收率为84. 4%～109%,RSD为0. 8%～3. 7%。     

超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定水中痕量双酚A

采用超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定水中痕量双酚A,水样经预处理后,以BEH C18超高效液相色谱柱分离,在质谱电喷雾离子源负离子多反应监测模式下测定.方法在0.200μg/L～10.0μg/L范围内线性良好,相关系数r为0.9992,方法检出限为0.06μg/L,空白及实际样品加标回收率为87.4% ～114%,RSD为3.6% ～7.4%.     

UPLC-MS/MS法测定尿液中的反-反黏糠酸和苯巯基尿酸

采用超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法(UPLC-MS/MS)测定尿液中的苯代谢产物反-反黏糠酸与苯巯基尿酸,通过优化前处理和测定条件,使反-反黏糠酸在10.0μg/L～1 000μg/L范围内,苯巯基尿酸在0.500μg/L～50.0μg/L范围内线性良好,方法检出限为1.4μg/L和0.08μg/L。将该方法用于实际尿样的加标回收试验,结果加标回收率为90.6%～108%,6次测定结果的RSD为1.5%～4.2%,有证标准物质测定结果在规定范围内。     

原子荧光光谱法与ICP-MS法测定水中总铅的比对研究

对测定水中铅的原子荧光法和ICP-MS法进行了对比分析。通过标准曲线、方法检出限、精密度、准确度的测定对比,结果表明,原子荧光法标准曲线在0～50μg/L内线性良好,相关系数为0.9995,检出限为0.06μg/L,精密度为1.44%～3.83%,实际样品加标回收率为92.0%～104%;ICPMS法标准曲线在0～100μg/L内线性良好,相关系数为1.0000,检出限为0.02μg/L,精密度为1.02%～3.67%,实际加标回收率为95.0%～106%。     

Topsoil and Housedust Metal Concentrations in the Vicinity of a Lead Battery Manufacturing Plant

The aim of the study was to determine the extent of heavy metal pollution in the vicinity of a lead battery manufacturing plant in the Czech Republic, both in the general environment and within homes. Topsoils (0–5 cm) were sampled from 100 sites along 4 transects which crossed the battery factory, the town centre and outlying rural areas. Housedust samples were collected from 15 plant-workers' homes and 15 non plant-workers' homes located at various distances from the factory. Samples were analysed for levels of Pb, Zn, Cd, Cu, As and Sb, using ICP-AES. Soil concentrations of Pb, Cd, As and Sb peaked at the perimeter fence of the battery factory with Pb levels of up to 12 650 g g> ^-1. Concentrations of these metals decreased exponentially within 500 m of the plant. Whilst the battery factory does appear to be a source of all the metals with the exception of Zn, emissions do not appear to be transported to any great extent over distances of more than 0.5 km. Topsoil and housedust concentrations of Pb, Zn, Cd, Cu, As and Sb in the general Mlada Boleslav area do not appear to be significantly different from those recorded in a large scale survey of urban soils in the United Kingdom. A comparison of housedust Pb concentrations in homes of plant workers and non-plant workers suggests that there may be a small input of Pb into the home environment by battery plant employees.     

微波消解-原子吸收光度法测定土壤中铜锌铅镉镍铬

用微波消解－原子吸收光度法测定土壤中铜，锌，铅，镉，镍和铬。通过硝酸－氢氟酸－过氧化氢体系消解液对土壤样品消解，选择出微波最佳消解条件。对硝酸－盐酸－过氧化氢体系消解液和硝酸－氢氟酸－过氧化氢体系消解液进行消解对比试验，发现前者不能将土壤样品完全消解，后者能将样品消解完全，但需将消解液中剩余的酸赶尽，否则测定结果将明显偏低。微波消解土壤与传统电热消解相比，操作简便快速，可提高工作效率。     

An Overview of Contaminant-Related Issues Identified by Monitoring in San Francisco Bay

The San Francisco Estuary Regional Monitoring Program for Trace Substances (RMP) began in 1993 and is sponsored by 74 local, state, and federal agencies and companies through their discharge or Bay use permits. The RMP monitors water, sediment, toxicity, and bivalve bioaccumulation at 25 sites in the Bay that are considered to represent "background" conditions. Several major environmental issues have been identified by the RMP. Polychlorinated biphenyls and mercury were often above water quality guidelines, and often occurred in fish tissues above U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) screening values. Concentrations do not appear to be decreasing, suggesting continuing inputs. Episodes of aquatic toxicity often occurred following runoff events that transport contaminants into the Bay from urbanized and agricultural portions of the watershed. Sediment toxicity occurred throughout the Bay, and has been correlated with concentrations of specific contaminants (chlordanes, polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons) at some locations; mixtures of contaminants were probably also important. Since the RMP does not monitor all ecosystem components, assessments of the overall condition of the Bay cannot be made. However, in terms of contamination, the RMP samples suggest that the South Bay, and North Bay sites are moderately contaminated.     

Biomagnification factors (fish to Osprey eggs from Willamette River,Oregon, U.S.A.) for PCDDs,PCDFs, PCBs and OC pesticides

A migratory population of 78 pairs of Osprey (Pandion haliaetus) nesting along the Willamette River in westernOregon was studied in 1993. The study was designed to determinecontaminant concentrations in eggs, contaminant concentrationsin fish species predominant in the Ospreys diet, andBiomagnification Factors (BMFs) of contaminants from fish specieseaten to Osprey eggs. Ten Osprey eggs and 25 composite samplesof fish (3 species) were used to evaluate organochlorine (OC)pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polychlorinateddibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), and polychlorinated dibenzofurans(PCDFs). Mercury was also analyzed in fish. Geometric meanresidues in Osprey eggs were judged low, e.g., DDE 2.3 g g^-1 wet weight (ww), PCBs 0.69 g g^-1, 2,3,7,8-TCDD 2.3 ng kg^-1, and generally well below known threshold values for adverse effects on productivity, and the population was increasing. Osprey egg residue data presentedby River Mile (RM) are discussed, e.g., higher PCDDs were generally found immediately downstream of paper mills and eggsfrom the Willamette River had significantly elevated PCBs and PCDDs compared to reference eggs collected nearby in the CascadeMountains. Prey remains at nest sites indicated that the Largescale Sucker (Catostomus macrocheilus) and NorthernPikeminnow (Ptychocheilus oregonensis) accounted for an estimated 90.1% of the biomass in the Osprey diet, and composite samples of these two species were collected from different sampling sites throughout the study area for contaminant analyses. With the large percentage of the fishbiomass in the Osprey diet sampled for contaminants (and fisheaten by Ospreys similar in size to those chemically analyzed),and fish contaminant concentrations weighted by biomass intake, a mean BMF was estimated from fish to Osprey eggs for the largeseries of contaminants. BMFs ranged from no biomagnification(0.42) for 2,3,7,8-TCDF to 174 for OCDD. Our findings for themigratory Osprey were compared to BMFs for the resident HerringGull (Larus argentatus), and differences are discussed. Webelieve a BMF approach provides some basic understanding ofrelationships between contaminant burdens in prey species offish-eating birds and contaminants incorporated into their eggs,and may prove useful in understanding sources of contaminants inmigratory species although additional studies are needed.     

The Draft of the New German Guideline VDI 3782/8 to Model Automobile Exhaust Dispersion

The draft of the German guideline to calculate automobile exhaust dispersion is explained. It contains a two-stage-system: For first quick estimates the guideline contains the simple models MLuS and STREET. In case these models are not applicable or their results shows concentration levels close to the air quality standards, the more complex models PROKAS_V and MISKAM are recommended. PROKAS_V is a Gaussian plume model, MISKAM is a 3-dimensional microscale non hydrostatic flow model for built-up areas with an Eulerian dispersion model. The guideline comprises cases in rural areas without or with few adjacent buildings as well as urban areas with buildings near the roads. The contribution gives information about the models, typical results and some of the problems showing up presently.     

Hydrocarbon Utilization in Yeast Isolates Found to Grow in Association with Petroleum in a Polluted Ultisol of Midwestern Nigeria

The population counts of hydrocarbon-utilising yeasts weremonitored at six sampling stations in the Benin City municipalarea over a four-week period. Although the population countswere relatively constant in each locality, the highest countsoccurred in areas heavily polluted by domestic and industrialeffluents. A total of thirty-five hydrocarbon-degrading yeastswere isolated from soil at the sampling stations usingn-hexadecane as sole carbon source. The isolates were identifiedas belonging to the genera Candida (27 strains), Endomycopsis (4 strains). All the organisms grew on long-chainn-alkane, kerosene, diesel oil and crude oil but failed to growon short-chain n-alkane, aromatic and alicyclic hydrocarbons.Measurement of growth attributes of the isolates usingn-hexadecane, diesel oil and crude oil as substrates showed thatthe Candida species were better utilizers of hydrocarbonsubstrates relative to Endomycopsis and Schizosaccharomyces species.     

Hydrologic–Economic Model for Managing Irrigation Intensity in Irrigation Areas under Watertable and Soil Salinity Targets

This paper gives mathematical details and sample applications of SWAGMAN Farm (SWAGMAN, Salt Water and Groundwater Management), a farm-scale hydrologic economic model that integrates agronomic, climatic, irrigation, hydrogeological and economic aspects of irrigated agriculture. The model is capable of determining optimum mix of land use to keep watertable and soil salinity within acceptable limits while maximising the economic returns. Alternatively, the model can simulate water and salt balance and economics of a given cropping preference. Web-based and Geographic Information Systems versions of the model are available for integration with the environmental reporting systems of the irrigation areas.     

火焰原子吸收光谱法测定苏州开发区26种蔬菜中铜锌铁锰镍

用火焰原子吸收光谱法测定了苏州开发区26种蔬菜中的铜、锌、铁、锰和镍的含量。蔬菜样品用硝酸高氯酸混合酸进行消解。4次测定值的相对标准差<5%,加标回收率在92%～107%之间。26种蔬菜中铜、锌、铁、锰、镍的含量基本均在世贸组织规定的范围内。     

Using Multiple Taxonomic Groups to Index the Ecological Condition of Lakes

Biological indicators of communitiestypically reflect a common environmental signalreflecting the general condition of the ecosystem, as well asindividual signals by indicators differentiallysensitive to particular environmental conditions. Wedescribe here a method of integrating and interpretingsuch indicators from 19 New England lakes for fivetaxonomic groups (diatoms, benthos, zooplankton, fish,and birds). Our approach provides a systematicstandardized way to integrate multiple metrics fromdifferent taxonomic groups by addressing four elementscrucial to analyzing data from multiple indicators: covariate control, re-scaling of data, standardizing the sign of responses, and dimensional reduction. We evaluated the biologicalmetrics against individual environmental stressors andagainst multivariate physicochemical metricscharacterizing general anthropogenic stress among thelakes. The method detected a response to variationin the gross environmental condition of the lakes thatwas correlated across taxa and metrics. In addition,a differential response to near shore conditions wasdemonstrated for fish. The success of the approach inthis study lends support to its general application toecological monitoring involving complex data sets.     

Cyanobacterial Flora from Polluted Marine Shores

Citation of cyanobacterial cultures from the shores of south west coast of Gujarat, India and their relationship with sea water quality, influenced by extensive pollutant runoff is reported in this study. Intensity of pollution was evaluated by physico-chemical analysis of water. Higher load of suspended solids (60–1000 mg l⁻¹) and nutrients (PO₄ ⁻P: 1.3–4 μmole l⁻¹ and NO₃ ⁻N: 12.5–17.8 μmole l⁻¹) were persistent throughout the analysis. Community structure is seen to be influenced by such persistent pollution. Twenty nine cyanobacterial species were isolated belonging to 9 genera of 4 families, with an elevated occurrence of Oscillatoria and Lyngbya species. No heterocystous cyanobacteria were isolated throughout the study.