热带森林-砂仁生态系统可持续性的环境经济学分析

以曼么村为例 ,从环境经济学的观点出发 ,对热带森林 -砂仁生态系统的可持续性从经济及环境、生态等方面进行了分析。发现种植砂仁后 ,砂仁的经济效益的递增率不如资源环境成本的递增率快。生态环境的破坏 ,大大降低了砂仁的产量 ,从而更使得种植砂仁的经济效益停滞不前。由砂仁的外延式生产转为内涵式生产 ,采用轮作的经营方式 ,能很好地实现砂仁的持续种植     

热带森林—砂仁生态系统可持续性的环境经济学分析

以曼么村为例,从环境经济学的观点出发,对热带森林－砂仁生态系统的可持续性从经济及环境、生态等方面进行了分析。发现种植砂仁后,砂仁的经济效益的递增率不如资源环境成本的递增率快。生态环境的破坏,大大降低了砂仁的产量,从而更使得种植砂仁的经济效益停滞不前。由砂仁的外延式生产转为内涵式生产,采用轮作的经营方式,能很好地实现砂仁的持续种植。     

绿肥轮作对植烟土壤酶活性与微生物量碳和有机碳的影响

为探讨绿肥作物改良土壤的生态作用,试验以冬闲连作地为对照,在云南曲靖和晋宁烟草种植区,研究了小麦轮作收获后留根茬（20 cm左右）翻压后种植烟草（麦-烟）,紫花苕子收获后留根茬（30 cm左右）翻压后种植烟草（绿-烟）及豆类轮作（豆-烟）收获后根茬及秸秆全部移除地外种植烟草的4种轮作模式,结果表明：绿-烟和豆-烟复种模式下,植烟生长期内根区土壤酶活性（SEA）、土壤微生物量碳（SMBC）及土壤有机碳（SOC）均高于麦-烟复种及冬闲连作地,并且差异达显著或极显著水平;不同复种模式的SMBC、SOC及SMBC/SOC间呈显著相关性,对提高土壤SEA、SMBC与SOC质量分数影响为：绿-烟〉豆-烟〉麦-烟〉冬闲地。研究认为,SEA及SMBC/SOC可作为评价轮作模式影响烟地红壤质量变化的生物学指标。     

设施土壤pH值与有机质演变特征研究

设施土壤的pH、有机质与土壤环境质量及设施栽培作物生产水平密切相关。文章对云南不同区域、不同大棚种植年限、不同轮作制度的设施土壤pH与有机质的演变特征进行研究,结果表明:大棚种植年限长的地区,土壤pH、有机质变化明显;随着大棚种植年限的增长,土壤pH呈下降趋势,有机质含量则呈上升趋势;随着土壤层次的加深,大棚土壤pH逐渐升高,而有机质则逐渐降低;不同轮作方式,花-菜轮作比菜-菜轮作有利于增加有机肥对设施土壤pH的缓冲性。     

种植蔬菜地与裸地氧化亚氮排放差异比较研究

采用大型原状土柱试验研究了种植蔬菜地与未种植蔬菜裸地土壤氧化亚氮（N2O）排放的差异。试验结果表明,施肥但未种植蔬菜的裸地土壤N2O排放量远大于种植蔬菜地的土壤N2O排放量,裸地土壤N2O平均排放通量为193μg.m-2.h-1,而种植蔬菜后土壤N2O平均排放通量减少至60μg.m-2.h-1;相应地,裸地的N2O排放总量也要远高于种植蔬菜地的N2O排放总量。同时,低施氮量（N1,500 kg.hm-2）下裸地的N2O排放量要比高施氮量（N2,750 kg.hm-2）且种植蔬菜时裸地的N2O排放量大,如2007年10月至2008年9月试验期间,N1处理下裸地总N2O-N排放量为9.54 kg.hm-2,而N2处理（种植蔬菜）下总N2O-N排放量仅为4.21 kg.hm-2。此外,未种植蔬菜时裸地土壤N2O排放系数远大于种植蔬菜时,如N1种植蔬菜时为0.39%,但未种植蔬菜的裸地土壤排放系数为1.76%。研究说明种植作物与否对土壤N2O排放有重要影响,因此在估算农田土壤N2O排放温室气体量时,需考虑裸地的贡献能力。     

番茄连作与轮作土壤生物学特性及细菌群落结构的比较

随着全国番茄(Lycopersicon esculentum)的规模化生产以及形成相对固定的生产区域,番茄连作障碍现象逐年严重。文章针对番茄连作、轮作土壤的生物学特性及细菌群落结构展开了分析,旨在揭示连作与轮作土壤中生物学特性及细菌群落结构的变化规律,为保障番茄产业的可持续发展提供技术支撑。试验分别设置番茄-番茄、番茄-茄子(Solanium melongena)、番茄-辣椒(Capsicum annuum)连作和番茄-黄瓜(Cucumis sativus L.)、番茄-白菜(Brassica campestris L.)、番茄-菜豆(Phaseolus vulgaris)轮作共6个处理。采用聚合酶链式反应-变性梯度凝胶电泳(PCR-DGGE)以及稀释平板法等现代和传统分析技术,比较分析了连作和轮作不同蔬菜作物对土壤生物学性状和细菌群落结构的影响。结果表明:番茄连作导致土壤可培养细菌、放线菌数量显著降低,真菌数量显著增加,微生物群落由细菌型向真菌型转变;同时连作还导致土壤中指示土壤肥力的微生物生物量碳、氮和涉及碳、氮、磷循环相关酶活性显著降低;此外,番茄连作导致土壤细菌多样性指数(H)、均匀度指数(EH)和丰富度指数(S)下降,番茄连作土壤中主要以不可培养细菌(Uncultured bacterium)为优势种属。相比之下,番茄轮作不仅能显著增加微生物数量,提高土壤微生物生物量碳、氮和酶活性,而且轮作土壤中除了维持较高的细菌多样性之外,还出现假单胞杆菌属(Pseudomonas sp.)等促生细菌种属。表明番茄轮作有利于提高土壤肥力和保持土壤健康。其中,番茄轮作黄瓜、白菜和菜豆3种不同科属蔬菜作物中,以轮作菜豆更有利于提高土壤肥力和保持土壤健康。     

淀山湖区域茭白种植模式氮、磷流失规律及负荷特征

在常规施肥条件下,通过大田小区径流试验研究了淀山湖区域特有的茭白-水稻轮作和茭白单作种植模式的氮、磷流失规律及污染负荷特征.结果表明,研究区氮、磷面源污染物排放主要集中在6-9月,排水TN平均质量浓度最高可达130.0 mg·L-1,以NH+4-N流失为主,主要来源于化肥施用;茭白生长期内,排水TP平均质量浓度为0.104～0.777 mg·L-1,以颗粒态磷为主,约占TP总量的73.5%～90.3%(除8月外).茭白-水稻轮作和茭白单作模式TN污染负荷分别为134.8和88.6 kg·hm-2·a-1,均高于太湖流域其他几种种植模式;而TP污染负荷则分别为1.52和1.06 kg·hm-2·a-1,低于太湖流域常见种植模式的平均水平.氮肥施用及氮素流失控制应作为淀山湖区域农业面源污染控制的重点.     

基于江苏省本地化参数评价稻麦周年轮作系统碳足迹

分析基于本地化参数和国际参数计算的江苏省稻麦周年轮作系统碳足迹,对评估未来农业生态系统碳足迹具有重要意义。基于农户调研数据,采用本地化参数和国际参数计算了稻季和麦季生产系统的碳足迹,并对结果进行了比较分析。结果显示,1)不同排放参数下稻季和稻麦周年轮作系统的碳足迹存在显著差异(P<0.05),国际参数下的稻麦周年轮作碳足迹比本地化参数下的稻麦周年轮作碳足迹平均高出11.5%,但小麦碳足迹在不同的参数下差异不明显(P>0.05)。2)各项农业活动对碳足迹的贡献也不同,稻麦周年轮作碳足迹主要受到CH4、N2O和氮肥的影响,在本地化和国际参数下分别占比39.7%、7.23%、32.6%和46.4%、8.72%、27.8%。3)江苏稻麦周年轮作系统中,碳足迹与氮肥和柴油的相关度较高,且氮肥和柴油表现为极显著水平(P<0.001),种植规模与碳足迹呈现显著负相关关系(r=-0.69)。4)在稻麦周年轮作中不同种植规模碳足迹存在显著差异(P<0.05)。通过比对发现,在小麦种植中不同排放参数下平均碳足迹都是大规模最小,中规模次之,小规模最大。而在水稻种植中不同排放参数下平均...     

城郊稻田生态系统高效生产模式的研究与评价

根据天津市宝坻区的自然条件、区位优势和现有的农业种植结构,提出了稻藕轮作与稻鱼蟹混养相结合的高效生产模式并分析其生态优势。借助Ecopath软件,从系统可持续性和净产值角度,比较分析了稻鱼蟹混养与稻藕轮作相结合生产模式与稻田养鱼、稻田养蟹、稻鱼蟹混养、单一种稻4种稻田生产模式的优劣。结果表明:5种稻田生产模式F inn′s指数值从大到小依次为稻鱼蟹混养与稻藕轮作相结合、稻田养鱼、稻田养蟹、稻鱼蟹混养和单一种稻;稻鱼蟹混养与稻藕轮作相结合生产模式的可持续性指标优于其他3种生态种植模式,其净生产力、生物量/输出量、输出量/输入量和稳定性指标分别是单一种稻模式的2.63、4.25、2.03和3.56倍;与其他4种稻田生产模式相比,稻鱼蟹混养与稻藕轮作相结合模式的净产值很高,是适合于在北方推广的最优生态种植模式。     

施肥模式对蔬菜产量、硝酸盐含量及模拟土柱氮磷淋失的影响

采用模拟土柱试验方法,通过连续种植2茬蔬菜,研究7种不同施肥模式[即:不施肥,化肥(基施),化肥(基、追肥各半),化肥+双氰胺(基施),化肥+双氰胺(基、追肥各半),化肥+有机肥(N各半),有机肥(基施)]对蔬菜产量、硝酸盐含量及模拟土柱氮、磷随渗漏水淋溶损失的影响.结果表明,"化肥+双氰胺(基施)"和"有机肥(基施)"2种施肥模式,不仅能使蔬菜获得较高的产量、硝酸盐含量较低,还能明显减少蔬菜种植期间模拟土柱硝态氮、铵态氮和水溶性总磷随渗漏水淋溶的损失量,从而有效减少菜地土壤的氮、磷对地下水造成的农业面源污染.     

鄂南红壤丘陵区种植结构调整对土壤养分的影响

研究了鄂南红壤区不同种植模式的旱地及坡荒地、不同轮作模式的水田、水田改旱菜地的土壤养分状况。本区土壤有机质含量和氮素含量较低,磷素普遍缺乏,钾素含量较低且呈下降趋势。土壤有机质及氮含量呈现水田类>水田改旱地类>旱地类;土壤磷含量则是水田改旱地类>水田类>旱地类;水田类钾含量明显低于旱地类和水田改旱地类,而且三熟制油菜-西瓜-晚稻种植模式下,土壤全钾及速效钾含量呈下降趋势。水田改为旱作是改善土壤水分状况的有效措施。     

Soil quality evolution after land use change from paddy soil to vegetable land

A survey was done in 15 typical villages, 150 soil and 86 vegetable plant samples were taken in Jiaxin prefecture of the Taihu Lake region, northern Zhejian province. Results indicate that after 15-20 years land use changed from the paddy rice-wheat (or oilseed rape) double cropping system, to a continuous vegetable land has caused soil quality dramatic change. (1) Acidification: average soil pH was 5.4; about 61% of total samples were pH < 5.5. It was 0.9 units lower than 10 years ago with same upland vegetable cultivation and was 1.2 units lower than soil pH of paddy rice-wheat (or oilseed rape) rotation. (2) Fertilizer salt accumulation: the average salt content was 0.28%, among these about 36.2% of the total samples contained more than 0.3%. (3) Nitrate N and available phosphorus (P) over accumulation: on average it was 279 mg NO3-N/kg, and 45-115 mg P/kg. Nitrate N four times higher and available P 4-10 times more than it is in present paddy rice-wheat rotation soils respectively. This has caused wide concern because of possible groundwater and well drinking water pollution by leached nitrate N and the P losses to water by runoff from vegetable lands induce surface water eutrophication.     

Soil Quality Evolution After Land Use Change From Paddy Soil to Vegetable Land

A survey was done in 15 typical villages, 150 soil and 86 vegetable plant samples were taken in Jiaxin prefecture of the Taihu Lake region, northern Zhejian province. Results indicate that after 15–20 years land use changed from the paddy rice–wheat (or oilseed rape) double cropping system, to a continuous vegetable land has caused soil quality dramatic change. (1) Acidification: average soil pH was 5.4; about 61% of total samples were pH < 5.5. It was 0.9 units lower than 10 years ago with same upland vegetable cultivation and was 1.2 units lower than soil pH of paddy rice–wheat (or oilseed rape) rotation. (2) Fertilizer salt accumulation: the average salt content was 0.28%, among these about 36.2% of the total samples contained more than 0.3%. (3) Nitrate N and available phosphorus (P) over accumulation: on average it was 279 mg NO₃-N/kg, and 45–115 mg P/kg. Nitrate N four times higher and available P 4–10 times more than it is in present paddy rice–wheat rotation soils respectively. This has caused wide concern because of possible groundwater and well drinking water pollution by leached nitrate N and the P losses to water by runoff from vegetable lands induce surface water eutrophication.     

水旱轮作改良利用潜育化水稻土的研究

潜育化水稻土存在渍、冷、烂、闭（气）、毒及缺素等障碍因素，采取水旱轮作是改良利用潜育化水稻土极其重要的措施．研究表明，水旱轮作可以改善土壤通气透水性能，提高氧化还原电位，减少还原物质，增加土壤微生物数量及提高其活性，增加土壤速效养分，促进作物生长发育，提高作物产量，并能提高土地利用率，获得全年农业增产增收增值．     

广州市菜园土和蔬菜中镉含量水平及污染评价

探讨了广州市各区、市菜园土和蔬菜中的重金属Cd污染状况,测定了95份土壤样品以及292份蔬菜样品中的镉含量,并对广州市各区市菜园土中Cd污染程度进行了评价。研究结果表明,不同种类的蔬菜中,叶菜类对重金属Cd的吸收和富集较高,瓜豆类较低。蔬菜中重金属Cd的含量受土壤中Cd含量的影响。与国内其它城市相比,广州市蔬菜地土壤中的Cd平均含量处于较高水平;蔬菜则以海珠、番禺两区Cd含量相对较高,高于其它城市的含量水平。     

南京市20种蔬菜氟、硫、氯元素含量研究

从１９９１年起连续三年在南京市的四个主要蔬菜基地采集了不同季节的２０种常用蔬菜样品，测定了食用部位中氟、硫、氯３种元素的含量。统计分析结果表明，三元素平均含量均明显高于清洁对照点，叶菜类蔬菜与对照差异显著，其他大部分蔬菜与对照差异不明显；三元素中氟污染最重，氯次之，硫最轻，且硫、氯含量有逐年减小趋势；工业大气污染源对蔬菜品质有一定影响，应注意蔬菜基地的合理布局。     

江苏蔬菜产地土壤重金属污染现状调查与评价

江苏苏南、苏中、苏北蔬菜产地土壤Cd、Hg、As、Pb、Cr含量的检测结果表明,该省蔬菜地土壤5种重金属平均含量除Cd略高于20世纪80年代背景值外,其他4种均未超出,总体质量较好,然而各检测点间差异较大,特别是苏南部分地区污染较重,且部分点Cd、Hg、As远超过国家无公害蔬菜产地环境标准值(GB/T18407.1—2001),表明苏南部分产地已不适宜生产无公害蔬菜。以GB/T18407.1—2001为评价标准,采用Nemerow指数法进行评价,全省土壤重金属平均综合污染指数为0.54,属1级安全。苏北、苏中、苏南分别为0.30、0.29、1.20,即苏南为3级土,属轻污染,苏北、苏中为1级土,属安全。苏中、苏北明显好于苏南。全省有15%蔬菜地土壤已受不同程度重金属污染,主要分布在苏南,且Cd、Hg分担率较高。     

Changes of Soil Microbiological Properties Caused by Land Use Changing From Rice–Wheat Rotation to Vegetable Cultivation

A survey was done recently in Jiaxing city of Zhejiang Province in the Yangtze River Delta to compare the differences of soil microbiological properties among paddy soils with different land use including continuous open-field vegetable cultivation (OFVC), plastic-greenhouse vegetable cultivation (PGVC) and traditional rice–wheat rotation (RWR). The soil types included are percolating, permeable and waterlogged paddy soils. The results indicate that the microbial flora was markedly changed as the land use changed for all the three soil types. In continuous vegetable cultivation soils, especially in PGVC soils, the bacteria amounts decreased dramatically, but the fungal and actinomyce amounts increased as compared with RWR soils. The dehydrogenase activities decreased significantly in vegetable soils, especially in PGVC soils as compared with RWR soils. The microbial biomass C and the total phospholipid contents (TPL) in vegetable cultivation soil greatly decreased as compared with RWR soils. Biolog analysis indicated that the kinds of carbon sources that could be metabolized by native microbes in PGVC soils greatly decreased as compared with OFVC soils and RWR soils, revealing that microbial diversity had decreased since land use change. The activities of some soil enzymes including urease, invertase and phosphase were all lower in OFVC soils than those in RWR soils, and those in PGVC soils were the lowest. The degradation of microbiological activities in continuous vegetable cultivation soils, especially in PGVC soils, as compared with RWR soils might have been caused by soil acidification and accumulation of salts due to overuse of both organic and inorganic fertilizers in vegetable cultivation.