山地城市典型硬化下垫面暴雨径流初期冲刷研究

为了解山地城市典型硬化下垫面暴雨径流初期冲刷效应,对山城重庆的8场暴雨进行了径流全过程监测,并与平原城市作了对比分析.结果表明:TSS(总悬浮物)、COD和TP来自城市交通干道的贡献较混凝土屋面大,而TN、NH3-N两者相当;对于重金属,除Cd外,城市交通干道重金属的EMC(Event Mean Concentration)值均高于混凝土屋面.城市交通干道,初期40%的暴雨径流携带了53%±16%TSS,66%±10%COD,59%±2%TN,58%±2%NH3-N,51%±5%TP;而混凝土屋面,初期40%的暴雨径流携带了64%±20%TSS,66%±17%COD,55%±14%TN,52%±14%NH3-N,56%±3%TP,建议两类硬化下垫面至少以初期40%的暴雨径流作为控制量.与平原城市相比,山地城市交通干道初期40%的暴雨径流携带污染负荷TSS与COD的比例比平原城市分别高出16%和22%,初期冲刷效应更加明显.     

北京市新建城区不透水地表径流N、P输出形态特征研究

2010年通过对北京市新建城区典型不透水地表径流水样的采集与分析,研究新建城区地表径流水质特征及其N、P输出形态组成,以期为城市地表径流污染的源区控制提供科学依据.结果表明,北京市新建区典型不透水地表屋面和道路地表径流污染初期冲刷效应显著,屋面径流污染负荷的输出主要集中在初期10 mm径流,而道路径流污染负荷的输出主要集中在初期15 mm径流.屋面地表径流TSS、COD、TN、NH4+-N、NO3--N和TP事件浓度均值分别为50.2、81.7、6.07、2.94、1.05和0.11 mg·L-1;道路地表径流TSS、COD、TN、NH4+-N、NO3--N和TP事件浓度均值分别为539.0、276.4、7.00、1.71、1.51和0.61 mg·L-1.屋面径流颗粒态COD、TN和TP分别占20.8%、12.3%和49.7%,道路径流颗粒态COD、TN和TP分别占68.6%、20.0%和73.6%.屋面径流溶解性氮素占总氮87.7%,其中NH4+-N和NO3--N分别占57.6%和22.5%,道路径流溶解性氮素占总氮的80.0%,其中NH4+-N和NO3--N分别占42.1%和35.0%.城市地表径流污染控制应加强NH4+-N和NO3--N的去除.     

澳门城市小流域地表径流污染特征分析

在澳门半岛选取土地利用为公园绿地和商住混合的2个分流制城市小流域.于2005-08～2005-11借助自动采样器进行流域出口5场降雨地表径流水质水量监测.结果表明,商住混合分流制小流域TN、TP、COD多场降雨平均浓度值分别超出国家地表水环境V类标准4倍以上.公园绿地小流域TN、TP均超出V类水标准2倍多.从降雨-径流过程污染物浓度历时变化看,2个小流域TN和TP呈现一定的初始冲刷现象.TSS与TN、TP的判定系数R²都在0.95以上,地表径流中水土流失与总氮总磷输出显     

高速公路路面雨水径流污染物排放特征研究

为了深入了解高速公路面源污染特征,本文对高速公路路面径流进行了监测分析.尽管径流过程中总悬浮物（TSS）、总化学需氧量（TCOD_Cr）、总氮（TN）和总磷（TP）的浓度以及颗粒物的丰度具有较大的变化幅度,但这些污染物的峰值浓度和颗粒物的峰值丰度基本上出现在径流开始后的10~30 min以内.TSS与TCOD_Cr、TN和TP的浓度之间存在着明显的相关性（r=0.444~0.955;p< 0.005）,意味着有相当数量的有机物和营养盐以颗粒物结合态存在.生化需氧量（BOD₅）与TCODcr的关系表明径流中的有机污染物可生化性较差.当降雨量和降雨强度在不同的范围变化时,其对径流污染物事件平均浓度的影响不同.绝大多数情况下,所研究的高速公路都会发生污染物的初期冲刷效应.前30%的径流可以携带46%±15%的TSS、54%±17%的TCOD_Cr、47%±13%的氮、52%±12%的磷以及在数量上占比为51%±12%的颗粒物.按照面源管理实践中80%的悬浮物的削减量的要求,应截留70%的径流,同时可以减少84%的有机物、78%的氮和81%的磷排放负荷.     

温州城市降雨径流磷的负荷及其初始冲刷效应

监测了温州2个采样区5场较为典型的降雨过程,测定了不同下垫面径流pH值以及总磷(TP)、溶解态磷(DP)、颗粒态磷(PP)、总无机碳(TIC)、总有机碳(TOC)、总悬浮颗粒(TSS)、BOD5、COD的含量.结果表明,温州城市降雨径流中TP、DP以及PP含量分别介于0.01～4.32 mg.L-1、ND～0.88 mg.L-1以及ND～4.31 mg.L-1之间,径流初期阶段PP占绝对主导地位,而在整个径流过程的中后期,大部分降雨径流中DP占TP的比重呈现出一个上升的趋势,屋面径流和汇流口径流这一情况尤其明显.从TP和DP的EMC值来判断,有些城市降雨径流会对下级受纳水体造成环境压力.同时,不同城市降雨径流中TP以及DP含量之间的差异显著,而不同的降雨条件也会影响降雨径流中磷的含量.根据M(V)累积曲线判断,TP初期冲刷效应在城市降雨径流中是较为普遍的;与TP相比,城市降雨径流中的DP比较难发生初始冲刷的情况.城市降雨径流中总磷的含量不但受下垫面类型的影响,而且与径流各种理化指标之间呈现出显著的相关关系.所有结果皆指出针对不同下垫面径流磷污染的治理工作应采用不同的最佳管理方案(BMPs),而降低径流TSS含量是削减其磷负荷的有效途径之一.     

干季滇池水质与盘龙江水质的研究

通过对滇池水域和盘龙江下游水质进行采样,分析了水中pH值、浊度、溶解氧(DO)、电导率、叶绿素、化学需氧量(COD)、总磷(TP)、氨态氮(NH3-N)等8个指标。研究表明,滇池近岸水域中pH值偏碱性、浊度大、叶绿素含量和化学需氧量高、总磷量高、溶解氧过饱和;在滇池外海水域,除溶解氧、叶绿素较高外,其余指标大多在水质标准(Ⅲ类)范围内;而在盘龙江下游区域内,水质差,各项指标都超过地表水Ⅴ类标准,这一事实可能会加重滇池的水体污染。     

Field test of best management practice pollutant removal efficiencies in Shenzhen, China

This paper presents a study on the use of best management practices (BMPs) for controlling nonpoint pollution in the Xikeng Reservoir watershed located in Shenzhen, China. A BMP treatment train design, including a pond, a wetland, and a buffer strip placed in series was implemented at the reservoir location. A separate grass swale was also constructed at the site. Low impact development (LID) BMPs, namely a planter box and bioboxes, were used at the parking lot of the reservoir’s Administration Building. Samples were collected during storm events and were analyzed for total suspended solids (TSS), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD₅), ammonia nitrogen (NH₃-N), and total phosphorus (TP). The removal efficiencies of both BMP systems were evaluated using the Efficiency Ratio (ER) method based on the event mean concentration (EMC) data. In summary, the pond/wetland treatment train removed 70%–90% of TSS, 20%–50% of BOD₅, and 30%–70% of TP and NH₃-N. The swale removed 50%–90% of TSS, 30%–55% of BOD₅, − 10%–35% of NH₃-N, and 25%–70% of TP. For the planter box and biobox, the ranges of removal rates were 70%–90%, 20%–50%, and 30%–70% for TSS, BOD₅, and ammonia and phosphorus, respectively.     

城市绿地降雨径流污染特征对比研究：以澳门与厦门为例

在澳门与厦门分别选一分流制管道类型的绿地小流域开展降雨径流监测,以研究城市绿地降雨径流污染特征.结果表明,两城市绿地小流域降雨径流的主要污染物为COD、TP、NO_3~--N,其EMC平均值分别为165.77～60.48 mg/L、 0.96～0.44 mg/L和7.16～1.18 mg/L;两城市绿地的COD、TP、NO_3~--N污染负荷平均值分别为6.53～0.63 kg/hm~2、 0.037 5～0.0047 kg/hm~2 和0.012 2～0.012 8 kg/hm~2;绿地降雨径流污染物浓度峰值出现时间早于径流量峰值;城市绿地降雨径流初始冲刷效应不明显,厦门绿地小流域降雨径流COD、TSS、TP及NO_3~--N的FF_(30)分别为36.26%、 26.13%、 28.13% 和39.03%.基于多元回归分析结果表明,总降雨量和总径流量是影响绿地降雨径流污染初始冲刷效应的主要因素.     

制药废水二级出水中溶解性有机物混凝去除特性研究

制药废水二级出水中溶解性有机物(DOM)由于组成复杂、难去除、具有多异质性和分散性,是污水深度处理与回用的主要去除对象和关键限制因子.本论文以发酵制药废水二级出水的DOM为研究对象,采用投加聚合氯化铝(PAC)混凝剂去除DOM,考察混凝剂投加量和混凝pH值对去除效果的影响,并结合分子量分级、亲疏水性分级以及三维荧光光谱-平行因子分析方法等对DOM进行了系统表征和分析,进一步阐述混凝过程DOM的去除特征.结果表明,PAC投加量为250 mg·L~(-1)、pH=7时,混凝沉淀30 min对DOC、UV_(254)、色度和浊度的去除率分别为13.05%±0.29%、23.65%±0.75%、12.66%±1.34%、63.67%±0.89%;混凝对分子量10 kDa的组分和疏水中性(HON)组分去除效果分别为50.33%±0.98%、21.56%±0.42%,而对分子量1 kDa组分去除率较低为2.26%±0.12%;三维荧光光谱-平行因子分析将制药废水二级出水分为2个类腐殖质组分(C1、C3)和1个类蛋白组分(C2),混凝对类腐殖酸组分(C1)最大荧光强度去除率(F_(max))最高为46.22%,而亲水性的小分子和蛋白类物质混凝去除效果较差.     

Preparation and coagulation efficiency of polyaluminium ferric silicate chloride composite coagulant from wastewater of high-purity graphite production

The aim of the present work was to produce a polyaluminium ferric silicate chloride (PAFSiC) coagulant from acidic and alkaline wastewater of purifying graphite by roasting, and subsequently to evaluate coagulation efficiency of the reagent by treating surface water from the Yellow River as well as municipal wastewater in comparison with the conventional coagulant polyaluminium chloride (PAC). The PAFSiC coagulant was prepared by co-polymerization. The effects of (Al+Fe)/Si molar ratio, OH/(Al+Fe) molar ratio (i.e., value), coagulant dosage and pH value of test suspension on the coagulation behavior of FAFSiC and the stability of the PAFSiC were also examined. Results showed that PAFSiC performed more efficiently than PAC in removing turbidity, chemical oxygen demand (COD), and total phosphate (TP). The PAFSiC with a value of 2.0 and (Al+Fe)/Si ratio of 5 (PAFSiC 2.0/5) showed excellent coagulation effect for both turbidity and COD, while PAFSiC 1.0/5 was the best for TP. The optimum coagulation pH range of PAFSiC 2.0/5 was 5.0–9.0, slightly wider than that of PAC (6.0–8.0). The process can be easily incorporated into high-purity graphite production plants, thereby reducing wastewater pollution and producing a valuable coagulant.     

固定化微生物技术处理城市微污染河水研究

将陶粒、功能化聚氨酯泡沫(FPUFS)、阿科蔓柔性填料、人工水草等4种不同载体与高效复合菌剂BP35应用于曝气生物滤池(BAF)构成固定化曝气生物滤池(G-BAF),研究固定化微生物技术对城市微污染河水的净化效果.4种G-BAF对NH4+-N、叶绿素和浊度的去除率分别为83.0%~89.0%、77.5%~89.0%和84.4%~95.2%,均大于对COD、UV254和TP的去除效果.FPUFS含有羟基、环氧基和酰胺基等反应性基团,对酶和微生物的负载量大,因此FPUFS-G-BAF对污染物的去除效率高于其余3种G-BAF.水力停留时间(HRT)对4种G-BAF去除NH4+-N的影响均不显著,而对COD的去除效果影响较大.当溶解氧(DO)浓度由2 mg/L升至4 mg/L时,4种G-BAF对COD和NH4+-N的去除率分别提高了11.9%~18.0%和12.7%~16.1%.GC-MS分析结果表明,G-BAF工艺能有效地将河水中分子质量较大的难降解有机物降解为小分子物质.     

分流比对土壤渗滤系统脱氮效果的影响研究

针对污染物浓度较高的养猪废水,开展了不同分流比条件下土壤渗滤系统处理效果的对比研究,并分析了分流比对系统中脱氮微生物数量及氧化还原电位(ORP)变化的影响.试验结果表明,分流比对土壤渗滤系统的脱氮效果影响较大,而对COD、TSS和TP的去除效果无明显影响,当水力负荷(HLR)为0.01m3·m-2·d-1且分流比为1∶2时,系统对TN的去除效果最好,平均去除率达80.20%,而对其他污染物的平均去除率均可达90%以上;分流比可影响土壤渗滤系统中脱氮微生物的数量,分流比的增大可促进系统中反硝化细菌数量的增加,强化系统的脱氮效果;另外,分流比还可影响系统填料层中ORP的变化.因此,根据系统进水水质选择合适的分流比,是强化土壤渗滤系统脱氮效果的关键因素.     

Classification of contaminants and treatability evaluation of domestic wastewater

Long-term sampling and analysis were conducted in a domestic wastewater treatment plant for the investigation on the characteristics of the representative contaminants in raw sewage such as SS, COD, BOD₅, TP, and TN. All these constituents were classified into dissolved and suspended groups by using a 0.45-μm membrane filter, and the concentration of each constituent in each group was analyzed. As a result, almost 100% of the SS was found to be suspended matter, as well as about 65% of COD, 60% of BOD₅, 50% of P, and 20% of N. All these could be easily removed by sedimentation or coagulation/sedimentation. A treatability evaluation diagram was proposed for a rational selection of wastewater treatment process in accordance with raw water quality. Translated from Water & Astewater Engineering, 2004, 30(9): 38–41 [译自: 给水排水]     

Application of constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment in tropical and subtropical regions (2000–2013)

Constructed wetlands (CWs) have been successfully used for treating various wastewaters for decades and have been identified as a sustainable wastewater management option for developing countries. With the goal of promoting sustainable engineered systems that support human well-being but are also compatible with sustaining natural (environmental) systems, the application of CWs has become more relevant. Such application is especially significant for developing countries with tropical climates, which are very conducive to higher biological activity and productivity, resulting in higher treatment efficiencies compared to those in temperate climates. This paper therefore highlights the practice, applications, and research of treatment wetlands under tropical and subtropical conditions since 2000. In the present review, removal of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and total suspended solid (TSS) was shown to be very efficient and consistent across all types of treatment wetlands. Hybrid systems appeared more efficient in the removal of total suspended solid (TSS) (91.3%), chemical oxygen demand (COD) (84.3%), and nitrogen (i.e., 80.7% for ammonium (NH)₄-N, 80.8% for nitrate (NO)₃-N, and 75.4% for total nitrogen (TN)) as compared to other wetland systems. Vertical subsurface flow (VSSF) CWs removed TSS (84.9%), BOD (87.6%), and nitrogen (i.e., 66.2% for NH₄-N, 73.3% for NO₃-N, and 53.3% for TN) more efficiently than horizontal subsurface flow (HSSF) CWs, while HSSF CWs (69.8%) showed better total phosphorus (TP) removal compared to VSSF CWs (60.1%). Floating treatment wetlands (FTWs) showed comparable removal efficiencies for BOD (70.7%), NH₄-N (63.6%), and TP (44.8%) to free water surface (FWS) CW systems.     

Application of constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment in tropical and subtropical regions (2000-2013)

Constructed wetlands(CWs) have been successfully used for treating various wastewaters for decades and have been identified as a sustainable wastewater management option for developing countries. With the goal of promoting sustainable engineered systems that support human well-being but are also compatible with sustaining natural(environmental)systems, the application of CWs has become more relevant. Such application is especially significant for developing countries with tropical climates, which are very conducive to higher biological activity and productivity, resulting in higher treatment efficiencies compared to those in temperate climates. This paper therefore highlights the practice,applications, and research of treatment wetlands under tropical and subtropical conditions since 2000. In the present review, removal of biochemical oxygen demand(BOD) and total suspended solid(TSS) was shown to be very efficient and consistent across all types of treatment wetlands. Hybrid systems appeared more efficient in the removal of total suspended solid(TSS)(91.3%), chemical oxygen demand(COD)(84.3%), and nitrogen(i.e.,80.7% for ammonium(NH)4-N, 80.8% for nitrate(NO)3-N, and 75.4% for total nitrogen(TN))as compared to other wetland systems. Vertical subsurface flow(VSSF) CWs removed TSS(84.9%), BOD(87.6%), and nitrogen(i.e., 66.2% for NH4-N, 73.3% for NO3-N, and 53.3% for TN)more efficiently than horizontal subsurface flow(HSSF) CWs, while HSSF CWs(69.8%)showed better total phosphorus(TP) removal compared to VSSF CWs(60.1%). Floating treatment wetlands(FTWs) showed comparable removal efficiencies for BOD(70.7%),NH4-N(63.6%), and TP(44.8%) to free water surface(FWS) CW systems.     

重庆市不同材质路面径流污染特征分析

通过采集和监测2010年雨季重庆市同一区域的2条不同材质公路的3次降雨径流过程水样,研究了沥青路面和水泥路面径流的污染特征和差异.结果表明,2种材质路面径流中化学需氧量(COD)、总氮(TN)和总磷(TP)的次降雨平均浓度(EMC)均超过国家地表水环境质量V类水质标准(GB 3838—2002);沥青路面径流中总悬浮物(TSS)、COD和TP的浓度明显高于水泥路面,分别为水泥路面的2.05、1.35和1.27倍;沥青路面污染物的初始浓度普遍高于水泥路面,TSS和TP浓度最大值的出现时间滞后于水泥路面.在2010年6月19日、7月4日和7月9日的3场降雨事件中,沥青路面30%径流量与此时径流污染物浓度之比的平均值(FF₃₀)分别为水泥路面的1.26、1.07和1.32倍.沥青路面坑槽较多和成分复杂是导致其表现出不同于水泥路面的径流污染特征的重要原因.     

强化混凝技术处理生活污水的试验研究

通过烧杯搅拌试验,以聚合氯化铝(PAC)和FeC13为混凝剂对华东交通大学排放口生活污水进行混凝处理研究,考察在不同混凝条件、混凝剂投加量、pH下浊度、COD、TP的去除率.研究表明:在最佳混凝条件下PAC投加量为105mg/L时浊度、COD、TP的去除率分别为96.2%、67.4%、94.8%;FeCl3最佳投加量为...     

倒置A2/O-MBR组合工艺处理生活污水效能及膜污染特性

将自制高强度PVA亲水化改性复合膜应用于倒置A2/O-MBR工艺中,处理模拟生活污水,考察了系统对COD、氨氮、总氮、总磷及浊度的去除效果以及膜性能的变化.结果表明,在不同回流比条件下,COD、氨氮、总磷等去除率变化不大,分别大于90%、95%、80%;回流比对总氮的去除效果有一定的影响,回流比为100%时去除率较低,当回流比从100%增加到300%时,去除率相应增大,在膜的高效截留作用下,膜出水浊度始终小于0.05NTU,控制膜通量为(12±0.5)L·(m2·h)-1,连续运行52 d,未对膜进行任何清洗,膜污染平均速率为13.22 Pa·h-1,膜污染进程缓慢.经FTIR分析,多糖和蛋白质是膜有机污染物的主要成分,多为亲水性物质.膜与污染物之间的微观作用力的测定表明LB为膜主要污染物,与FTIR分析一致.     

土著微生物修复城市小型湖泊实验研究

利用生物制剂及生物修复技术对鞍山市英泽湖进行了净化治理.研究结果表明,经过8～30 d的生物净化,该湖水中的COD、植物营养元素浓度及浊度都有了大幅度的下降.其中COD降至20 mg/L以下,去除率达到70%以上;氨氮降至0.2 mg/L以下,去除率达97%;总磷降低至0.02 mg/L以下,去除率达到60%以上;浊度...     

北京城市主干道降雨径流污染负荷分析

为了解城市主干道径流污染特征,于2018年6—9月对北京城市主干道降雨径流进行取样监测,运用EXCEL和SPSS软件统计分析径流污染物TSS、EC、COD、TN、TP、Zn和Ni之间的污染特性,并在此基础上估算污染物年污染负荷.研究结果表明,北京城市主干道径流水质为劣Ⅴ类;污染物浓度与降雨量、平均降雨强度、降雨历时和雨前干期长度存在一定的相关关系,依据冲刷作用与稀释作用的强弱变化,相关性有一定变化;用TSS和EC表征污染物在径流中的存在状态,发现COD、TN、Zn和Ni在径流中主要以溶解态存在,TP主要以颗粒吸附的形式存在;据实际监测数据估算,北京城市主干道年污染负荷TSS、COD、TN、TP、Zn和Ni分别为3273.15、266.86、16.24、1.89、0.097和0.008 kg·hm~(-2)·a~(-1).城市主干道径流污染特征研究可以为城市道路径流污染防控与管理提供科学依据.