进料浓度对鸡粪连续中温厌氧消化的影响

针对高固体鸡粪厌氧消化运行困难问题,利用完全混合式厌氧反应器(CSTR),通过逐级提高进料总固体浓度(TS)的方法,研究不同进料TS((5.20±0.56)%、(7.24±0.36)%、(9.30±0.26)%和(6.22±0.26)%)的鸡粪连续中温厌氧消化效果。实验结果表明,进料TS由(5.20±0.56)%提高为(9.30±0.26)%,挥发性固体(VS)产气率由(0.64±0.05) L·g⁻¹下降为0.07 L·g⁻¹,有机物去除率明显减少,挥发性脂肪酸(VFAs)由(0.53±0.02) g·L⁻¹累积至(1.62±0.02) g·L⁻¹,总氨氮浓度(TAN)和游离氨浓度(FA)分别由(1.06±0.11) g·L⁻¹和(0.07±0.02) g·L^-1累积至3.40 g·L⁻¹和0.68 g·L⁻¹,消化过程受到氨抑制。采用Boltzmann模型对不同氨氮浓度下VS产甲烷率和VS去除率进行模拟,拟合结果表明,TAN升高所引发的FA持续累积导致高固体鸡粪厌氧消化氨抑制逐步形成,与VS产甲烷率相比,VS去除率对氨氮的抑制响应具有滞后性。降低进料TS至(6.22±0.26)%,氨抑制得到有效缓解,但反应器处于“抑制稳定状态”。因此,为保证反应器长期高效平稳运行,建议鸡粪连续中温厌氧消化的进料浓度不超过7.24%。研究为高固体鸡粪厌氧消化的工程化应用提供参考。     

污泥加热预处理对中温厌氧消化的影响

对污泥加热预处理给中温厌氧混合消化和污泥单独消化带来的影响进行了研究.研究结果表明,污泥加热预处理有利于提高混合消化对 COD 的去除率,尤其是 SCOD 的去除率由 77%增长到 93%,但不利于 TS 和 VS 的去除;而对污泥单独消化,预处理则不利于有机物的去除.采用加热预处理后的污泥进样,混合消化和污泥单独消化的甲烷产气量均有所提高.     

焚烧发电厂垃圾渗滤液与秸秆的中温厌氧消化

为探索秸秆与焚烧厂垃圾渗滤液混合厌氧消化的可行性,进行探索性实验。1 L焚烧发电厂的垃圾渗滤液与37.56 g(有机负荷为30 g VS/L)破碎至1~2 cm的秸秆,在中温(35℃左右)厌氧条件下发酵。发现pH为5.0的渗滤液与未经生物、化学处理的秸秆可以进行混合厌氧消化。实验累积产气141 d,累积产气量达43 749 mL,最高产气量2 590 mL/d。生物气中CH4含量在50%以上,最高时可达70.89%。渗滤液消化前COD为70 472 mg/L;产气开始时,秸秆与渗滤液两相消化液COD为83 896 mg/L;产气基本停止时,消化液COD降至14 245 mg/L,COD去除率达到83.02%。本实验将秸秆纤维的转化利用以及渗滤液的厌氧发酵结合起来,提供了一种以废治废的治理思路,对寻找新的绿色能源具有一定的启发作用。     

玉米秸与鸡粪混合厌氧消化产气性能与协同作用

研究了玉米秸与鸡粪在不同混合比例条件下的厌氧消化产气性能和协同作用效果。设计了9种玉米秸与鸡粪的混合比例(1∶0、1∶1、1∶2、1∶3、1∶4、2∶1、3∶1、4∶1、0∶1),每种比例分别在3个不同负荷(50、65和80 g/L)下进行混合厌氧消化。结果表明,与未预处理玉米秸与鸡粪混合厌氧消化相比,NaOH预处理玉米秸与鸡粪混合厌氧消化的单位TS产气量提高了5.5%～62%。当预处理玉米秸与鸡粪的混合比例为1∶2、上料负荷为50 g/L时消化产气性能最好,此时的累积甲烷产量达到19 488 mL,比相同负荷下单一玉米秸厌氧消化的累积甲烷产量高出32.6%,比单一鸡粪厌氧消化的累积甲烷产量高出11.4%。混合厌氧消化协同作用的贡献率达到7.1%～17.7%,其中玉米秸与鸡粪的比例为1∶2时,其贡献率与其他比例相比高出25%～150%。可以为粪草混合原料厌氧消化提供设计和运行依据。     

碳氮比对鸭粪中温厌氧消化的影响

在中温(35±1)℃、6%的料液浓度、pH为中性条件下,采用10 L玻璃瓶作为反应器对碳氮比(C/N)分别为15、20、25和35的4组鸭粪溶液进行厌氧消化实验,系统运行30 d,分析了厌氧消化过程中的COD(化学需氧量)、pH、VFA(挥发性脂肪酸)和产气量的变化。结果表明,碳氮比是影响鸭粪厌氧消化过程的重要因素,调节鸭粪碳氮比至25,可以使其厌氧消化获得最佳的产气效果,COD去除率为24.06%,原料干物质产气率为0.178 m3/kg,产气中甲烷含量为71.5%,产甲烷率为0.127 m3/kg。     

常温厌氧消化技术处理城市生活有机垃圾的中试研究

对分类收集的城市生活有机垃圾采用专门设计的兼氧沤解预液化—常温厌氧消化的工艺技术进行处理。试验结果显示 ,兼氧沤解对生活有机垃圾的预液具有较好的效果 ,液化率达 80 %以上 ,可以满足反应器对生活有机垃圾预处理的要求     

季节性城市生活垃圾成分分析及厌氧消化特性研究

城市生活垃圾的成分及特性随着季节和人类在不同季节的生活习惯而变化,针对我国北方城市研究了一年中不同季节的城市生活垃圾成分特点,对影响厌氧发酵过程的相关成分如总有机碳（TOC）、总氮（TN）、蛋白质、脂肪和还原糖等进行了测定分析。通过厌氧消化实验,测得不同季节城市生活垃圾pH值、日产气量、沼气甲烷含量、甲烷累积量、挥发性脂肪酸（VFAs）和氧化还原电位（ORP）等参数的变化规律,分析相应变化的影响因素。结果表明,二、三季度的含水率分别为64．81％和67．50％,高于一、四季度,一季度发酵原料中蛋白质和脂肪含量分别为12．56％和8．86％,明显高于其他3个季度。一季度甲烷累积量最高,达到17616mL,单位发酵原料的产气量为204．8mL／g,也是4个季度中最高的,说明蛋白质、脂肪等有机成分含量对厌氧发酵过程及结果影响比较明显。为进一步的城市生活垃圾厌氧消化制取生物燃气的工艺条件提供依据。     

生物炭加速餐厨垃圾厌氧消化的机理

为考察生物炭对餐厨垃圾厌氧消化的影响并探究其影响机理,采用批次实验,以餐厨垃圾为基质,设置污泥空白组、餐厨垃圾对照组和生物炭实验组。检测系统的甲烷日产量、甲烷浓度、渗滤液pH、电导率、挥发性脂肪酸（乙酸、丙酸和丁酸）和氨氮浓度,并对生物炭进行了表征（pH、表面元素、表面形态和官能团）。结果表明,生物炭的添加使体系的最大日甲烷产量提高24.09%,并保持较高的pH,乙酸、丙酸、丁酸峰值分别降低了10.46%、9.96%和13.79%。生物炭丰富的孔结构为微生物提供了生长位点;生物炭的表面金属元素（K、Ca、Mg）和官能团（—OH、C≡C、—NH、C＝O（C—O）、 CO 3 2 - ）使其具有较高的碱度,从而提高厌氧消化系统的缓冲能力和产甲烷菌活性,进而提高产甲烷速率。     

高温厌氧消化处理城市有机垃圾的正交试验研究

针对城市垃圾高温厌氧消化处理中反应复杂、影响因素多的特点,采用正交试验,利用自行设计的厌氧发酵罐,以产气量为观察值,分析含固率(TS)、消化温度和碳氮比(C/N比)对厌氧消化过程的影响,并分析比较了高产气区与低产气区的挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)以及比产气速率的变化情况.在相同条件下,高温可以提高系统的最大比产气速率,并且还可以有效抑制VFA的积累,提高总产气量.结果表明,温度对厌氧消化过程影响最大,TS次之,C/N比影响最小.     

青岛市菜市场垃圾的高温厌氧消化研究

在中试规模下进行菜市场垃圾高温厌氧消化试验,通过监测消化过程中的产气情况和消化液的pH、可溶解性COD(SCOD)、挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)、NH3-N、碱度等变化,确定菜市场垃圾厌氧消化的最大有机负荷,并分析对菜市场垃圾进行高温厌氧消化处理的可行性.结果表明,在中试规模下,菜市场垃圾高温厌氧消化的最高有机负荷可达6.2...     

竹叶与餐厨垃圾厌氧共消化工艺

将黄金竹和毛竹的竹叶分别与餐厨垃圾厌氧共消化,通过分析消化过程中的产气量、pH、COD、NH4+-N和VFAs变化,探讨添加不同竹叶对餐厨垃圾厌氧消化效果的影响。实验结果表明,添加毛竹叶显著增强了餐厨垃圾的厌氧消化能力。毛竹叶+餐厨垃圾组的总产气量是餐厨垃圾对照组单独厌氧消化总产气量的3.28倍,甲烷总产量为10.1 L,COD去除率高达83.0%。而添加黄金竹叶对餐厨垃圾厌氧消化的影响则不明显,可能因为黄金竹叶在消化过程中释放了大量挥发性脂肪酸(VFAs),造成体系酸中毒。     

餐厨垃圾和稻草两相厌氧发酵及其动力学

采用响应面实验设计对影响酸化相产酸效果的4个因素即有机负荷、酸化时间、F/M(VS/VS)比、餐、草比进行实验研究.在最优的酸化条件下,选取最优的餐、草比与单餐厨和单稻草的产酸效果和产甲烷性能进行比较,并进行产物动力学曲线拟合.实验结果表明,进料负荷为42.95 g(VS)/L,酸化时间为7.92 d,F/M(VS/VS)为2.12∶1,餐、草混合比为3.88∶1时,产酸效果最优,VFA和乙醇总量为16 844 mg/L,比单因素最优水平组合VFA和乙醇总量提高30.4％.一级动力学模型可以很好地表征酸化阶段的VFA和乙醇的产量,餐、草比3.88∶1,餐厨垃圾和稻草的酸化一级产物生成的速率k分别为0.0887、0.0753和0.0625 1/d.修正Gompertz模型也较好地表征产甲烷阶段的负荷累计产甲烷量,拟合曲线的相关系数均大于0.98.     

零价铁强化城市污泥与垃圾焚烧厂渗滤液协同厌氧消化

针对城市污泥(初沉污泥、剩余污泥)和垃圾焚烧厂渗滤液2种市政废物的协同厌氧消化产气量不足的问题,采用投加零价铁的方式,探究零价铁对厌氧消化过程中产酸和产甲烷阶段的强化作用,并研究消化前后COD、VSS、氨氮以及上清液离子的变化。以初沉污泥与剩余污泥体积比4∶1、渗滤液添加量为15%的基质作为底物,投加不同浓度零价铁进行厌氧消化。结果表明：零价铁能有效提升协同厌氧消化系统中总挥发性脂肪酸产量、促进丙酸分解、进一步降解复杂有机物;当零价铁投入量为4 g·L⁻¹时,累计产甲烷量最高达189.65 mL·g⁻¹(以VSS计),相比对照组提升了30.1%,其产气速率符合一次函数和Scholl Canyon模型指数衰减规律;在25 g·L⁻¹和40 g·L⁻¹的高投加量零价铁条件下,产气高峰提前,但累计甲烷产量低于对照组;随着零价铁的投加量增加,COD降解率呈下降趋势,VSS降解率提升,氨氮变化不大;此外,消化液上清液中,正磷酸盐、硫酸根浓度明显减少,这与亚铁离子的混凝沉淀作用相关,同时也是削弱零价铁强化作用的原因之一。研究结果可为城市污泥和垃圾焚烧厂渗滤液协同厌氧消化提供参考。     

L-asparaginase and L-glutaminase activities in submerged rice soil amended with municipal solid waste compost and decomposed cow manure

The field study was conducted to evaluate the effect of municipal solid waste compost (MSWC) as a soil amendment on L-asparaginase (LA) and L-glutaminase (LG) activities. Experiments were conducted during the wet seasons of 1997, 1998 and 1999 on rice grown under a submerged condition, at the Agriculture Experimental Farm, Calcutta University at Baruipur, West Bengal, India. The treatments consisted of control, no input; MSWC, at 60 Kg N ha(- 1); well-decomposed cow manure (DCM), at 60 Kg N ha(- 1); MSWC (30 Kg N ha(- 1)) + Urea (U) (30 Kg N ha(- 1)); DCM (30 Kg N ha(- 1)) + U (30 Kg N ha(- 1)) and Fertilizer, (at 60:30:30 NPK kg ha(- 1)) through urea, single superphosphate and muriate of potash respectively). LA and LG activities alone and their ratio with organic-C (ratio index value, RIV), straw and grain yield were higher in DCM than MSWC-treated soils, due to higher amount of biogenic organic materials like water-soluble organic carbon, carbohydrate and mineralizable nitrogen in the former. The studied parameters were higher when urea was integrated with DCM or MSWC, compared to their single applications. The heavy metals in MSWC did not detrimentally influence the above-measured activities of soil. In the event of long term MSWC application, changes in soil quality parameters should be monitored regularly, since heavy metals once entering into soil persist over a long period.     

L-asparaginase and L-glutaminase activities in submerged rice soil amended with municipal solid waste compost and decomposed cow manure

The field study was conducted to evaluate the effect of municipal solid waste compost (MSWC) as a soil amendment on L-asparaginase (LA) and L-glutaminase (LG) activities. Experiments were conducted during the wet seasons of 1997, 1998 and 1999 on rice grown under a submerged condition, at the Agriculture Experimental Farm, Calcutta University at Baruipur, West Bengal, India. The treatments consisted of control, no input; MSWC, at 60 Kg N ha^{? 1}; well-decomposed cow manure (DCM), at 60 Kg N ha^{? 1}; MSWC (30 Kg N ha^{? 1}) + Urea (U) (30 Kg N ha^{? 1}); DCM (30 Kg N ha^{? 1}) + U (30 Kg N ha^{? 1}) and Fertilizer, (at 60:30:30 NPK kg ha^{? 1}) through urea, single superphosphate and muriate of potash respectively). LA and LG activities alone and their ratio with organic-C (ratio index value, RIV), straw and grain yield were higher in DCM than MSWC-treated soils, due to higher amount of biogenic organic materials like water-soluble organic carbon, carbohydrate and mineralizable nitrogen in the former. The studied parameters were higher when urea was integrated with DCM or MSWC, compared to their single applications. The heavy metals in MSWC did not detrimentally influence the above-measured activities of soil. In the event of long term MSWC application, changes in soil quality parameters should be monitored regularly, since heavy metals once entering into soil persist over a long period.     

城市生活垃圾与园林废弃物的共热解特性

为实现城市生活垃圾减量化、无害化和资源化,采用热重分析天平和实验室固定床热解反应器进行城市生活垃圾（MSW）与园林废弃物共热解实验,研究了不同热解终温、松树枝和柳树枝添加比例对热解产物产率影响,并利用气质联用色谱分析仪（GC-MS）对热解油进行表征分析。实验结果表明：MSW、松树枝和柳树枝的热解过程均可以分为3个阶段,主要包括脱水、热解、炭化;MSW、松树枝和柳树枝单独热解时最大失重速率分别出现在321.48、358.23和377.83℃;MSW与松树枝共热解DTG曲线在热解反应第2阶段有2个析出峰,分别在342.32℃和471.48℃,比MSW单独热解时,失重率增加了7.29%。当城市生活垃圾与松树枝、柳树枝的添加量分别为3：1时,热解液体产物产率明显升高,热解油中醇类、羧酸类、醛类等含氧有机物的含量降低,热值增加,热解油中氧含量降低,且松树枝对共热解焦油的脱氧效果更为显著,热解油品质得到提升。     

Microbial biomass and enzyme activities in submerged rice soil amended with municipal solid waste compost and decomposed cow manure

We studied the suitability of municipal solid waste compost (MSWC) application to submerged rice paddies in the perspective of metal pollution hazards associated with such materials. Experiments were conducted during the wet seasons of 1997, 1998 and 1999 on rice grown under submerged condition, at the Agriculture Experimental Farm, Calcutta University at Baruipur, West Bengal, India. The treatments consisted of control, no input; MSWC, at 60 kgNha(-1); well decomposed cow manure (DCM), at 60 kgNha(-1); MSWC (30 kgNha(-1)) +Urea (30 kgNha(-1)); DCM (30 kgNha(-1)) +U (30 kgNha(-1)) and Fertilizer, (at 60:30:30 NPK kgha(-1) through urea, single superphosphate and muriate of potash respectively). Soil microbial biomass-C (MBC), MBC as percentage of organic-C (ratio index value, RIV), urease and acid phosphatase activities were higher in DCM than MSWC-treated soils, due to higher amount of biogenic organic materials like water soluble organic carbon, carbohydrate and mineralizable nitrogen in the former. The studied parameters were higher when urea was integrated with DCM or MSWC, compared to their single applications. Soil MBC, urease and acid phosphatase activities periodically declined up to 60 day after transplanting (DAT) and then increased after crop harvest. The heavy metals in MSWC did not detrimentally influence MBC, urease and acid phosphatase activities of soil. In the event of long term MSWC application, changes in soil quality parameters should be monitored regularly, since heavy metals once entering into soil persist over a long period.     

餐厨垃圾与剩余污泥混合消化产沼气协同效应

在(35±0.2)℃温度下,以餐厨垃圾和剩余污泥为原料,设置餐厨垃圾和剩余污泥混合比例(VS)分别为1∶0、2∶1、1∶1、1∶2和0∶1,研究其单独消化与混合消化的系统性能、产甲烷潜力及脱氢酶活性和F420浓度变化。结果表明,混合消化提高了系统稳定性,与餐厨垃圾单独消化相比,添加剩余污泥能调节pH、氨氮浓度和VFA浓度,缩短产气周期;与剩余污泥单独消化相比,添加餐厨垃圾能显著提高沼气产量。混合比例为1∶1组混合消化产甲烷潜力最佳,消化作用的协同效应最为明显,沼气和甲烷产量分别达358.2 mL/g VS和224.1 mL/g VS,较餐厨垃圾和污泥单独消化估计值分别提高了23.09%和36.80%。1∶1混合消化组脱氢酶活性最高达437.33 TFμg/(mL·h),比餐厨垃圾和剩余污泥单独消化分别提高93.60%和40.69%,辅酶F420浓度最高为1.718μmol/L,分别提高17.3%和100.7%。