水资源研究中几个问题的探讨

本文讨论了区域水资源的评价问题.无论是地表水、地下水,还是土壤水都是来源于大气降水,降水资源才是区域总水资源;同时讨论了区域水资源的平衡原理.降水资源转化了截留水、地表水、土壤水和地下水4项水资源.该文对这2种不同的水体进行了深入讨论,着重论述了土壤水资源的概念及其特征.并对潜水蒸发和水资源的价值问题提出了看法.     

王莽岭地质公园旅游资源类型及开发建议

建立地质公园是保护地质遗迹资源、普及地学知识、促进旅游发展的一种形式.目前,地质公园旅游资源的不合理开发给公园的可持续发展造成了巨大压力.以山西陵川王莽岭国家地质公园为例,对公园内地质遗迹资源类型进行了系统论述,对人文资源和植物资源进行了概括.针对公园建设和资源开发现状,重点提出了地质遗迹保护和旅游资源开发建议.     

电脑控制测试及试验系统的设想

采用微机自动测量和检验是发展的必然趋势,它能够实现数据采集、处理、测试、试验、计算、打印报告的全自动化,减小了人工误差、提高了效率.保证测试和试验的精度及准确度,并公正准确的反映了产品质量水平,使检验更加公正准确可靠具有更高的信誉,本文就是对产品测试及试验上实现电脑全自动控制管理的一种设想,叙述了它的设计思想和实现方法,阐述了该系统的构成、主要技术和需要考虑的问题及系统实施的步骤及建议.该系统使检验结论更具有科学性、公正性、准确性和有效性.对于提高试验室的测试和试验管理有着重要的意义.     

新农村建设背景下农村环境教育对策研究

目前我国新农村环境形势十分严峻,环境教育薄弱是一个重要的原因.农村环境教育是我国环境教育的重要组成部分,也是当前我国环境保护和环境教育工作的重点.设计切实可行的教育方案是成功实施农村环境教育的关键.在论述环境教育意义的基础上,分析了强化平台基地建设和推进环境信息公开,在农村环境宣传教育中的基础作用.设计了领导干部和公务员、乡镇企业领导和员工、农民、城镇居民、大学生和未成年人等五大重点群体环境教育方案,提出了确保环境教育取得实效的长效保障机制对策建议.     

西宁地区环境介质中重金属铅的含量及其污染控制

本文报道了西宁地区周围环境(土壤、植物和农作物、水和沉积物)中重金属铅的含量和人为活动引起的铅污染.结果表明,工业性大气降尘、汽车废气和废水排放是西宁地区环境介质中高含量铅的主要来源.根据污染源的性质和特点,对铅污染的控制进行了讨论.     

生态足迹在城市可持续性定量测度中的应用——以济南市2003年为例

根据生态足迹模型,对济南市2003年的生态足迹、生态承载力和生态赤字进行了实证计算和分析.结果表明:济南处于不可持续发展中.造成生态赤字大的原因是能源结构、对自然资源开发过度和人口密度大.因此,提高土地生产力、严格控制人口数量、建立资源节约型生产和消费体系势在必行.     

新疆夏尔希里自然保护区生态质量评价研究

新疆夏尔希里自然保护区是以寒温带原始状态的山地森林生态系统及特有、珍稀物种为主要保护对象的自然保护区.由于地理位置和自然条件独特,保护区聚集了不少形态上原始、分类上孤立的古老孑遗的珍稀物种,是中国为数极少的边界保护区之一.选取自然性、多样性、稀有性、代表性、面积适宜性、人类干扰、稳定性等指标,应用层次分析法和综合评价法.对夏尔希里自然保护区生态质量进行了综合评价.结果表明,该保护区生态质量为很好,具有较高的保护和研究价值.     

硫化物生物氧化脱硫技术研究现状

介绍了近年来国内外硫化物生物氧化为单质硫的各种脱硫技术.分析总结了硫化物生物氧化为单质硫工艺的各种影响因素,包括氧硫比、溶解氧浓度、硫化物浓度、化学氧化、微生物菌种、pH值、温度等因素.提出了生物氧化脱硫技术的发展前景.该技术将脱硫和单质硫的回收和为一体,是一种安全、低成本将含硫废液变废为宝的工艺技术.     

烟台市中心镇选择的战略研究

中心镇是指大都市圈内或全省城镇发展轴上具有明显发展潜力和有一定规模基础的乡镇.有所取舍地建设一批中心镇对社会经济发展具有积极地推动作用.在空间结构理论指导下,合理选择中心镇是这项工作的前提和关键.从自然、社会、经济等方面分析了发展中心镇的影响因素,构建了发展中心镇的评价指标体系,以定性和定量相结合的方法确定了烟台市的20个中心镇,指出了它们今后的发展方向,提出了发展中心镇的具体建议.     

作物秸秆资源的利用及其影响因素--以山西省夏县为例

作物秸秆资源的利用对提高食物安全,减轻环境污染,促进农业可持续发展具有重要意义.通过对农户的调查,分析了山西省夏县的秸秆利用途径,对该县秸秆利用现状进行了评价,并分析了造成这种现状的原因.结果表明,夏县作为典型的"小麦-玉米"二熟农作区,秸秆利用效率较高,其中小麦秸秆主要用于工业原料、饲料和还田,玉米秸秆则主要用于饲料和弃置堆放.这种利用方式与造纸业发展、传统的牲畜饲喂方式、农业机械化发展和气候特点有关.最后提出了进一步高效利用秸秆资源的建议.     

Effects of Land Use Changes on the Ecosystem Service Values of Coastal Wetlands

Changes in the coastal landscape of Southern Sinaloa (Mexico), between 2000 and 2010, were analyzed to relate spatial variations in wetlands extent with the provision and economic value of the ecosystem services (ES). Remote sensing techniques applied to Landsat TM imagery were used to evaluate land use/land cover changes while the value transfer method was used to assess the value of ES by land cover category. Five wetland types and other four land covers were found as representative of the coastal landscape. Findings reveal a 14 % decrease in the saltmarsh/forested mangrove area and a 12 % increase in the area of shrimp pond aquaculture (artificial wetland) during the study period. ES valuation shows that the total value flow increased by 9 % from $215 to $233 million (2007 USD) during the 10-year period. This increase is explained as result of the high value worldwide assigned to saltmarsh. We recognize limitations in the transfer-based approach in quantifying and mapping ES values in the region, but this method provides with value estimates spatially defined, and also provides some guidance in the preliminary screening of policies and projected development in the context of data-scarce regions.     

新疆土壤可蚀性K值空间插值及其分布特征研究

土壤可蚀性是土壤侵蚀预报和土地利用规划的重要参数,本文采用EPIC（Erosion Productivity Impact Caculator）模型中土壤可蚀性因子K值为指标,利用新疆土壤污染状况调查资料,探讨新疆土壤可蚀性K值及分布特征,并采用Kriging插值法进行全疆K值的空间插值。结果表明：新疆各类型土壤表层平均K值为0.238～0.441,主要分布在可侵蚀-易侵蚀-较易侵蚀范围;其中K值最大的土类为石质土和风沙土,均属于岩成土土纲;K值最小的土类为棕钙土;不同的土地利用方式,土壤可蚀性特征也不同,耕地土壤K值最大。从总体上看,土壤经过多年耕种,抗侵蚀能力明显下降。     

峨眉山森林蔬菜资源及其评价

根据调查,峨嵋山森林蔬菜资源分布广泛,共有219种,分属68科119属,估算鲜菜资源量达5000t,其中可开发量占30%.评价了峨嵋山森林蔬菜资源的种类、分布、特色、营养价值、经济价值、医疗保健功能等,并对其采集、贮存、加工和开发利用进行了探讨.     

基于价值取向的城市森林游憩服务需求研究

在调查南京城市森林游憩者的基础上,以森林价值取向为预测变量,对城市森林游憩服务需求进行了研究.研究表明,市民的森林价值取向包括生态取向、健康取向、文化取向、产品取向和消极取向五种类型;城市森林游憩服务需求则包括基本需求、拓展需求和个性需求三个层次.通过典型相关分析发现,对森林资源持“健康”、“文化”和“生态”价值取向的市民对森林游憩的“基本服务”需求明显,更重视森林的自然和文化环境保护;而持有“产品”和“消极”取向的市民,则希望森林游憩地能提供更多“拓展”和“个性”服务.在此基础上,提出了积极引导城市森林游憩者的政策建议.     

球壳孢菌和胶孢炭疽菌的液体培养特性研究

对银杏叶内生真菌球壳孢科菌株A114和胶孢炭疽菌菌株05—27的液体培养特性的初步研究得出：两种菌株均在马铃薯葡萄糖液体培养基中生长最好、菌丝产量最高，在pH4．0-8．5的马丁氏液体培养基中均能生长。A114菌株和05—27菌株的最佳氮、碳源分别为酵母粉和葡萄糖，A114菌株最适pH为6．6，05—27菌株最适pH为6．9。     

Spatial Differentiation of Landscape Values in the Murray River Region of Victoria, Australia

This research advances the understanding of the location of perceived landscape values through a statistically based approach to spatial analysis of value densities. Survey data were obtained from a sample of people living in and using the Murray River region, Australia, where declining environmental quality prompted a reevaluation of its conservation status. When densities of 12 perceived landscape values were mapped using geographic information systems (GIS), valued places clustered along the entire river bank and in associated National/State Parks and reserves. While simple density mapping revealed high value densities in various locations, it did not indicate what density of a landscape value could be regarded as a statistically significant hotspot or distinguish whether overlapping areas of high density for different values indicate identical or adjacent locations. A spatial statistic Getis–Ord Gi* was used to indicate statistically significant spatial clusters of high value densities or “hotspots”. Of 251 hotspots, 40% were for single non-use values, primarily spiritual, therapeutic or intrinsic. Four hotspots had 11 landscape values. Two, lacking economic value, were located in ecologically important river red gum forests and two, lacking wilderness value, were near the major towns of Echuca-Moama and Albury-Wodonga. Hotspots for eight values showed statistically significant associations with another value. There were high associations between learning and heritage values while economic and biological diversity values showed moderate associations with several other direct and indirect use values. This approach may improve confidence in the interpretation of spatial analysis of landscape values by enhancing understanding of value relationships.     

农业水资源价值计算方法研究

农业水资源价值的计算对灌区农业用水价格的制定具有重要的意义,同时也可用于对农业用水向其它类型用水转移时所受的经济损失进行估算。因此,当前将农业用水当作商品并计算其价值逐渐成为热点,尤其是在发展中国家的大型灌区和干旱、半干旱地区。对农业水资源价值的计算方法进行了综述,总结了农业水资源价值计算的两种方法,并列举了具体的计算模型和公式,提出了农业水资源价值计算中应考虑的问题,为进一步研究农业水资源价值提供参考。     

川西北高寒草地沙化土壤特征及治理模式探讨——以阿坝州红原县为例

通过对川西北高寒草地不同类型的沙化样地0—10cm,10～20cm和20～30cm土壤有机质、pH和含水量进行分析。结果表明：（1）随着沙化程度加重,土壤有机质含量和土壤含水量明显降低;（2）随着土层深度增加,土壤有机质含量降低;未沙化、轻度沙化样地的土壤含水量随土层深度增加而降低,重度沙化样地则相反;（3）中度和重度沙化样地土壤pH约7．0,未沙化和轻度沙化pH值在6．5左右;沙地土壤有机质与pH值呈显著负相关关系,沙化土壤有机碳与水分损失是一个正反馈。鉴于川西高寒草地特殊环境,探讨了选用适宜的多年生高原药用植物或者其他高价值资源植物作为固沙材料,将治沙与经济发展相结合,建立高寒沙化草地治理模式。     

Effects of Land Use Changes on the Ecosystem Service Values of a Reclamation Farm in Northeast China

Intensive agricultural development can change land use, which can further affect regional ecosystem services and functions. With the rapid growth of the population and the national demand for food, the northeast of China, which is located in the high latitudes, has experienced four agricultural developments since the 1950s. The original wetlands of this area were developed for farmland. The evaluation of ecosystem services is conducted to reveal the ecosystem status and variable trends caused by land reclamation. The aim of this study is to provide scientific basis for environmental management and for the sustainable development of agriculture in Northeast China. With GIS-RS technology, a typical farm was chosen to analyze variations in the ecosystem service value in response to land use changes during the study period. The total ecosystem service value of the farm decreased from 7523.10 million Yuan in 1979 to 4023.59 million Yuan in 2009 with an annual rate of ?1.6?% due to the decreasing areas of woodland and wetland. The increased areas of cropland, water area and grassland partly offset the loss of the total value, but the loss was still greater than the compensation. Waste treatment and climate regulation were the top two service functions with high service values, contributing to approximately 50?% of the total service value. The spatial difference of the ecosystem service value also was analyzed. The wetlands located in the central and northeastern sections of the farm changed significantly. From the aspect of ecosystem service value, the wetland and water area should be conserved, as they have the highest value coefficients. The accuracy of the value coefficient, however, needs to be studied further in future research.     

THE IMPACT OF WATER RESOURCE QUALITY CHANGES ON SURROUNDING PROPERTY VALUES1

ABSTRACT: A case study is used to demonstrate a methodology for measuring the residential property value benefit of water pollution abatement. Increases in the value of single-family homes attributable to improvement in the water quality of the nearby Willamette River (Clackamas County, Oregon) were measured using a regression analysis technique. Sales prices and tax assessment data were used to estimate the change in property values coincident with the changes in water quality. The percentage increase in property value due to pollution abatement is expressed as a function of the distance between properties and the river bank.