珠海市地下水中放射性元素及对室内氡浓度的影响

本文对采自珠海市16个地下水样品中的放射性元素及其它元素进行了分析,结果发现花岗岩基岩地下水中氡及其它放射性元素的浓度高,氡的平均值为1638Bq·l-1,最高达3900Bq·l-1.如果家庭中使用这样的水,其室内氡浓度将会大幅度增加.因此 ,建议在使用高氡浓度的地下水作为家庭生活用水时,应先用活性炭等物质进行氡吸附处理.     

西北主要城市生活用水中氡及其剂量当量研究

分析了生活用水对室内空气中氡的贡献,并估算了水中氡剂量当量的大小．研究表明,西北地区主要大城市生活用水中氡的浓度差异较大,其中宝鸡和咸阳两市居民自备井水中氡的浓度较高,兰州市水中氡的浓度最高．西北地区主要城市生活用水中氡的释放量占室内总氡的3．30—24．47％,水中氡剂量当量不大,最高值为环境天然辐射剂量当量的17％左右．     

高层建筑与室内氡浓度

通过对20层以上的高层建筑连续一年的室内氡浓度监测分析,揭示了高层建筑因建筑取材、室内装修材料和建筑结构不同,其室内氡浓度亦有不同;高层建筑因使用时间和季节不同而室内氡浓度亦有不同。     

污染水资源化——水资源保护与开发的基本战略和对策

本文从秦皇岛市海港区污染水处理厂出水水持现状出发，分析了将此出水作为港口煤炭用水、生活杂项用水、市政工程用水和农田灌溉用水等方面。探索了经进一步深度处理后达使用的可能性，对其可能带来三大效益做了简要分析，提出了污水资源化是解决秦皇岛市水资源不足与水污染问题的基本战略与对策 。     

厦门室内降尘的沉降通量与季节变化

在厦门市选取家庭、办公室、机房和家具厂等采样点49个,用水平放置的玻璃板(四周用洁净铝箔围起)采集一年四季的降尘样品,对降尘的沉降通量和季节变化进行研究.厦门家庭、办公室、机房和家具厂全年室内降尘通量几何均值分别为13.1、7.2、4.9、179.9 mg·(m2·d)-1,厦门家庭和办公室室内降尘通量均是上海的约2倍,是美国新泽西州室内的近5倍.机房室内降尘通量低于普通办公环境,家具厂室内降尘通量比普通室内环境高1-2个数量级.季节对室内降尘通量有显著影响,而市区和城郊间降尘通量无显著差异.家庭和办公室冬季降尘通量最低,家庭降尘通量最高为夏季,办公室为秋季.各室内采样点降尘通量季节变化较一致,表明室内降尘主要源于室外空气中的颗粒物.机房因常年封闭,四季降尘通量间均无显著差异.家具厂降尘通量的季节变化主要受家具生产量波动的影响.     

污水资源化——水资源保护与开发的基本战略和对策

本文从秦皇岛市海港区污水处理厂出水水质现状出发，分析了将此出水作为港口煤炭作业用水、生活杂项用水、市政工程用水和农田灌溉用水等方面。探索了经进一步深度处理后达标使用的可能性，对其可能带来的三大效益做了简要分析，提出了污水资源化是解决秦皇岛市水资源不足与水污染问题的基本战略与对策。     

水足迹视角下长江经济带用水公平性测算及时空差异研究

区域用水公平性问题关系到地区发展平衡。为了研究长江经济带水资源配置的合理性,基于水足迹视角,构建用水公平性系数,以长江经济带为对象,测算总用水、农业用水、工业用水和生活用水的公平性系数,再运用核密度函数和ESDA方法分析用水公平性系数的时空演进趋势。结果表明：在2010—2020年,长江经济带总用水、工业用水公平性不断提高,农业用水公平性呈下降趋势,但变化幅度不大;长江经济带各省份总用水、农业用水及部分年份工业用水公平性具有明显的正向空间聚集特征,生活用水公平性没有明显的空间自相关性;各省份总用水、农业用水公平性呈现先分散后聚集的趋势,两极分化现象明显,工业、生活用水公平性集聚趋势呈波动变化,但近年来各省份工业用水、生活用水公平性水平集聚趋势在加强。基于此,国家应重点提高农业、工业用水效率,强化水资源节约保护,对重点用水单位投入节水型先进工艺,从而提高地区用水公平性水平。     

湖北农村燃柴和燃煤家庭大气多环芳烃污染特征和呼吸暴露风险

以具有致癌毒性的多环芳烃(polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons,PAHs)为对象,本研究于2014年1月(冬季)在湖北恩施农村地区使用煤炭和薪柴的家庭中同步采集了室内外空气样品,分析了室内外空气中28种PAHs(∑PAH28)的浓度水平、成分谱和粒径分布,重点比较了不同燃料家庭的污染特征差异,并据此估算了暴露人群的健康风险。结果表明,在燃煤家庭,∑PAH28的室内和室外浓度分别是(507±449) ng·m~(-3)和(120±18) ng·m~(-3);而在燃柴家庭,其室内和室外∑PAH28浓度分别是(849±421) ng·m~(-3)和(268±44) ng·m~(-3)。受室内排放源影响,室内PAHs浓度显著高于室外,室内外∑PAH28浓度比值在2～13。颗粒态PAHs主要集中在细颗粒物上,PM1.0(空气动力学直径小于1.0μm)上的PAHs占到颗粒态PAHs的50%～80%。燃煤家庭的居民因PAHs呼吸暴露导致的终生致癌风险的中位数是1.8×10~(-5)(四分位距是1.2×10~(-5)～3.1×10~(-5)),使用薪柴的家庭人群暴露风险7.1×10~(-5)(6.5×10~(-5)～7.8×10~(-5))。无论是燃煤还是薪柴的家庭,居民因PAHs呼吸暴露导致的终生致癌风险均超过10-6的可接受风险水平,表明该地区的高浓度PAHs污染致使当地人群存在较高的致癌风险。     

北京市西城区居民室内空气低分子量羰基化合物污染调查

2009年11月—12月对北京市西城区7个社区210户家庭室内的低分子量羰基化合物进行了采样分析.实验采用2,4二-硝基苯肼（DNPH）涂布的硅胶柱采样,液相色谱分析检测.结果表明,所有家庭都检测到甲醛、乙醛、丙酮和丙烯醛,其质量浓度水平相对较高;室内装修会增加室内羰基化合物的污染;甲醛和乙醛人体暴露水平评估结果表明北...     

农村地区固体燃料使用导致的多环芳烃污染和健康风险

为了考察固体燃料使用导致的农村地区多环芳烃污染现状,并评估其对居民造成的健康风险,在北方(山西太谷)和南方(四川南充)选取典型农村家庭,配对测定了农户室内外空气中28种多环芳烃浓度,分析了不同地区多环芳烃污染特征,并评估了居民的呼吸暴露风险。山西室内外多环芳烃浓度分别为(283.7±256.0) ng·m-3和(135.2±50.4) ng·m-3,四川室内外多环芳烃浓度分别为(163.4±132.8) ng·m-3和(87.6±46.2) ng·m-3,室内浓度显著高于室外浓度,室内外比值(I/O)分别为2.3和1.8,室内源是影响多环芳烃污染的主要因素。虽然,高环多环芳烃的质量浓度只占总浓度的13%～25%,但其毒性却占到总毒性的70%～89%,说明对高环多环芳烃应予以更多关注。使用蜂窝煤的家庭,其室内多环芳烃浓度要比用薪柴的低74%。通过对2个地区居民进行风险估算发现,山西和四川居民因为多环芳烃暴露的终身致癌风险分别为1.1×10-4和4.8×10-5,都高于可接受水平10-6,说明这2个地区具有较高的暴露风险,亟待关注。     

Preliminary Report on Radon Concentration in Drinking Water and Indoor Air in Kenya

A screening survey has been carried out to determine activity concentrations of radon (²²²Rn) in drinking water and indoor air in various locations in Kenya. The concentration of ²²²Rn in water was measured using a liquid scintillation counter (LSC). Three different passive integrating devices were used in the measurements of ²²²Rn in air. In the short-term measurements, radon is absorbed in activated charcoal and the analyses were carried out using either LSC or gamma ray spectrometry. The long-term measurements were carried out using solid-state nuclear track detectors (SSNTD). The mean and maximum values of ²²²Rn concentrations in water are 37 and 410 Bq L^–1 and 100 and 1160 Bq m^–3, respectively, in air. The highest values were obtained from groundwater sources and in the basements of buildings. When these values are compared with the internationally recommended reference levels, there are indications of existence of radon problems in some of the water sources and the dwellings tested in this survey.     

Enhancement of radon exposure in smoking areas

Radium-226 is a significant source of radon-222 which enters buildings through soil, construction materials or water supply. When cigarette smoke is present, the radon daughters attach to smoke particles. Thus, the alpha radiation to a smoker’s lungs from the natural radon daughters is increased because of smoking. To investigate whether the cigarette tobacco itself is a potential source of indoor radon, the α potential energy exposure level contents of radon (²²²Rn, 3.82d) and Thoron (²²⁰Rn, 55.60s) were measured in 10 different cigarette tobacco samples using CR-39 solid-state nuclear track detectors (SSNTDs). The results showed that the ^{222, 220}Rn concentrations in these samples ranged from 128 to 266 and 49 to 148 Bqm⁻³, respectively. The radon concentrations emerged from all investigated samples were significantly higher than the background level. Also, the annual equivalent doses from the samples were determined. The mean values of the equivalent dose were 3.51 (0.89) and 1.44 (0.08) mSvy⁻¹, respectively. Measurement of the average indoor radon concentrations in 20 café rooms was, significantly, higher than 20 smoking-free residential houses. The result refers to the dual (chemical and radioactive) effect of smoking as a risk factor for lung cancer.     

Radon from drinking water — evaluation of water-borne transfer into house air

To determine the transfer of²²²Rn from domestic water into air, nine houses were measured for²²²Rnt, house volume, water use and air exchange by SF₆ and radon. Measurements were done in Maine during April and May, 1986, when sealed up for the winter. Radon in water concentration ranged from 35,000 to 1,250,000 pCi/l. Air peaks of²²²Rn ranged from 13 to 200 pCi/l due to a water use burst experiment. Use of water filters was also examined by repeats with filters on and off. Water use ranged from 200 to 1922 litres/day. House volumes ranged from 380 to 999 m³. Air exchange rates measured by SF₆ was twice as large as air exchange rate measured by²²²Rn.     

Predicting the occurrence of radon-222 in groundwater supplies

The intent of this study was to develop an understanding of some of the factors that affect the concentration ol radon-222 (²²²Rn) in drinking water supplies derived from groundwater, with specific application to North Carolina. Data for this investigation were collected on a sample of 96 North Carolina public water supply wells. Water samples were collected and analyzed for²²²Rn content. Data on site geology and well characteristics (discharge, specific capacity, depth, and casing length) were obtained from existing sources. From a statistical examination of the data collected in this study, we conclude that there is a distinct and statistically significant difference in the mean²²²Rn concentrations of groundwater associated with different types of rocks. The data, however, also indicate that there is a great degree of variability in the²²²Rn concentrations of samples drawn from any giver rock type. The situation is made slightly better by introducing a second variable given as the geologic region of a water supply. A fairly surprising finding of this study is the relative insignificance of discharge, specific capacity, depth, and casing length of wells as predictors of²²²Rn concentration. The present study indicates that use of these variables as predictors does not significantly improve the likelihood of locating water supplies with elevatec²²²Rn concentrations.     

Assessment of soil and soil-gas radon activity using active and passive detecting methods in Korea

Radon ((222)Rn) is a carcinogenic gas produced by the radioactive decay of radium ((226)Ra). It has been reported that soil and soil-gas are primary factors that could cause indoor radon problems. Six sites were selected for this study--Sanbook, Gangcheon, Jikyeong, Choojung, Geumsung and Homyoung--each was classified according to bedrock type. In order to investigate soil-gas radon activities and radon emanating power, innovated active and passive detecting methods were developed and applied under both field and laboratory conditions. Statistical analysis of results confirmed that the radon activity values measured using either active or passive methods under field or laboratory conditions could be interchangeable with each other.     

Indoor and outdoor radon measurements at lung cancer patients’ homes in the dwellings of Rize Province in Turkey

In this study, indoor and outdoor radon (²²²Rn) surveys were carried out in the summer and winter seasons in homes of one hundred lung cancer patients in the year 2013–2014. The aim was to investigate the relationship between radon and cancer patients. Lung cancer patients completed a questionnaire concerning their living environment, various physical parameters and living habits. Pearson correlation and t tests revealed no meaningful results between radon concentrations, on one hand, and environmental and personal living habits, on the other hand. Consequently, the BEIR VI model was adapted and ²²²Rn exposure was estimated to be responsible for about 12% of the lung cancer incidences in the winter season and around 5% in the summer season in the Rize Province. However, due to the limited number of data and numerous parameters that could lead to lung cancer, the estimations done with the model should be taken very lightly. The annual effective doses due to inhalation of indoor and outdoor ²²²Rn were estimated to be, respectively, 1.43 and 0.94 mSv y^?1. The indoor and outdoor annual effective doses were, respectively, close and below the world annual effective dose (1.3 mSv y^?1). At the district level, the indoor annual effective dose equivalent in the ?yidere district was 4.52 mSv y^?1, which was 3.5 times greater than the world average. The number of patients in the majority of the houses in this district was more than one.     

The biokinetics and dosimetry of radon-222 in the human body following ingestion of groundwater

This paper presents a general model for the biokinetics of Rn-222 in the adult human body following ingestion of the radon in water. Such a model is needed for the calculation of doses which would result from the ingestion of radon, a natural component of drinking water supplies. Information on the movement and concentration of xenon in the body was obtained from a separate study conducted at the Massachusetts General Hospital. This information was used to develop a model of radon kinetics in the body and estimates were obtained of the rate constants associated with transfer between the various body compartments. The model was then used to develop estimates of the dose equivalent delivered to each tissue or organ of the body following ingestion of 1 Bq of radon in water. From the reported results, it appears that the stomach receives a much larger dose equivalent than other organs and tissues, followed in order by the other segments of the gastro-intestinal or Gl tract, the liver, the lungs and the general body water compartment. A comparison is made between these doses and the doses delivered as a result of exposure to airborne radon.     

DNA damage in oral epithelial cells of individuals chronically exposed to indoor radon (<Superscript>222</Superscript>Rn) in a hydrothermal area

Hydrothermal areas are potentially hazardous to humans as volcanic gases such as radon (²²²Rn) are continuously released from soil diffuse degassing. Exposure to radon is estimated to be the second leading cause of lung cancer, but little is known about radon health-associated risks in hydrothermal regions. This cross-sectional study was designed to evaluate the DNA damage in the buccal epithelial cells of individuals chronically exposed to indoor radon in a volcanic area (Furnas volcano, Azores, Portugal) with a hydrothermal system. Buccal epithelial cells were collected from 33 individuals inhabiting the hydrothermal area (Ribeira Quente village) and from 49 individuals inhabiting a non-hydrothermal area (Ponta Delgada city). Indoor radon was measured with Ramon 2.2 detectors. Chromosome damage was measured by micronucleus cytome assay, and RAPD-PCR was used as a complementary tool to evaluate DNA damage, using three 10-mer primers (D11, F1 and F12). Indoor radon concentration correlated positively with the frequency of micronucleated cells (r _s = 0.325, p = 0.003). Exposure to radon is a risk factor for the occurrence micronucleated cells in the inhabitants of the hydrothermal area (RR = 1.71; 95% CI, 1.2–2.4; p = 0.003). One RAPD-PCR primer (F12) produced differences in the banding pattern, a fact that can indicate its potential for detecting radon-induced specific genomic alterations. The observed association between chronic exposure to indoor radon and the occurrence of chromosome damage in human oral epithelial cells evidences the usefulness of biological surveillance to assess mutations involved in pre-carcinogenesis in hydrothermal areas, reinforcing the need for further studies with human populations living in these areas.     

Naturally occurring radionuclides in drinking water: An exercise in risk benefit analysis

The scientific background information describing the occurrence, measurement, health effects, treatment technology, risk assessment and economic consequences of the presence of naturally occurring radionuclides in drinking water are described for 60,000 public drinking water supplies. The relevant data for the occurrence of radium, uranium and radon in drinking water supplies are discussed and analysed. Radon is of importance because it is released in the process of taking showers and baths and in washing dishes and clothes. Its progeny is then inhaled, leading to the risk of lung cancer. Radium and uranium can both cause bone cancer. The range of average occurrence of natural radioactivity in drinking water is as follows:²²⁶Ra, 0.3 to 0.8 pCi L^–1;²²⁸Ra, 0.4 to 1.0 pCi L^–1; uranium, 0.3 to 2.0 pCi L^–1 and²²²Rn, 500 to 600 pCi L^–1. The estimated lifetime risks due to the mean groundwater concentrations of naturally occurring radionuclides are:²²⁶Ra and^228Ra, 1.0 10^–5; uranium, 2.0 × 10^–6 and radon, 4.0 × 10^–4. The cost to reduce total radium levels to 5.0 pCi L^–1 is about $9 million. An equivalent expenditure would be required to reduce radon levels to about 4,000 pCi L^–1, or uranium levels to about 100 pCi L^–1. The problem of maximizing the total mortality and the reduction per unit dollar outlay per unit dollar cost for the uranium/radon case is examined.The thoughts and ideas expressed in this paper are those of the authors and are not necessarily those of the US Environmental Protection Agency.This paper is published as a contribution to discussion on this problem and not as a paper providing new research data.