三峡水域中痕量汞的分光光度法测定

聚乙烯醇(PVA)存在下[HgI4]2-与罗丹明B(RHB)形成配合物[HgI4]2--RHB-PVA,在波长610nm处有最大吸收,表观摩尔吸光系数ε = 6.02×105 L/( mol·cm).结合巯基棉(SCF)对汞的选择性吸附,实现了水样中痕量汞的分离、富集与测定.标准样品富集前后测定的相对标准偏差RSD分别为4.25%和7.40%(n=6).本法应用于三峡水域长江和嘉陵江江段中总汞的测定,回收率为90.6%～111.4%,最低检出浓度0.040μg/L,对比国控点原子荧光光谱分析法监测汞数据,结果令人满意.     

关于冷原子荧光测汞法灵敏度和稳定性影响因素的探讨

本文从六个方面对影响冷原子荧光测汞灵敏度和稳定性的因素进行了探讨,同时提出了相应的改进措施,以便更好地应用冷原子荧光测汞法。     

水中铅的测定方法比较

由于水中铅的含量较低,常用的测定方法是石墨炉原子吸收法和氢化物发生-原子荧光法。通过对干扰的消除方法、检出限实验、加标回收实验以及检测消耗时间和涉及药品试剂等方面的比较,得出石墨炉原子吸收法和氢化物发生-原子荧光法检测水中铅的优劣:石墨炉原子吸收法前处理较为简单,所涉及药品较少,成本较低,适合大批量样品检测;氢化物发生-原子荧光法的精密度高于石墨炉原子吸收法,适合于科研型实验研究。     

原子荧光法测废水中砷的主要影响因素探讨

原子荧光法因其分析灵敏度高、基体干扰少、线性范围宽、操作简便快速,是目前测砷最好的方法之一。但原子荧光法在测定砷过程中存在很多因素影响测定结果的准确度。文章通过实验从载流、还原剂、加入硫脲-抗坏血酸混合液的量和稳定时间及仪器预热时间几方面对影响原子荧光法测定废水中砷的主要因素进行探讨,从而确定最佳工作条件。并通过对相对标准偏差和检出限及标准样品的测定,证明了采用此方法能保证测量结果的准确可靠。     

氢化物原子荧光法同时测定水中的硒和汞

采用氢化物一原子荧光法，应用AFS-2202a型双道原子荧光仪联合测定水中的硒和汞，方法的检出限为：Se0．31μg／L、Hg0．01μg／L，线性范围为：Se0-20．0μg／L、Hg0～2．00μg／L。     

氢化物发生原子荧光光谱法测定饮用水中的铅

通过改变仪器条件及试剂配比进行优选实验,利用原子荧光光谱法测定饮用水中的铅可知:铅的检出限是0.020μg/L,能够满足GB 5749-2006《生活饮用水卫生标准》的要求;同时原子荧光光谱仪分析样品灵敏度高、重现性好、干扰少、操作简便、分析快捷,测定样品的准确度和精密度均能达到质量控制要求。     

氢化物发生-原子荧光法测定废气中的锡

运用氢化物发生-原子荧光法测定废气中锡的含量,选择了更高效、安全的硝酸-双氧水电热板消解体系对样品进行前处理,调节最佳仪器参数进行测定。研究表明：在0-10μg/L线性范围内,曲线相关系数可以达到0.999 6,方法检出限为0.003μg,加标回收率在92.7%-95.9%之间,RSD≤2.1。氢化物-原子荧光法测定废气中的锡,方法灵敏度高,干扰少,线性范围宽,操作简单、快捷。     

固定污染源废气中铅的微波酸溶—氢化物发生原子荧光光谱法测定

建立了使用硝酸、过氧化氢微波酸溶—原子荧光法对固定污染源废气中铅进行测定的新方法,实验结果表明,此分析方法操作简便、选择性好、灵敏度高,适宜在固定污染源废气监测中推广使用。     

以锑为例浅谈不同原理分析方法在环境监测中的应用

分析电感耦合等离子体质谱、原子荧光和分光光度法3种代表性锑监测方法的方法性能，及其与污废水排放标准、环境质量标准的匹配情况。在某锑矿企业废水处理设施进出口设置分光光度法仪器，在企业外排口所在河流下游监测断面配置电感耦合等离子体质谱或原子荧光。达到满足企业外排口和环境质量标准限值前提下，优化配置监测仪器，对企业保持环保设施和监控仪器正常运行，保证监测数据质量具有重要意义。     

微波消解-原子荧光光谱法同时测定土壤中痕量砷和汞

建立了微波消解—原子荧光光谱法同时测定土壤中痕量砷和汞的方法。通过对消解体系以及灯电流、载气流量、屏蔽气流量等仪器参数进行优化,确定了最佳实验条件。在优化的实验条件下,采用原子荧光光谱法同时测定砷和汞的检出限分别为0.02μg/L和0.01μg/L,线性范围分别为0～40μg/L和0～4μg/L,两元素的加标回收率在92%～102%之间,相对标准偏差砷为0.9%～3.1%,汞为1.5%～3.4%,完全适用于土壤环境样品的检测。     

氘灯对原子吸收法测定高盐废水中镉含量的影响

在石化行业中,由于采气废水多为高舍盐废水,如果按照地表水、地下水的测试方法对其重金属指标进行测试,其测试结果和真实值之间存在较大的偏差。本研究中采用火焰原子吸收法对影响吸收的背景进行氘灯扣除,得到了一种适合于高含盐废水体中镉含量测定的分析方法。通过实验验证,该方法相对误差在8．75％以内,检测限0．0042mg／L,回...     

正交试验-硝酸微波消解-冷原子吸收法测定土壤中汞

应用硝酸微波消解土壤样品-冷原子吸收法测定土壤中的汞。通过正交试验,优化了土壤中汞的微波消解条件。并对干扰消除、方法精密度、加标回收、检出限进行了试验研究。在0～10μg／L范围内线性关系良好,方法测定下限为0．20μg／L,土壤中汞的检出限为0．005μg／g。该优化条件对汞含量为0．02—0．46μg／g的土壤样品,汞提取完全。建立了一种简便、成本低、干扰少、灵敏度高的方法。     

火焰原子吸收光谱法测定模拟尘铅中铅的前处理方法探讨

分别用酸煮法和索氏提取法对模拟尘铅样品进行前处理,采用火焰原子吸收光谱法测定,方法线性范围0.08~1.50 mg/L,检出限为0.025 mg/L。对两种前处理效果作了比较,结果表明,采用酸煮法,6次重复测量的相对标准偏差小于2%,加标回收率为90.0%~102%;索氏提取法受装置影响,提取效率不稳定,6次重复测量的相对标准偏差小于11%,加标回收率为81.5%~82.6%,酸煮法的效果优于索氏提取法。     

火焰原子吸收法测定水中铁的质量控制指标研究

本文研究了火焰原子吸收法测定水中铁的质量控制指标,全国共12个省份的46家实验室参加测定工作,提供了具有全国性指导意义的工作参考数据.研究结果为:标准样品在0.2～4.0mg/L浓度范围内的RSD≤3.0%,RSD'≤10.0%,室间标准偏差≤0.10mg/L;浓度≤2.0mg/L时,RE≤±10.0%,2.0～4.0...     

Clam shell catalyst for continuous production of biodiesel

Continuous flow transesterification of waste frying oil (WFO) with methanol for the biodiesel production was tested in a laboratory scale jacketed reactive distillation (RD) unit packed with clam shell based CaO as solid catalyst. The physiochemical properties of the clam shell catalysts were characterized by X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and Energy Dispersive Atomic X-ray Spectrometry (EDAX). The effects of the reactant flow rate, methanol-to-oil ratio, and catalyst bed height were studied to obtain the maximum methyl ester conversion. Reboiler temperature of 65°C was maintained throughout the process for product purification and the system reached the steady state at 7 hr. The experimental results revealed that the jacketed RD system packed with clam shell based CaO showed high catalytic activity for continuous production of biodiesel and a maximum methyl ester conversion of 94.41% was obtained at a reactant flow rate of 0.2 mL/min, methanol/oil ratio of 6:1, and catalyst bed height of 180 mm.     

Spatial variations in selected metal contents and particle size distribution in an urban and rural atmosphere of Islamabad, Pakistan

Spatial variations in total suspended particulate matter (TSP) were investigated for distribution of metals and particle size fractions in the urban and rural atmosphere of Islamabad, Pakistan. The metals Na, K, Fe, Mn, Pb, Cd, Cr, Zn, Ni and Co, and the particle fractions <2.5, 2.5-10, 10-100 and >100 microm were included in the study. TSP samples were trapped on glass fibre filters using high volume samplers and quantification of metals was done using Atomic Absorption Spectrometry employing HNO(3) based wet digestion. At the urban site, Na was dominant at 2.384 microg/m(3) followed by K, Fe and Zn with 0.778, 0.667 and 0.567 microg/m(3) as mean concentrations, respectively. The metal levels for the rural site ranged from 0.002 microg/m(3) for Cd to 1.077 microg/m(3) for Na. However, compared with the urban site, mean Pb concentration showed an almost two-fold enhancement, i.e., 0.163 Vs. 0.327 microg/m(3). Metals and particle size source identification was done using Principal Component Analysis and Cluster Analysis. Five sources were traced out for the urban site: industrial, soil, automobile emissions, metallurgical industries and excavation activities. For the rural site, four sources were recorded: agricultural, automotive emissions, excavation activities and metallurgical units. Collectively, for both the sites, PM(10-100) emerged as a major contributor to TSP, followed by PM(2.5-10), PM(<2.5) and PM(>100) in that order. The metals showed in general positive relationship with fine particulate fractions (PM(2.5-10), PM(<2.5)), and negative correlation with coarse fractions (PM(10-100), PM(>100)). Comparison with the corresponding data from various Asian sites revealed that the levels of Na, K, Fe, Mn, Co and Ni for the present study were lower than those reported for grossly polluted cities of the world.     

便携式GC-MS在石油污染土壤应急监测中的应用

针对石油污染土壤中VOCs含量的应急监测,便携式气相色谱-质谱联用仪适用于土壤中甲苯、乙苯、二甲苯、三氯苯等13种苯系物的快速定量检测,通过对某废弃炼油厂土壤样品测定,该方法在快速定性的同时,定量测定5~20411μg/kg土壤样品具有很高的可靠性。     

Temperature, Salinity, and Fluorescence in Southern North Sea: High-Resolution Data Sampled from a Ferry

/ In 1991 and 1992, temperature, salinity, and fluorescence were measured by automatic continuous registration using instrumentation on a ferry crossing the southern North Sea daily along a transect between Zeebrugge, Belgium, and Hull, United Kingdom. The temperature ranged between 4 and 21 degrees C off the Belgian coast and between 6 and 17 degrees C in the middle of the transect. Salinity varied between 34 and 35.5 PSU in the offshore part of the transect, but showed much larger variation along the Belgian and UK estuarine coasts. Fluorescence, which was used as a measure of phytoplankton biomass, was highest at the continental coast and lowest near the English coast. Spring blooms of phytoplankton were found along the continental coast and in the channel-influenced water; in 1991 the blooms were denser than in 1992. Some summer blooms were also recorded. Water masses could be distinguished on the basis of salinity and fluorescence patterns. The general patterns in the data are compared with the literature and discussed in relation to river discharge, light penetration, and wind speed and direction. Finally, the value of automatic and frequent measurements of fluorescence for monitoring phytoplankton is compared with less frequent observations at selected stations. It is concluded that accurate information about phytoplankton biomass can only be established from the high-frequency data. KEY WORDS: Monitoring; Sampling; North Sea; Ferry; Fluorescence; Salinity; Temperature     

Transesterification of Caesalpinia eriostachys seed oil using heterogeneous and homogeneous basic catalysts

Caesalpinea eriostachys seed oil, as a source of triglycerides with potential application for biodiesel production in Mexico is introduced. Its lipid profile obtained by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) revealed saturated and unsaturated glycerol esters as the constituents. Therefore, heterogeneous and homogeneous catalyzed transesterification reactions were assayed employing ZnAl hydrotalcites and KOH, as the catalysts, respectively. The transesterification reactions yielded 59% for Zn/Al(2), 79% for Zn/Al(4), and 90% for KOH, depicting typical behavior, as in biodiesel production data from literature, where Zn-Al hydrotalcites or KOH were assayed. The caloric, density, viscosity values, and fatty acid methyl esters profile from reaction products were concordant to EN 14214, suggesting C. eriostachys as a promising feedstock for biodiesel production.     

Indicators for sustainable energy development in Thailand

This article examines energy priorities for Thailand from the economic, social and environmental perspectives of sustainable development. The article uses a set of indicators devised by the International Atomic Energy Agency in partnership with other international agencies and research institutes in seven countries. Thailand's energy efficiency in the 1980s and 1990s are analysed using energy intensity indicators, and possible impacts on sustainable energy development are highlighted. The early 1990s in particular was an important period for Thailand, as the country was at the height of its economic growth, and a number of energy efficiency and conservation programmes were launched. Energy intensity indicators show continuing and faster growth in energy consumption relative to economic activity. The financial crisis in the late 1990s did halt growth in energy consumption, with positive consequences on environmental emissions, but only temporarily as Thailand's economy quickly started to recover in 2000. Notwithstanding the financial crisis, the other indicators show significant progress in economic and social dimensions.