浅谈环境信访增多的成因及对策

剖析了海门市环境信访增多的主要表现及形成原因，阐述了领导重视是做好环境信访的基础，针对企业违法行为屡禁不止是环境信访多、查处难的主要矛盾，从环境信访和环境日常监察的关系方面，对坚持“两手抓治本控源”方法进行了初探，强调了必须全面落实环境信访责任制和提高信访调处队伍素质，就切实做好环境信访提出了建议与对策。     

多介质环境循环模型的研究进展

多介质环境模型是８０年代发展起来的新型环境数学模型，它将各种不同环境介质单元同导致污染物跨过介质间交界面的各种过程相连接，对污染物的过程，迁移和归趋进行模拟，对环境影响的早期评价、化学品的环境暴露和安全管理具有重要的意义。本文就多介质环境数学模型的基本理论、研究现状、应用前景和发展趋势作了综述和展望，并提出了值得开展研究的若干前沿课题。文章还给出５幅图解和约１００篇参考文献。     

环境保护的哲学思考

阐述了环境工作的哲学属性，对所谓环境工作(包括环保工作)认为就是遵循客观规律，主要是自然规律和市场经济规律，综合运用行政的、经济的、法律的、教育的、技术的等手段，主要是运用经济的和法律的手段，调节环境与发展之间的关系，促使其间的矛盾由“两难”向“双赢”转化，不断在更高层次上寻求环境与发展的相对统一，为环境和经济、社会的可持续发展作出贡献。     

环境风险评价简介

在概述了环境风险评价的必要性、现状和研究进展的基础上，介绍了环境风险评价研究的有关基本概念以及风险评价的主要内容、方法和步骤，指出风险评价中存在的不足，并在此基础上提出了一些建议。     

环境建设与环境投资

本文要讨论要很好贯彻经济与环境协调发展的方针，使经济、城乡和环境建设同步进行，必须在环境影响评价报告中列有环境投资。环境投资可按拟建工程对环境影响主要对象、主要影响地区及其可能影响和关键环境问题进行估算。环境措施得以实现，须贯彻“三同时”制度。“三同时”制度能顺利贯彻，须将环境投资列入工程投资总预算中。长江三峡利枢纽工程生态和环境影响评价工作，在环境投资上创造了先例，并列入总预算中。有些措施正超前     

环境执法面临的问题和对策

介绍了当前环境执法面临的主要问题，如基层执法人员业务素质不高；地方保护主义干扰环保执法；缺乏必要的强制手段等，简要分析了其中的原因，并提出相应的对策，如建设高素质、高水平的执法队伍；从立法上赋予环境保护行政主管部门强制的执行权；提高群众的环境法律意识，加强其参与环境执法的程度；加快管理体制创新，逐步完善和理顺环境管理体制等。     

客户——服务器结构下环境信息系统的开发与集成

本文概述了环境信息系统的功能和发展，介绍了９０年代出现并在国际上占据信息系统主流平台的客户／服务器计算机体系结构，提出了客户／服务器结构下环境信息系统的开发与集成方法，并介绍了基于客户／服务器结构、覆盖我国２７个省的中国省级环境信息系统的开发情况。     

持久性污染物控制原理研究取得突破

持久性污染物质的环境界面化学与控制技术原理，是指重金属与难降解有机污染物的若干环境界面化学过程及控制技术原理，也是国际环境科学界争论和研究的热点问题。中国科学院生态环境研究中心的单孝全、汤鸿霄、王子健、钱易和陈静生等专家学者，通过对该课题的研究，提出了创新性学术见解，获得国际学术界较高的评价和较多的引用。其中部分成果已被成功应用于水处理实践。     

应用指数平滑法建立城市工业三废排放量预测模型

指数平滑法是常用的一种时间序列预测方法，但用于环境预测的先例则较少。本文以南通市１９８１－１９９０年工业三废排放量时间序列为例，简要介绍了该法的原理以及平滑计算、建模、预测和精度分析的过程，并对其在环境预测中的应用效果进行了探讨，结果表明，该法与目前环境预测中常用的回归法相比，具有数据来源较易，不需要特殊分布，计算简单，精度较高等明显的优点，充分显示出该法在环境预测中应用的可行性。     

增强环保应急能力势在必行

四川汶川地震发生后，环境保护部立即启动一级应急响应，迅速制订了“地震灾区应急监测实施方案”，把保障饮用水安全放在首位，在地震灾区全面开展隐患排查，及时消除了环境隐患。截至目前，灾区没有发生次生重大环境事件，环境应急预案再次经受了实战的检验。但在抗震救灾中，对极端自然灾害风险评估不足、应急交通工具和监测设备落后等问题也较明显地暴露出来。     

Interactions of Physical, Chemical, and Biological Weather Calling for an Integrated Approach to Assessment, Forecasting, and Communication of Air Quality

This article reviews interactions and health impacts of physical, chemical, and biological weather. Interactions and synergistic effects between the three types of weather call for integrated assessment, forecasting, and communication of air quality. Today’s air quality legislation falls short of addressing air quality degradation by biological weather, despite increasing evidence for the feasibility of both mitigation and adaptation policy options. In comparison with the existing capabilities for physical and chemical weather, the monitoring of biological weather is lacking stable operational agreements and resources. Furthermore, integrated effects of physical, chemical, and biological weather suggest a critical review of air quality management practices. Additional research is required to improve the coupled modeling of physical, chemical, and biological weather as well as the assessment and communication of integrated air quality. Findings from several recent COST Actions underline the importance of an increased dialog between scientists from the fields of meteorology, air quality, aerobiology, health, and policy makers.     

Biogeochemical consequences of a changing Arctic shelf seafloor ecosystem

Unprecedented and dramatic transformations are occurring in the Arctic in response to climate change, but academic, public, and political discourse has disproportionately focussed on the most visible and direct aspects of change, including sea ice melt, permafrost thaw, the fate of charismatic megafauna, and the expansion of fisheries. Such narratives disregard the importance of less visible and indirect processes and, in particular, miss the substantive contribution of the shelf seafloor in regulating nutrients and sequestering carbon. Here, we summarise the biogeochemical functioning of the Arctic shelf seafloor before considering how climate change and regional adjustments to human activities may alter its biogeochemical and ecological dynamics, including ecosystem function, carbon burial, or nutrient recycling. We highlight the importance of the Arctic benthic system in mitigating climatic and anthropogenic change and, with a focus on the Barents Sea, offer some observations and our perspectives on future management and policy.     

Source identification of copper, lead, nickel, and zinc loading in wastewater reclamation plant influents from corrosion of brass in plumbing fixtures

A natural experiment indicated that a link between the presence and concentration of four elements, copper, lead, nickel, and zinc in the influent to two wastewater reclamation plants to the presence and concentrations of the same four elements in the tap water of residential properties. There were 36 populations of results that were assessed for the normality of their distribution, the difference in their median concentrations, the similarity in the ratios of their median concentrations, and the correlations of the concentrations. The results of this study suggest that brass corrosion is the major source of these four elements in the water reclamation plants influent and that there are two distinct populations of brass sources, those in the early stages of dezincification where the release of the non-copper elements is dominant and those in the later stages where the release of copper dominates and the type of brass that is corroding.     

Heavy metal pollution in China: Origin,pattern and control

GOAL, SCOPE AND BACKGROUND: Heavy metal is among one of the pollutants, which cause severe threats to humans and the environment in China. The aim of the present review is to make information on the source of heavy metal pollution, distribution of heavy metals in the environment, and measures of pollution control accessible internationally, which are mostly published in Chinese. METHODS: Information from scientific journals, university journals and governmental releases are compiled focusing mainly on Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn. Partly Al, As, Cr, Fe, Hg, Mn and Ni a included also in part as well. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: In soil, the average contents of Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn are 0.097, 22.6, 26.0 and 74.2 mg/kg, respectively. In the water of the Yangtze River Basin, the concentrations of Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn are 0.080, 7.91, 15.7 and 18.7 microg/L, respectively. In reference to human activities, the heavy metal pollution comes from three sources: industrial emission, wastewater and solid waste. The environment such as soil, water and air were polluted by heavy metals in some cases. The contents of Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn even reach 3.16, 99.3, 84.1 and 147 mg/kg, respectively, in the soils of a wastewater irrigation zone. These contaminants pollute drinking water and food, and threaten human health. Some diseases resulting from pollution of geological and environmental origin, were observed with long-term and non-reversible effects. CONCLUSIONS: In China, the geological background level of heavy metal is low, but with the activity of humans, soil, water, air, and plants are polluted by heavy metals in some cases and even affect human health through the food chain. RECOMMENDATIONS AND OUTLOOK: To remediate and improve environmental quality is a long strategy for the polluted area to keep humans and animals healthy. Phytoremediation would be an effective technique to remediate the heavy metal pollutions.     

The occurrence of antihistamines in sewage waters and in recipient rivers

Background, aim and scope  Each year, large quantities of pharmaceuticals are consumed worldwide for the treatment and prevention of human and animal diseases. Although the drugs and the metabolites observed in the wastewaters and in the environment are present at concentrations several orders of magnitude lower than the concentrations required to exert their effects in humans or animals, their long-term impact on the environment is commonly not known. In this study, the occurrence of six antihistamines, which are used for the relief of allergic reactions such as hay fever, was determined in sewage treatment plants wastewaters and in recipient river waters. Materials and methods  The occurrence of the antihistamines cetirizine, acrivastine, fexofenadine, loratadine, desloratadine and ebastine in sewage treatment plants wastewaters and in recipient river waters was studied. The analytical procedure consisted of solid-phase extraction of the water samples followed by liquid chromatography separation and detection by a triple-quadrupole mass spectrometer in the multiple reaction mode. Results  Cetirizine, acrivastine and fexofenadine were detected in both influent and effluent wastewater samples at concentration levels ranging from about 80 to 220 ng/L, while loratadine, desloratadine and ebastine could not be detected in any samples. During sewage treatment, the concentration of the antihistamines dropped by an average of 16–36%. Furthermore, elevated concentrations of antihistamines were observed in samples collected during the season of most intensive plant pollen production, i.e. in May. In the river water samples, the relative pattern of occurrence of cetirizine, acrivastine and fexofenadine was similar to that in the wastewater samples; although the concentration of the compounds was substantially lower (4–11 ng/L). The highest concentrations of the studied drugs were observed near the discharging point of the sewage treatment plant. Discussion  The highest concentrations of antihistamines in STP wastewaters correlate with the outbreak of allergic reaction caused by high amounts of plant pollens in the air. The analysis results of the river water samples show that the antihistamines are carried far away from the effluent discharge points. They may account for a part of the mix of pharmaceuticals and of pharmaceutical metabolites that occur downstream of STPs. Conclusions  Antihistamines are poorly degraded/eliminated under the biological treatment processes applied in the wastewater treatment plants and, consequently, they are continuously being discharged along with other drugs to the aquatic environment. Recommendations and perspectives  As a huge quantity and variety of drugs and their metabolites are continuously discharged to rivers and the sea, the compounds should be considered as contaminants that may possess risks to the aquatic ecosystem. Further studies are urgently needed on the environmental fate of the antihistamines and other pharmaceuticals in the aquatic environment. These studies should be concerned with the stability of the compounds, their transformation reactions and the identity of the transformation products, the distribution of drugs and their uptake and effects in organisms. On the basis of these studies, the possible environmental hazards of pharmaceuticals may be assessed.     

Assessing Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, and Cd pollution in bottom sediments of Wadi Al-Arab Dam, Jordan

Thirty five bottom sediment samples were collected in a grid pattern from Wadi Al-Arab Dam. The present study focuses on the levels of Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, Cd, total organic matter (TOM) and carbonate content (CO(3)(-2)) in order to assess the extent of environmental pollution and to discuss the origin of these contaminants in sediments of the dam. Concentration data were processed using correlation analysis and factor analysis. The results of correlation analysis and factor analysis show low positive and negative correlations among Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, Cd, TOM, and CO(3)(-2) and indicate that heavy metals in sediments of Wadi Al-Arab have different anthropogenic and natural sources. The results also confirm the complicated behavior of these pollutants, that can be influenced by many factors. Sediments pollution assessment was carried out using enrichment factor and the geoaccumulation index. The calculation of enrichment factors showed that Mn and Cu are depleted by 0.76, and 1.33, respectively, whereas Cu, Zn, and Cd are enriched by 3.6, and 30, respectively. The results of geoaccumulation index reveal that sediments of Wadi Al-Arab are uncontaminated with Mn, Fe, and Cu, moderately contaminated with Zn, and strongly to extremely contaminated with Cd. Some of the elevated concentration of Zn and Cd are probably due to anthropogenic sources nearby the dam site. These sources mainly include fertilizers and pesticides used in agricultural activities, and the effluent of Irbid City treatment plant. Environmental risks of Cd and Zn were evaluated using the risk assessment code (RAC) and sequential extraction method. Zn poses a low environmental risk, whereas Cd poses a medium environmental risk.     

污泥堆肥施用于草坪草栽培：Zn和Cu的分布特征

为了探索污泥堆肥中重金属在土壤一植物系统中的积累与转移特性,通过温室盆栽实验,分析了污泥堆肥对草坪草高羊茅、黑麦草和白三叶生物量积累的情况,研究了污泥堆肥中Zn和Cu在植物和土壤中的分布特征。结果表明,污泥堆肥施用可以有效促进3种草坪草的积累生物量,在0～6kg／m2的污泥堆肥施用量范围内,草坪草的生物量积累随着施用量的增加而提高。土壤中Zn和Cu的含量随污泥堆肥施加量的增加而增大,85％以上的Zn和Cu残留在土壤中。污泥堆肥中的Zn和Cu均可以被植物吸收,随着污泥堆肥施用量的增加,草坪草对Zn和Cu的吸收量增大,但当污泥堆肥施用量超过一定阈值时,草坪草吸收zn和cu不再增加,甚至减少;对于不同的草坪草,这一阈值有所不同。植物对zn和cu的吸收量只占土壤中zn和cu减少量的5％左右。根据生物富集系数（BCF）的计算结果推测,污泥堆肥的施用对土壤环境的影响大于对植物体内累积zn和Cu的影响。     

Metals distribution in soils around the cement factory in southern Jordan

Thirty one soil samples were collected from south Jordan around the cement factory in Qadissiya area. The samples were obtained at two depths, 0-10 cm and 10-20 cm and were analyzed by atomic absorption spectrophotometery for Pb, Zn, Cd, Fe, Cu and Cr. Physicochemical factors believed to affect their mobility of metals in soil of the study area were examined such as; pH, TOM, CaCO3, CEC and conductivity. The relatively high concentrations of lead, zinc and cadmium in the soil samples of the investigated area were related to anthropogenic sources such as cement industry, agriculture activities and traffic emissions. It was found that the lead, zinc and cadmium have the highest level in area close to the cement factory, while the concentration of chromium was low. This study indicate that all of the metals are concentrated on the surface soil, and decreased in the lower part of the soil, this due to reflects their mobility and physical properties of soil and its alkaline pH values. The use of factor analysis showed that anthropogenic activities seem to be the responsible source of pollution for metals in urban soils.     

南京大气细粒子中重金属污染特征及来源解析简

利用2011年1月、4月、7月和10月在南京市区和北郊采集的气溶胶样品,研究了南京大气细粒子中Zn、Pb、Hg、As和Cd 5种重金属的污染水平,通过元素相关性分析和因子分析方法,对细粒子中这些重金属的污染来源进行了初步解析。结果表明,南京大气细粒子及其重金属污染严重,北郊普遍比市区严重;As严重超标,Cd在南京北郊超标约5倍,Zn在市区与北郊的质量浓度均高于其他重金属元素。每种重金属的浓度均随季节而变化。市区细粒子中,As和Zn可能主要与燃煤、轮胎灰尘和建筑扬尘等有关,Pb、Hg和Cd主要来自交通尘、城市垃圾焚烧等。北郊细粒子中,As、Hg和Zn主要来源于燃煤、钢铁冶炼等工业,Pb和Cd主要与农作物秸秆燃烧、汽车尾气、道路扬尘等影响有关。     

废水处理用聚乙烯生物填料表面改性与表征研究

采用化学氧化-铁离子覆盖和化学氧化-表面接枝2种方法对聚乙烯生物填料进行表面改性,并使用接触角、扫描电镜及X射线光电子能谱等手段对改性前后的填料表面进行表征,同时还考察其在废水处理中的挂膜速度和处理效果。结果表明,2种改性方法都能使填料表面形成腐蚀坑而增加了表面粗糙度,并引入基团使填料表面呈正电性,使得填料的亲水性与生物亲和性增强,有利于微生物的粘附。2种改性方法可将挂膜时间分别缩短37.5%和60%,挂膜量分别提高54.8%和76.1%,COD的去除率也分别提高10.63%和8.64%。