废旧冰箱拆解聚氨酯泡沫塑料制备PU/PP复合材料

利用废旧冰箱拆解的聚氨酯泡沫塑料(PU)和聚丙烯(PP)、聚丙烯接枝马来酸酐(PP-g-MAH)为原料,采用物理化学回收技术制备PU/PP复合材料。用正交实验法分析PU填充量、PU粒径和PP-g-MAH 3个因素对PU/PP复合材料力学性能影响的显著性。结果表明,PU填充量对PU/PP复合材料拉伸性能有显著影响,对冲击性能和弯曲性能没有显著影响;在本文的实验范围内,PU粒径对PU/PP复合材料的力学性能影响不大;而PP-g-MAH投加量对PU/PP复合材料具有一定的影响。确定的优化工艺配方为:PU 40%;PU粒径选择2.00 mm;PP-g-MAH投加量10%。采用优化工艺制备的PU/PP复合材料的密度为1 042.88 kg/m3;冲击强度为2.9 kJ/m2;拉伸强度为10.30 MPa;拉伸模量为1 100 MPa;弯曲强度为18.5 MPa;弯曲模量为733 MPa。     

造纸污泥硫化氢释放量及控制研究

研究TCuSO_4、NaClO、KMnO_4、H_2O_2处理液及其浓度对造纸污泥硫化氢释放量的影响.结果表明.随各处理液浓度增大,硫化氢释放量有不同程度的减少;各种处理液均能明显降低造纸污泥硫化氢释放量,效果从好到差依次为CuSO_4、NaClO、KMnO_4、H_2O_2;CuSO_4的除臭机制是铜离子抑制细菌生长,同时与硫化氢反应生成不溶的CuS;而NaClO、KMnO_4、H_2O_2除臭机制是抑制细菌生长和氧化硫化氢产生单质硫;干污泥硫化氢释放量比湿污泥大.     

基于无线射频识别技术的废旧汽车回收模型建立及应用研究

针对中国废旧汽车回收过程中缺乏有效信息系统支撑及先进信息采集手段等问题,将无线射频识别技术(RFID)引入到废旧汽车的回收中.从提高回收决策水平、完善产品信息、增加回收价值3个角度阐述了废旧汽车回收对RFID的应用需求.根据循环经济的"3R"原则及RFID的特性,构建了基于RFID的废旧汽车回收模型,分析了废旧汽车回收过程中各主体活动和RFID的应用流程,并提出了RFID应用在废旧汽车回收利用中的建议.     

河道沉积物中磷的分布、吸附及释放规律研究

为科学评价磷在河道沉积物中的环境行为,在模拟条件下研究了上海市进木港和苏州河沉积物中磷的分布形态、吸附特征及释放规律.结果表明:(1)2种沉积物中碎屑钙磷(De-P)浓度最高,闭蓄态磷(Oc-P)次之,其他形态磷浓度相对较低,而活性磷中以铁磷(Fe-P)为主;(2)2种沉积物对磷的吸附均符合线性方程,在4.0h时基本达...     

羟基磷灰石的制备及除氟性能研究

采用化学沉淀法,使用不同原料制备羟基磷灰石;研究羟基磷灰石的除氟性能及除氟机理。静态吸附试验结果表明,样品对氟离子的吸附性能良好,吸附平衡时间一般在3 h左右;随着溶液氟离子浓度的增加,平衡吸附容量不断增加,两者都没有极限值,属于弗兰德里希（Freundlich）吸附。     

地氟病区农田土壤中全氟化合物的组成及污染特征研究

为探究中国西南地氟病区农田土壤中全氟化合物(PFCs)的污染状况,对四川省泸州市古蔺县65个农田土壤样品中PFCs的组成及其与土壤性质参数(pH、有机质、总氟和水溶性氟)的相关性进行了研究.结果表明:古蔺县农田土壤以中性为主,有机质质量分数为2.62％～14.01％,平均值为7.78％.土壤氟含量分析结果显示,该地区土...     

季铵化改性木屑纤维素的制备及对氟离子的吸附研究

以3-氯-2-羟丙基三甲基氯化铵(CTA)为醚化剂,对木屑纤维素进行了季铵化改性.探讨了季铵化改性木屑纤维素用量、pH、吸附温度、氟离子初始浓度和吸附时间对氟离子静态吸附率的影响,以及流速对氟离子动态吸附率的影响.结果表明:(1)静态吸附最佳工艺条件:季铵化改性木屑纤维素用量为3.0 g/L,pH为4.0～6.0,吸附温度为25 ℃,吸附时间为120 min.在此最佳工艺条件下,季铵化改性木屑纤维素对100 mL 50.00 mg/L氟离子溶液的吸附率最高可达90.11%.(2)在pH为5.0、25 ℃的条件下,将50.00 mg/L氟离子溶液以5 mL/min的流速流经装有3.0 g/L季铵化改性木屑纤维素的吸附柱,吸附率可达97.95%.(3)季铵化改性木屑纤维素对溶液中氟离子的吸附过程为放热过程,在吸附过程中存在着化学吸附.(4)木屑来源丰富、价格价廉,季铵化改性木屑纤维素对溶液中氟离子的吸附效果好,且吸附工艺简单、易于实现工业化,具有良好的应用前景.     

原油对纳米SiO2/聚偏氟乙烯离子膜的污染及清洗技术研究

聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)膜的疏水性限制了其在水处理领域的应用.采用纳米SiO2/PVDF离子膜电渗析对含原油高矿化度污水进行膜污染试验.结果表明,纳米SiO2/PVDF离子膜抗油珠污染的能力较强于PVDF膜.乳化油珠在电场的作用下向阴离子膜表面迁移,并在阴离子膜表面浓集、聚并,形成油膜,堵塞离子通道,少量原油以憎水膜的形式覆盖于活性基团上.扫描电镜和能谱分析表明,膜面有机污染物主要是石油类污染物,无机污染物主要是CaCO3等无机物污垢.原油污染的纳米Si02/PVDF离子膜的较佳清洗方法为碱-表面活性剂法.     

Degradation rates of CFC-11, CFC-12 and CFC-113 in anoxic shallow aquifers of Araihazar, Bangladesh

Chlorofluorocarbons CFC-11 (CCl(3)F), CFC-12 (CCl(2)F(2)), and CFC-113 (CCl(2)F-CClF(2)) are used in hydrology as transient tracers under the assumption of conservative behavior in the unsaturated and saturated soil zones. However, laboratory and field studies have shown that these compounds are not stable under anaerobic conditions. To determine the degradation rates of CFCs in a tropical environment, atmospheric air, unsaturated zone soil gas, and anoxic groundwater samples were collected in Araihazar upazila, Bangladesh. Observed CFC concentrations in both soil gas and groundwater were significantly below those expected from atmospheric levels. The CFC deficits in the unsaturated zone can be explained by gas exchange with groundwater undersaturated in CFCs. The CFC deficits observed in (3)H/(3)He dated groundwater were used to estimate degradation rates in the saturated zone. The results show that CFCs are degraded to the point where practically no (<5%) CFC-11, CFC-12, or CFC-113 remains in groundwater with (3)H/(3)He ages above 10 yr. In groundwater sampled at our site CFC-11 and CFC-12 appear to degrade at similar rates with estimated degradation rates ranging from approximately 0.25 yr(-1) to approximately 6 yr(-1). Degradation rates increased as a function of reducing conditions. This indicates that CFC dating of groundwater in regions of humid tropical climate has to be carried out with great caution.     

Analysis of 3-year observations of CFC-11, CFC-12 and CFC-113 from a semi-rural site in China

In-situ measurements of atmospheric chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) can be used to the assess their global and regional emissions and to check for compliance with phase-out schedules under Montreal protocol and its amendments. The atmospheric mixing ratios of CFC-11 (CCl₃F), CFC-12 (CCl₂F₂) and CFC-113 (CCl₂F–CClF₂) have been measured by an automated in-situ GC-ECDs system at the regional Chinese Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW) station Shangdianzi (SDZ), from November 2006 to October 2009. The time series for these three principal CFCs showed large episodic events and background conditions occurred for approximately 30% (CFC-11), 52% (CFC-12) and 56% (CFC-113) of the measurements. The mean background mixing ratios for CFC-11, CFC-12 and CFC-113 were 244.8 ppt (parts per trillion, 10^?12, molar) 539.6 ppt and 76.8 ppt, respectively, for 2006–2009. The enhanced CFC mixing ratios compared to AGAGE sites such as Trinidad Head (THD), US and Mace Head (MHD), Ireland suggest regional influences even during background conditions at SDZ, which is much closer to highly-populated areas. Between 2006 and 2009 background CFCs exhibited downward trends at rates of ?2.0 ppt yr^?1 for CFC-11, ?2.5 ppt yr^?1 for CFC-12 and ?0.7 ppt yr^?1 for CFC-113. De-trended 3-year average background seasonal cycles displayed small fluctuations with peak-to-trough amplitudes of 1.0 ± 0.02 ppt (0.4%) for background CFC-11, 1.3 ± 2.1 ppt (0.3%) for CFC-12 and 0.2 ± 0.4 ppt (0.3%) for CFC-113. On the other hand, during pollution periods these CFCs showed much larger seasonal cycles of 11.2 ± 10.7 ppt (5%) for CFC-11, 7.5 ± 6.5 ppt (2%) for CFC-12 and 1.0 ± 1.2 ppt (1.2%) for CFC-113, with apparent winter minima and early summer maxima. This enhancement was attributed to prevailing wind directions from urban regions in summer and to enhanced anthropogenic sources during the warm season. In general, horizontal winds from northeast showed negative contribution to atmospheric CFCs loading, whereas South Western advection (urban sector: Beijing) had positive contributions.     

A life-cycle comparison of several auxiliary blowing agents used for the manufacture of rigid polyurethane foam

In a commitment to zero ozone depletion, the United Nations and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) have called for the phase-out of the manufacture and import of hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs), used as auxiliary blowing agents (ABAs) in the manufacture of polyurethane foams. As a result, more environmentally benign alternative ABAs are being sought by the foam-blowing industry. This study examined the life cycle of HCFC-22, hydrofluorocarbon-134a (HFC-134a), and cyclopentane, which are currently used or considered as potential alternative ABAs in the manufacture of rigid polyurethane foams that serve as insulation in a model North American refrigerator. The raw material extraction/refining, manufacturing, use, and disposal stages of the life cycle of each ABA were considered, and their resulting relative impacts on ozone depletion and global warming were compared. The manufacturing, use, and disposal stages were determined to affect ozone depletion and global warming to the largest extent, emphasizing the need for a greater focus on pollution prevention opportunities in these stages. The HFC-134a life cycle yields no impact on ozone depletion and a significantly decreased global warming impact compared with its predecessor, HCFC-22, and a tradeoff of slightly higher global warming impact and fewer added safety concerns compared with its more flammable counterpart, cyclopentane.     

Decline in the concentrations of chlorofluorocarbons (CFC-11, CFC-12 and CFC-113) in an urban area of Beijing,China

During this study 352 whole air samples were collected in an urban area of Beijing between January 2005 and March 2007. The temporal variation of the concentrations of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs: CFC-11, CFC-12, and CFC-113) in air in the Beijing urban atmosphere is presented and discussed. The weighted mean monthly values of these concentrations have been compared with the data from the north hemisphere. It has been concluded that, in the observed period of time, the mean enhancement of CFCs was relatively small, with increase of 10–15%, with respect to the global background. Change rate in concentrations of CFCs is −1.39, −1.04, and −0.16 pptv/month for CFC-11, CFC-12, and CFC-113, respectively. The tendency of the CFC concentration of the three compounds toward background values is observed to fall and indicates that limitation of emission of CFCs is taking effect, under the Montreal Protocol.     

废旧家用电器回收利用及处理处置技术

随着大量家用电器进入报废期,废旧家用电器的资源化回收利用成为一个新的环境问题。介绍了国内外废旧家电的回收利用状况、处理方法和工艺流程,重点介绍了废印刷线路板的处理工艺和废塑料的再生利用,并针对我国的实际问题提出了相应的措施和办法。     

医疗垃圾高压蒸汽消毒器设计

医疗垃圾是一种具有急性生物危害性的危险废物。医疗垃圾高压蒸汽消毒法是一种以饱和蒸汽或过热蒸汽为工质的二次污染物少、简便有效、投资省、运行费用低的处理方法。本文以湖南省长沙市为例 ,选 13 2℃ ,2 0 0kPa的过热蒸汽为工质 ,设计了一种用于医疗垃圾集中处理的高压蒸汽消毒器 ,并对其运行过程作了详细分析     

The use of CFC-12, CFC-11 and CH3CCl3 to trace terrestrial airborne pollutant transport by land–sea breezes

Time-series observations of the atmospheric concentrations of the halocarbons, trichlorofluorocarbon (CFC-11), dichlorofluorocarbon (CFC-12), 1,2-trichlorofluoroethane (CFC-113), methyl chloroform (CH₃CCl₃) and carbon tetrachloride (CCl₄) were conducted at a site in Lukang, in Central Taiwan between April and August 2004. Fluctuations in atmospheric concentrations of CFC-11, CFC-12 and CH₃CCl₃ were generally driven by diurnal land–sea breeze and anthropogenic activity in this area. Elevated levels of CFC-11, CFC-12, and CH₃CCl₃ frequently occurred when the air was stagnant and the prevailing seaward land breeze was dominant. Atmospheric concentrations of CFC-113 and CCl₄ were much less variable relative to CFC-11, CFC-12 and CH₃CCl₃ during the same period, indicating that emissions of these two species from anthropogenic activities were small. The time-series distributions of atmospheric levels of CFC-12, CFC-11, CH₃CCl₃ and CO were characterized as a diurnal cycle with an elevated level at night and a low level during the daytime for most of the observed periods. As CFC-12, CFC-11 and CH₃CCl₃ behave as traffic- and industry-derived airborne pollutants in the urban atmosphere, they provide as a useful tracer in the application for the study of terrestrial airborne pollutants transport across the coastal area driven by land–sea breezes in this area.     

Mobile fission and activation products in nuclear waste disposal

When disposing nuclear waste in clay formations it is expected that the most radiotoxic elements like Pu, Np or Am move only a few centimetres to meters before they decay. Only a few radionuclides are able to reach the biosphere and contribute to their long-term exposure risks, mainly anionic species like I129, Cl36, Se79 and in some cases C14 and Tc99, whatever the scenario considered. The recent OECD/NEA cosponsored international MOFAP workshop focussed on transport and chemical behaviour of these less toxic radionuclides. New research themes have been addressed, such as how to make use of molecular level information for the understanding of the problem of migration at large distances. Diffusion studies need to face mineralogical heterogeneities over tens to hundreds of meters. Diffusion rates are very low since the clay rock pores are so small (few nm) that electrostatic repulsion limits the space available for anion diffusion (anion exclusion). The large volume of traversed rock will provide so many retention sites that despite weak retention, even certain of these “mobile” nuclides may show significant retardation. However, the question how to measure reliably very low retention parameters has been posed. An important issue is whether redox states or organic/inorganic speciation change from their initial state at the moment of release from the waste during long term contact with surfaces, hydrogen saturated environments, etc.