国家生态文明建设试点示范区指标合理性探讨

环保部于2013年5月23日颁布的《国家生态文明建设试点示范区指标（试行）》（以下简称《指标（试行）》）已实施有9个月。到目前为止,全国已有6批生态文明建设试点地区参照《指标》要求确定生态文明建设目标,编制生态文明规划。然而,实际工作中发现指标体系中部分指标的合理性有待商榷。本文通过对问题指标进行分类探讨,将指标存在的问题分为四大类：指标定义亟待完善、指标标准设定偏高、指标数据获取性差和参考标准有待更新。根据不同类型指标问题的特点,分别对指标进行分析并提出合理的改进和解决方案,为环保部对《指标（试行）》的进一步完善和改进提供了理论依据和思路,对我国生态文明建设工作持续健康发展起到了促进作用。     

天津市生态环境建设展望

本文紧密结合天津市生态环境的特点,坚持污染防治与生态环境保护并重的方针,优先抓好重点区域和重点工程,突出重点,分步实施,从天津市四个生态功能区入手,明确生态环境建设的主攻方向,即：（１）新建和完善天津市各级各类自然保护区;（２）在城市生态区规划建设城市生态环境圈;（３）以蓟北山区为代表,建设生态示范县;（４）中部平原区实行生态农业建设与开发;（５）东部滨海地区生态恢复与建立沿海生态经济型防护林体系     

演替视角下深圳近自然社区绿道植物配置实践分析

社区绿道作为绿道网络体系的"毛细"组成,分布广泛、贴近市民生活,可缓解城市人口密集和公共空间缺乏的矛盾。构建能够充分发挥生态功能的近自然社区绿道,对于改善城市生态环境、提高居民生活水平、促进城市可持续发展至关重要。近自然社区绿道建设的关键是符合地带性植被自然演替规律的绿廊的构建,其合理构建是社区绿道充分发挥其生态功能的保障。然而,目前绿道研究的相关文献资料主要集中于绿道的规划和设计,针对社区绿道植物配置的研究却未见报道。论文从植物种类统计、植物功能群统计、植物外来种统计、植物毒性统计4个方面调查了深圳社区绿道植被现状,研究表明:(1)调查绿道段植物种类丰富,功能群多样,存在外来种入侵和有毒植物隐患;(2)调查绿道段植被并不切合自然演替早期的植被构成,难以自行向顶级群落演替,后期维护成本高。同时以演替理论为基础,结合社区绿道绿廊植被调查现状,探讨了近自然社区绿道植物配置策略。具体包括4个方面:一是遵循演替规律,逐步提高多样性;二是模拟潜在自然植被,有序推进功能群;三是重视乡土植物,慎用外来植物;四是注意绿廊安全,勿用有毒植物。力求为社区绿道绿廊植物配置提供新思路,为绿道系统的可持续发展提供参考和借鉴。     

我国城市畜禽养殖业的水污染防治

近年来我国城市畜禽养殖业发展异常迅速，畜禽粪尿及废水的污染负荷已超过工业废水和生活污水的总和，成为城市新兴大污染产业，本文针对当前城市畜禽养殖业的发展概况，污染状况与危害，提出相应的水污染防治对策与措施（技术的、政策的和管理的）。     

基于重要性-绩效性分析法的绿道满意度调查研究

随着经济的发展,城市化进程加快,城市面临着人口剧增、交通拥堵等一系列问题,人们渴望在城市内拥有更多的绿色空间,绿道的出现一定程度上满足了人们的游憩需求。目前,对绿道的研究基本停留在经验的介绍、绿道规划建设和绿道网络评价等方面,而对绿道使用者特征和满意度研究较少。文章采用资料收集、实地考察和问卷调查等方法,对增城绿道游客的人口学特征和行为特征进行研究,研究表明:增城绿道游客的男女比例相对均衡,年龄主要集中在22~40岁之间,主要以家庭出游、学生团体出游为主,外地游客占总数接近一半,游客得知增城绿道的信息途径主要是亲朋好友推荐,游客到达增城绿道的方式主要是自驾游和自行车,游客对增城绿道的满意度及推荐意愿均很高。结合广东增城绿道的特点,确定了影响增城绿道满意度的20个因子,运用重要性-绩效性分析法(IPA分析法)对增城绿道满意度进行了实证研究,结果表明增城绿道管理中需优先解决的事项有便捷的公共交通、沿线垃圾桶的设置、沿线公共厕所的设置、沿线治安管理、沿线急救服务、道路的宽度和道路的安全性,并建议从完善公共交通系统与交通信息发布、加强绿道服务设施建设、注重安全管理的宣传等3个方面改进增城绿道服务水平。     

广州市南沙区海岸防护林群落构建技术研究

森林是稳固和改善生态环境的重要载体,因其能提供巨大的生态服务功能而备受各国政府和学界的关注。珠江三角洲地区城市化进程的步伐逐渐加快,带来一系列环境问题。以广州市南沙区海岸景观防护林（也即河涌水网林、公路隔离林、海岸防风林）建设为例,主要研究了防护林的关键构建模式、林分群落结构等方面内容。结果显示,采用多层次的乔灌草配置,遵循适地适树的原则,以本土树种为主,搭配部分优良的引进树种,采取适合的营林措施,可构建出具有一定防护功能的人工林群落。广州南沙防护林建设是珠三角地区城市森林建设的一个缩影和代表,为我国南方城市森林建设理论的创建提供了一定的参考经验。破解城市化危机,创建宜居城市环境,实现城市可持续发展,应综合考虑城市的人口集中程度,经济发展规模,环境污染模式,针对具体的水分、气候和土壤等要素,运用多学科理论和技术,制定合适的森林构建模式,并需要政府、社会组织、以及公众的协同努力。     

珠江三角洲城市群生态安全评价及态势分析

着眼于珠三角地区生态环境问题,进行城市群生态安全评价及预测研究,以掌握珠三角城市群生态安全时空分异,为地区生态安全维护与管理决策提供参考。基于PSR模型,从资源、环境、人口和社会经济等方面选取15个指标,构建珠三角城市群生态安全评价指标体系;利用加权平均法对珠三角各市及城市群1978—2015年的生态安全状况进行综合评价;采用回归分析方法构建预测模型,对珠三角城市群未来7年生态安全水平进行预测。结果表明,(1)区域内生态安全呈现出东、西和中部的分异,中部明显低于东、西部。(2)珠三角城市群生态安全呈现逐渐下滑态势,较严重的是广州、深圳和珠海市,评价值基本在0.39~0.72之间,处于较安全向不安全等级变化,广州以2008年和2012年为临界点;其余城市(区域)则由较安全下滑至临界安全;未来7年内生态安全趋势不容乐观。(3)惠州和江门市的生态安全曲线波动频繁,在0.43~0.76之间,但变化幅度居中。(4)各城市生态系统子系统承受的压力、做出的响应以及呈现的状态各具特色。未来珠三角各市需因地制宜地采取环境整治措施,以促进城市群朝着可持续方向发展。     

城镇化与绿地退化对城市热环境影响研究

城市的发展和城市化进程的加速,导致建设用地的迅速膨胀和生态景观绿地的急剧减少,最终改变了城市热环境。以广州南部快速发展区为例,基于Landsat6遥感影像数据定量分析城市化及绿地系统的变化情况及其城市地表热场和热岛效应空间分布情况,探讨城市热场及热岛效应受城市化和绿地退化（以NDVI为表征）影响的定量关系。研究表明,广州南部地区的热环境状况与其地形特征之间有较密切的联系,城市热环境的分布变化与城镇建设用地和NDVI的分布变化有一定的相关性,特别是与NDVI呈现线性负相关,即地表温度随着归一化植被指数的增大而降低。结果表明,城镇化与绿地退化是导致城市热岛分布变化的影响因素之一。最后从生态角度出发,提出通过构建城市点状绿岛和带状生态廊道来改善城市热环境的可能性。     

第五届全国环境化学大会（2009年）论文征集通知

近年来,国内外环境化学研究发展非常迅速,我国在有毒化学污染物的检测、环境行为、演变趋势、生态效应、健康风险和控制技术等若干方面已取得了一系列创新性成果．这些成果提高了我国环境化学研究在国内外学术界的影响力,也为我国的环境保护做出了突出贡献．随着国家对环境保护的重视,我国环境化学的发展仍面临重大的机遇和挑战．     

陕西省生态城市建设评价指标体系

从陕西省各城市的社会状况和地域情况入手,选择和构建了适合陕西省自身情况的生态城市指标评价体系,并进一步建立了描述城市生态系统发展状况的标准化处理方法和计算方法,最后使用以上方法,对陕西省2008年的生态城市建设进行综合分析和评价。结果表明:陕西省10个城市的生态城市建设基本可以分为3类,其中西安等3个城市生态建设水平较高;铜川市等5个城市生态建设水平一般;延安市等2个城市生态城市建设水平较低。各个城市都应该依照自身情况明确生态建设的发展方向,制定生态建设方案,大力开展城市生态建设,从而使整个陕西省生态实现一体化发展。     

网络分析法在城市绿网优化中的应用

2005-2020年天津总规之绿地系统规划(总规绿网),由于缺乏绿网优化配置,其生态效益仍将不尽如人意。为此,采用图论和网络分析法(ANP),构建、评价了4个具有不同连接度和生态水平的绿网方案。ANP模型计算结果表明,绿网4最大化地利用现状和潜在廊道、连接各斑块,效益排序最优,成本次优,综合效益最高,且敏感度分析证明当效益与成本比大于0.25时,首位排序稳定。协调土地利用与交通等相关规划要素,给出基于网络4的绿地系统规划方案,为总规绿网优化提供依据。ANP适用于多目标、多因子、多方案决策,可解决以往网络指数与景观指数分离问题,实现不同顶点位置的网络评价,是绿网优化的有力工具。     

辽宁省污水综合排放标准刍议

针对《辽宁省污水综合排放标准》（DB21/1627—2008）实施以来暴露出的一些值得商榷的问题,对比分析了发达国家的污水排放标准,指出了在《辽宁省污水综合排放标准》（DB21/1627—2008）执行过程中应以建设时间为节点区别对待污水处理厂,应适当放宽总氮指标,分流域制定标准,建立标准的技术支撑体系等4个方面对《辽宁省污水综合排放标准》进行改进,以使《辽宁省污水综合排放标准》更适应社会、经济、技术的发展。     

基于LandsatTM影像的武汉市热岛效应研究

采用定量遥感与GIS相结合的方法,利用武汉市2006年TM遥感影像,定量分析武汉市植被指数和热岛效应的关系和空间分布。在空间剖面上,研究了植被指数（NDVI）与地表辐射温度的关系并对植被指数（NDVI）与地表辐射温度进行了回归拟合。在此基础上,研究了武汉市热岛空间分布,解释了武汉市热岛等级空间分布的特点。研究结果表明：植被指数（NDVll与地表辐射温度存在着明显的负相关性;随着植被覆盖的变化,城市建设用地的地表辐射温度明显比其他土地类型敏感;城市中工业区和人口活动密集的商业区热岛强度高;水体和绿地对于分割城市热岛和缓解热岛效应有显著作用。该研究可为城市生态规划、用地合理布局等提供参考。     

Hydraulic model for multi-sources reclaimed water pipe network based on EPANET and its applications in Beijing, China

Water shortage is one of the major water related problems for many cities in the world. The planning for utilization of reclaimed water has been or would be drafted in these cities. For using the reclaimed water soundly, Beijing planned to build a large scale reclaimed water pipe networks with multi-sources. In order to support the plan, the integrated hydraulic model of planning pipe network was developed based on EPANET supported by geographic information system (GIS). The complicated pipe network was divided into four weak conjunction subzones according to the distribution of reclaimed water plants and the elevation. It could provide a better solution for the problem of overhigh pressure in several regions of the network. Through the scenarios analysis in different subzones, some of the initial diameter of pipes in the network was adjusted. At last the pipe network planning scheme of reclaimed water was proposed. The proposed planning scheme could reach the balances between reclaimed water requirements and reclaimed water supplies, and provided a scientific basis for the reclaimed water utilization in Beijing. Now the scheme had been adopted by Beijing municipal government.     

Debt-for-nature swaps: an overview

SUMMARY

The debt crisis of developing countries in the early 1980s has been linked with environmental degradation. In order to combat the debt and environmental crisis, debt-for-nature swap transactions were proposed by Lovejoy in 1984. They involve a mechanism of exchange in which a certain amount of the debtor's foreign debt is cancelled or forgiven, in return for local currency from the debtor government to be invested in a domestic environmental protection project. The swaps may involve two governments, and in most cases, are aided by an International Non-Governmental Organization (INGO), who must have a local contact with a domestic NGO. The first swap (1987), between Bolivia and Conservation International (US-INGO) involved cancellation of $650 000 Bolivian foreign debt for exchange of $100 000 worth of local currency to be used towards the Beni Biosphere Reserve. Since 1987, swaps have resulted in an excess of US$1.5 billion in transactions. Debt-for-nature swaps may not provide debt relief of significant magnitude nor solve the world's environmental or conservation problems, they have enabled provision of additional funding to ailing environmental organizations (more than $100 million), raised a sense of awareness about environmental protection, and some environments especially in Costa Rica are benefiting from the process.     

Twenty years of achievements in China’s implementation of the Stockholm Convention

● China’s implementation of the SC was systematically studied. ● Implementation process of the SC can be roughly divided into three stages. ● DDT and HCH concentrations in the air have been steadily decreasing. ● China has safely disposed of 6352.1 tons of pesticide POPs. Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are extremely harmful to the environment and human health; the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants was therefore adopted by the international community in 2001 to eliminate or reduce the production, use, and emissions of POPs. China is the largest developing country that has signed the Stockholm Convention, and thus plays an important role in its implementation. This paper systematically studies the practice and achievements of China since it signed the Stockholm Convention 20 years ago. China has established an implementation guarantee system including institutions, implementation mechanisms, policies, law enforcement, and scientific and technological support. During the 20 years since the implementation of the Stockholm Convention, dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) concentrations in the air have been steadily decreasing, and Perfluorooctane sulfonic acid/Perfluorooctane sulfonyl fluoride (PFOS/PFOSF) concentrations in water bodies have decreased. In the past 20 years, China has safely disposed of 6352.1 tons of pesticide persistent organic pollutants and 36998 sets of electrical equipment containing polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), with a disposal rate of 100%. In the future, China will further strengthen the construction of persistent organic pollutant monitoring networks, scientific research, publicity, education, and international cooperation to improve environmental quality, providing a reference for other countries to implement the Stockholm Convention.     

Prioritizing debt conversion opportunities for marine conservation

Incentivized debt conversion is a financing mechanism that can assist countries with a heavy debt burden to bolster their long-term domestic investment in nature conservation. The Nature Conservancy, an international conservation-based nongovernmental organization, is adapting debt conversions to support marine conservation efforts by small island developing states and coastal countries. Prioritizing debt conversion opportunities according to their potential return on investment can increase the impact and effectiveness of this finance mechanism. We developed guidance on how to do so with a decision-support approach that relies on a novel threat-based adaptation of cost-effectiveness analysis. We constructed scenarios by varying parameters of the approach, including enabling conditions, expected benefits, and threat classifications. Incorporating both abatable and unabatable threats affected priorities across planning scenarios. Similarly, differences in scenario construction resulted in unique solution sets for top priorities. We show how environmental organizations, private entities, and investment banks can adopt structured prioritization frameworks for making decisions about conservation finance investments, such as debt conversions. Our guidance can accommodate a suite of social, ecological, and economic considerations, making the approach broadly applicable to other conservation finance mechanisms or investment strategies that seek to establish a transparent process for return-on-investment decision-making.     

典型POPs的生物降解修复技术研究与发展

生物吸附与降解是解决持久性有机污染物（POPs）最有潜力的方法之一,有必要介绍利用微生物把目标污染物转化为易降解的物质甚至矿化的POPs修复原理及其技术。对此,概述了近年来国内外基于微生物通过膜融合、胞质融合和核融合形成能够降解POPs的杂种细胞的细胞融合技术;基于降解性质粒的相容性,把能够降解不同污染物的质粒组合到一个菌种中,形成多质粒的新菌种,使微生物由于代谢途径的改变能够矿化POPs的基因工程菌构建技术;基于通过某些载体把酶固定于其中实现活性稳定、可以回收及可重复利用的酶固定化技术,以及基于降解菌活性酶分子亚基置换、降解菌活性酶的定点突变、降解酶的体外定向进化这几方面的酶构建技术;进一步分析基于分子生物学提高POPs生物修复能力的原理,指出经生物技术改造的工程菌和固定化酶未能进入实际应用的障碍所在。以多溴联苯醚（PBDEs）的微生物细胞吸收和降解机理作为典型POPs生物修复的案例,强调生物降解的过程强化需要建立多尺度上功能方面的适合;提出了分子生物学与基因工程学的结合在解决POPs环境污染方面未来的基础科学问题与研究思路。综合上述,典型POPs的生物修复技术的构建需要考虑宏观污染物协同降解的工艺理论,在基因水平、分子水平、反应器水平及工程水平上追求更高功能方面的适合。     

Capacity building for sustainable development: some Mexican perspectives

A broadly defined scientific Capacity Building (CB) for Sustainable Development (SD) is needed all around the world, and the development of innovative capacities in the developing countries is a priority. For this, first we need to know how this concept is applied in some developing countries. In this paper we present some Mexican experiences in the field of capacity building for sustainable development. The main problems are the monodisciplinary training of the specialists, the absence of a sound policy for promotion, career development and assessment of researchers, as well as of their projects when they are interdisciplinary and development-oriented. The main proposals to solve these problems are the creation of mechanisms that foster and legitimize interdisciplinary work; a decentralized planning process with the specific objective of establishing the needs and orientations on a regional basis; provide resources to long-term projects, and finally, consensus on asking international funding agencies for stronger support for public higher education institutions in developing countries in order to increase and strengthen their capacity for education and research in general, and in the field of SD in particular.     

中国农田主要温室气体排放特征与控制技术

全球气候变化已成为不争的事实,已经引起了各国科学家和政府的高度重视。人类活动向大气中排放的二氧化碳（CO2）、甲烷（CH4）和氧化亚氮（N2O）等温室气体浓度的增加是导致气候变化的重要原因之一。农田土壤是这三种温室气体的重要来源。文章概述了农田土壤CO2、CH4和N2O三种主要温室气体的排放机制,系统总结了国内对这三种温室气体排放通量的观测研究,提出了相应的减排技术对策,并对目前的研究问题和未来的发展方向作了深入的探讨,以期为控制农田土壤温室气体排放、发展低碳农业提供参考依据。