新乡市蔬菜大棚土壤重金属含量测定及评价

根据新乡市蔬菜大棚的分布状况,以北环地区蔬菜大棚0—20cm土壤为样品,利用电感耦合等离子体光谱发射法对样品中的重金属铜、锌含量进行测定,并对其含量进行评价分析。结果表明,蔬菜大棚土壤中Cu含量在2—11年内增长缓慢,大于11年的增长幅度大大增加;Zn含量在3—5年内累积增长幅度相对较大,而5—7年相对平缓,7—11年稍增大,大于11年的大大增加。从整体来看,新乡市蔬菜大棚土壤重金属含量处于安全范围之内。     

煤矸石酸雨淋滤特征的研究

本文对重庆中梁山煤矸石在自然酸度和模拟酸雨下静态态及动态淋溶特征进行了研究。结果表明,淋出液成弱碱性,其中的铅、锌、铬、镍、铜和铁等元素的浓度均超过了水综合排放标准和地面水环境质量标准规定的阈值;在模拟酸雨中上述离子的溶出能力强于在于蒸溜水中;温度升高时各元素及总离子的淋出量增大。     

辽宁省污灌区土壤重金属铜、铬、镉和汞的形态研究

文章采用Tessier连续提取+AAS和AFS法对辽宁省污灌区土壤中铜、铬、镉和汞4种重金属的形态进行分析。研究结果表明,辽宁省污灌区土壤中重金属铜、铬、镉和汞的全部高于背景值。铜和铬的各形态分布趋势为:残渣态有机态铁锰氧化态碳酸盐态可交换态,镉的各形态分布趋势为:可交换态残渣态有机结合态铁锰氧化物结合态碳酸盐结合态,汞的各形态分布趋势为:残渣态有机态铁锰氧化态碳酸盐态可交换态,但可交换态、碳酸盐态和铁锰氧化态的Hg含量很低,所占比例可忽略为0。     

成都市中心城区非渗透下垫面降雨径流污染物特性研究

为进一步分析成都市中心城区河流受降雨径流面源污染的影响,在2016年和2017年共监测了8场次降雨事件,结果发现:(1)成都市中心城区非渗透性下垫面径流中的COD和TN浓度基本高于地表V类水质标准; TP高于Ⅲ类水质标准的频次为41. 8%,重金属指标基本在地表Ⅲ类水以内,近年来成都市中心城区降雨径流面源污染有所缓解,但污染程度总体与上海市近似,但显著高于美国大中城市监测结果;(2)除屋顶外(30%),各下垫面固液分配比例基本表现出初期的颗粒态冲刷效应。马路和小区路面TP颗粒态比例大于50%,COD颗粒态比例为60%左右;(3)相关性分析表明,颗粒态物质是降雨径流污染物的重要来源,且大多源于有机耗氧物质。     

东北草甸黑土对镉和锌的吸附行为研究

采用平衡吸附法,研究了镉和锌在草甸黑土上的吸附行为,探讨草甸黑土对镉和锌吸附的影响因素。结果表明,随着镉和锌离子平衡浓度逐渐升高,草甸黑土对镉和锌的吸附量起初迅速增大,随后增幅渐趋平缓;采用Langmuir型等温吸附曲线拟合,确定草甸黑土对镉和锌的最大吸附量为：镉（0.7335mg·g^-1）〉锌（0.5388mg·g^-1）,这表明草甸黑土对镉的吸附能力比锌强;腐植酸会增强镉和锌在草甸黑土上的吸附能力,EDTA却会减弱镉和锌在草甸黑土上的吸附能力;经过铵盐处理,草甸黑土对镉和锌吸附量大小为：硫酸铵〉氯化铵〉乙酸铵,这3种铵盐都抑制草甸黑土对镉和锌的吸附;在一定的浓度范围内,随着pH值逐渐增大,草甸黑土对镉和锌的吸附量逐渐增加。研究结论为预测镉和锌在草甸黑土中的运移和防治镉和锌的污染提供科学依据。     

铬酐退铜液影响退铜因素的研究及分析

铬酐退铜由于成份简单、退铜速度快、易于操作而为厂家普遍采用。本文着重研究了铬酐退铜液影响退铜效果的主要因素,通过对「ＣｒＯ３」－ｔ以及「Ｃｕ」＾２＋－ｔ曲线的测量找出退铜液的反应规律。实验表明：提高「ＣｒＯ３」、酸浓度均可提高溶液的退铜能力;溶液中「ＳＯ４」＾２－的增加,则加剧铜的溶解;当溶液中的「ＣｒＯ３」＝１２３－１２６ｇ／Ｌ「Ｃｕ」＾２＋＝２２－２７ｇ／ｌ时,退铜液即失效。失效的退铜液靠单纯     

水动力变化对鲫鱼生命活动影响试验研究

为探究不同流速下鲫鱼的生理响应,以红鲫鱼(Carassius auratus Linnaeus)为研究对象,采用流速渐变环形水槽通过设置5个流速区模拟研究了不同流速条件对鲫鱼体重及酶活等指标的影响。结果表明,鲫鱼的体重及增长率基本随流速增加而减少,而超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、α-淀粉酶(AMY)活性和活性氧(ROS)含量基本随着水流速度增大先减小后增加。高流速区域(76. 3cm/s)鲫鱼ROS、SOD、AMY含量的变化显著(P 0. 05),而其它流速区域变化较小,这表明高流速(76. 3cm/s)对鲫鱼产生胁迫作用。鲫鱼流速适宜曲线研究发现36～42cm/s是鲫鱼最适宜的生存环境。研究结果可为闸坝建设后生态管理提供理论依据。     

浅析PCB废水中络合态铜的处理方法

在PCB废水中,铜是主要的重金属污染物。Cu^2＋可通过加碱沉淀法完全沉淀下来,而废水中含有的络合态铜往往是造成出水总铜不能达标排放的重要因素。本文对络合态铜的各种处理方法如：化学沉淀法、氧化还原法、生物法等作了简要介绍和分析。     

土壤pH对东南景天修复镉污染土壤的影响研究

东南景天是一种镉和锌的超积累植物,改变土壤p H能否有效提高其吸收镉的效率,需要进一步验证。采用盆栽实验研究不同土壤p H下东南景天吸收和积累Cd的差异以及对Ca Cl2提取有效态镉的影响。结果表明,降低土壤p H值显著提高了土壤镉的有效态含量。弱酸性土壤即p H接近5.5时东南景天生物量及累积镉的量最大,土壤镉去除率也最高,达6.6%。强酸性即当p H接近4时,虽然植物地上与地下镉含量均最高,但生物量最小,植物去除率较其他处理低。研究证实降低土壤p H是提高植物提取效率的有效办法,这为进一步利用东南景天修复镉污染土壤,提高修复效率提供了科学依据。     

骨炭＋沸石对重金属污染土壤的修复效果及评价

采用盆栽试验,研究了铜铅镉复合污染土壤添加骨炭和沸石前后对土壤pH值、土壤中重金属有效态含量、蕹菜生长、重金属吸收量的影响。结果表明,土壤污染后pH值显著降低,土壤中重金属有效态含量显著增加,蕹菜生长不良,株高、鲜重、干重显著降低,同时蕹菜重金属含量增加;添加固化剂后土壤pH值提高了2.21和2.29个单位,土壤有效态重金属含量显著降低,蕹菜株高、鲜重、干重增加,同时使轻度污染土壤上的蕹菜达到卫生安全标准。     

Bioaccumulation of metals in fishes: an in vivo experimental study of a sewage fed ecosystem

The bioaccumulation of copper, lead, zinc and chromium in the liver, intestine, ovary, muscles and brain in four fishes, Channa punctatus, Tilapia mossambica, Catla catla and Labeo rohita, in a sewage-fed jheel ecosystem was analysed. All the heavy metals have been found to accumulate in the four fishes when they are reliant on a sewage-fed ecosystem, in contrast to their freshwater control fish population. The relative accumulation rate of the heavy metals has been found in the order liver brain intestine muscle ovary bone. Of course, the accumulation rate varies from one metal to another in the different fishes. The effect of the bioaccumulation in the specific tissues provides a better basis for regular monitoring of exposure than whole body analyses.     

FACTORS INFLUENCING ACUTE TOXICfrY OF COAL ASH TO RAINBOW TROUT (SALMO GAIRDNERI) AND BLUEGILL SUNFISH (LEPOMIS MACROCHIRUS)1

ABSTRACT: The potentially toxic components in coal ash (ash particles, heavy metals) were evaluated in laboratory static, acute (96 hr) bioassays, both separately and in various combinations with extreme pH (5.0 and 8.5), using rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) and bluegifi sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus). Ash particle morphology and metal distribution anlaysis, using electron microscopy and surface-subsurface analysis by ion microscopy, showed that metals could be either clumped or evenly distributed on the surface of fly ash. Surface enrichment on fly ash particles from electrostatic precipitators, as measured by ion microscopy, was found for cadmium, copper, chromium, nickel, lead, mercury, titanium, arsenic, and selenium. Bottom (heavy) ash was not acutely toxic to either fish species at concentrations of up to 1500 mg/l total suspended solids (TSS) at pH 5.0, 7.5, or 8.5. Fly ash particles were not acutely toxic to blue-gill at levels up to 1360 mg/l TSS. Rainbow trout were highly sensitive to fly ash (25 to 60 percent mortality) at concentrations of 4.3 to 20.5 mg/I TSS when dissolved metal availability was high but were not sensitive at higher particulate concentrations (58 to 638 mg/I TSS) when dissolved metals were low. When metals were acid-leached from fly ash prior to testing, no rainbow trout mortality occurred at TSS concentrations of up to 2,350 mg/l TSS. When the percent of dissolved metal was high (e.g., 50–90 percent of the total), fish mortality was increased. Rainbow trout were nearly two orders of magnitude more sensitive than bluegill when subjected to a blend of cadmium, chromium, copper, nickel, lead, and zinc. The two species were similar in their acute sensitivity to acidic pH at levels at or below 4.0 and alkaline pH of 9.1. If the pH of coal ash effluent is contained within the range 6.0 to 9.0, acute toxicity to fish can be attributed to trace element availability from fly ash but not heavy ash. Control of holding pond and effluent pH and maximizing pond residence time are important strategies for minimizing effects of ash pond discharges on fish.     

GOLD-MINING EFFECTS ON HEAVY METALS IN STREAMS,CIRCLE QUADRANGLE,ALASKA1

Placer gold mining, which extracts gold from buried or exposed alluvia, is often conducted on or near streams. Such mining has the potential to adversely affect water quality. Other heavy metals associated with the gold (such as arsenic, cadmium, lead, zinc, and copper) may be freed to enter streams. Mercury may also enter streams if miners are using it to recover fine particles of gold. These heavy metals are toxic and thus may be harmful to the aquatic life of the streams receiving effluent or runoff from placer mines. In 1982 we sampled two streams intensively - one heavily mined and one unmined - for total recoverable arsenic, mercury, lead, zinc, and copper. Only mercury was not significantly higher in concentration in the mined streams. In 1983 we sampled two stream pairs three times, and 10 other sites at least once, for total and dissolved arsenic, cadmium, mercury, lead, zinc, and copper. Mercury and cadmium were not significantly elevated in mined streams, but the concentrations of total arsenic, lead, zinc, and copper, and dissolved arsenic and zinc were significantly higher in streams below active placer mining sites than in these that were not being mined or those that had never been mined. Additionally, total arsenic, lead, zinc, and copper and dissolved arsenic and copper became elevated after mining began in 1983 on a previously unmined stream.     

Metals distribution and interactions in tissues of shrews (Sorex spp.) from copper- and zinc-contaminated areas in Poland

To assess the risk from heavy metal accumulation to insectivorous species exposed to different pollutants, shrews [Sorex araneus (Linnaeus 1758) and Sorex minutus (Linnaeus 1766)] were collected in the Olkuski Ore Region (OOR; a Zn and Cd smelter area), Legnicko-G?ogowski Copper Mine Region (LGCR; a copper ore-mining area), and Bia?owieza Forest (BF; a control area). A few sites were chosen in each region and a total of 57 animals were collected from them. The liver and kidneys were dissected from the animals, dried, and digested in a 4:1 mixture of HNO3 (nitric acid) and HClO4 (perchloric acid). Cadmium, lead, zinc, copper, and iron were determined in the samples by flame or flameless atomic absorption spectrometry. The interactions between toxic and essential metals were calculated for each tissue. The data showed that accumulation of metals by insectivores is high; shrews accumulated much higher amounts of cadmium and lead than bank voles, studied by other researchers, from the same areas. The expected high tissue accumulation of copper at LGCR and zinc at OOR was not seen, but the levels of both elements were higher in the tissues of shrews from OOR than from LGCR. The lowest copper concentrations were in the tissues of shrews from BF. The highest cadmium and lead concentrations were found in the tissues of shrews from OOR. Some significant correlations were found between the tissue concentrations of xenobiotic and essential metals (e.g., between cadmium and zinc and between lead and iron).     

Health risk assessment due to heavy metal exposure from commonly consumed fish and vegetables

Contamination of heavy metals in fish and vegetables is regarded as a major crisis globally, with a large share in many developing countries. In Bogra District of Bangladesh, concentrations of six heavy metals, i.e., chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb), were evaluated in the most consumed vegetables and fish species. The sampling was conducted during February–March 2012 and August–September 2013. The levels of metals varied between different fish and vegetable species. Elevated concentrations of As, Cd and Pb were observed in vegetable species (Solanum tuberosum, Allium cepa and Daucus carota), and fish species (Anabas testudineus and Heteropneustes fossilis) were higher than the FAO/WHO permissible limits, indicating these three metals might pose risk from the consumption of these vegetable and fish species. The higher concentration of heavy metals in these vegetable species might be due to the higher uptake from soil and sediment ingestion behavior in fish species. Multivariate principal component analysis (PCA) showed significant anthropogenic contributions of Cr, Ni, Cu and Pb in samples as the PCA axis scores were correlated with scores of anthropogenic activities. Target hazard quotients showed that the intakes of Cu, As and Pb through vegetables and fish were higher than the recommended health standards, indicated non-carcinogenic risk. Therefore, intakes of these elements via fish and vegetables for Bangladeshi people are a matter of concern.     

Evaluation of heavy metals accumulation by two emergent macrophytes from the polluted soil: an experimental study

The concentrations of copper (Cu) and lead (Pb) in, and the biomass of, the different parts of Persicaria glabra (Willd.) Gamez and Juncellus alopecuroides (Rottb.) C.B.Cl. were evaluated while grown in pots under laboratory conditions. Cu and Pb were added as sulphates (50, 100, 200, 400 mg/kg) to the pots. Heavy metal concentrations in the plants were measured by atomic absorption spectrometry. Results reveal that the biomass of J. alopecuroides (particularly roots) was higher than P. glabra, and that the growth tendency of macrophytes decreased with increasing heavy metal concentration in the soil, while in P. glabra, biomass went on increasing with the increase in copper concentration. Heavy metal accumulation in the roots was more than in aerial parts, and, therefore, barring two exceptions, the transfer factor of heavy metals from roots to aerial parts showed as less than 1, suggesting less transfer of heavy metals from roots to aerial parts. Thus, these macrophytes are efficient accumulators of trace elements, particularly J. alopecuroides, which can be recommended for biofiltration of heavy metals from contaminated soils.     

成雅高速公路两侧大气颗粒物中重金属分布规律研究

本文以成雅高速公路为研究对象,采集公路两侧大气颗粒物样品,通过微波消解——火焰原子吸收法测定大气颗粒物中铅、镉、铜、锌的含量。研究表明,成雅公路两侧距路肩200m范围内大气颗粒物已受不同程度的铅、镉、铜、锌污染,其中重金属含量Pb〉Zn〉Cu〉Cd,并获得成雅高速公路两侧大气颗粒物中重金属污染的分布规律。     

EVALUATION OF PHILODINA ACUTICORNIS (ROTIFERA) AS A BIOASSAY ORGANISM FOR HEAVY METALS1

ABSTRACT: A technique for using the rotifer Philodina acuticornis as a bioassay organism is described. The rotifer was exposed to a range of concentrations for each of 14 toxicants. The effects of the heavy metals cadmium, chromium, cobalt, copper, lead, mercury, nickel, silver and zinc were studied. Based upon 96 hours exposure in soft water the sensitivity of the rotifer to the metals from the most toxic to least toxic was: cadmium, mercury and copper, zinc, silver, nickel (chloride), chromium, nickel (sulfate), lead and colbalt. In hard water with 96 hours exposure the most to least toxic respectively were: cadmium, copper, mercury, chromium and lead. The 48 hour EC₅₀ value suggests that zinc will follow mercury in relative toxicity when Philodina is tested in hard water. In a comparison of the toxicity of the chloride and sulfate salts of cadmium, nickel and zinc in soft water cadmium sulfate and zinc sulfate were more toxic after 96 hours; nickelous chloride was more toxic than nickelous sulfate. Increased water hardness decreased the toxicity of the heavy metals studied. The results suggest that this rotifer may be more sensitive than the bluegill sunfish to the salts of cadmium, copper, nickel, zinc and chromium and less sensitive to lead. Data for cobalt, silver and mercury were not available. Philodina was extremely tolerant of ammonium chloride and phenol. The feasibility and economics of using an inexpensive, readily cultured and available organism such as Philodina acuticornis as a bioassay organism were discussed.     

Determining contamination level of heavy metals in road dust from busy traffic areas with different characteristics

This study identified the levels and sources of heavy metal contamination in road dust from busy traffic areas in a typical industrial city in Korea. This study compared the total concentrations, as determined by aqua regia digestions and atomic absorption spectroscopy, of cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), lead (Pb), zinc (Zn) and nickel (Ni) in the road dust from areas with different characteristics such as traffic rotaries, downtown areas, circulation roads, and asphalt and concrete highways. The contamination levels of the heavy metals in the road dust were evaluated using the contamination factor and the degree of contamination. The contamination levels of the heavy metals in the road dust were highly dependent on traffic volume and atmospheric dispersion from traffic rotaries. Industrial emissions and the frequency of brake use and vehicles coming to a complete stop were additional factors that affected the contamination levels in downtown areas. The concrete highway had higher contamination levels of the heavy metals than the asphalt highway. Vehicle speed was also a strong contributing factor to the degree of contamination of heavy metals in the road dust from the circulation roads and highways.     

The fate of heavy metals in green waste composting

It has long been known that heavy metals, when in high enough concentration, have the potential to be both phytotoxic and zootoxic. Heavy metals are frequently found as contaminants in green waste. Any such waste that is subsequently segregated for composting theoretically has the potential to retain that possible contamination. To date, there have been a limited number of publications addressing this issue. Most reports have concentrated on the types of heavy metals found in compost and their acceptable levels, rather than the fate of heavy metal contaminants throughout the composting process. This investigation was aimed to identify the fate of cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), chromium (Cr), lead (Pb) and zinc (Zn) concentrations throughout a fourteen week composting cycle. The results of this study showed a general increase in the removal of Pb, Cu, Cr, and to a much smaller extent Zn, manifested by a decrease in their overall concentrations within the solid fraction of the final product, by 93, 49, 43, and 20 percent respectively. By contrast, there was no decrease in the overall concentration of Cd.