生物脱氮工艺控制优化策略的研究进展

针对传统的单污泥生物脱氮系统具有所需反应器体积大、硝化反硝化效率低及对进水COD利用率低等一系列问题，总结了提高生物脱氮工艺效率的在线控制策略，如曝气控制、外投碳源控制和污泥龄控制(SRT)，为当前污水厂在工艺设计一定的限制性条件下进行在线优化以满足日益严格的排放标准提供了重要保证。     

问歇曝气周期对低C/N比污水生物脱氮的影响

研究了间歇曝气生物脱氮工艺中,曝气周期和污水的c/N比对脱氮效率的影响,以及氧化还原电位(ORP)变化规律.中试试验结果表明,TN污泥负荷为0.05 kg/(kg MLVSS.d)时,间歇曝气系统的硝化反应所需曝气时间与总反应时间比至少要在0.5以上,一周期内搅拌时间不宜超过1 h;反硝化过程中难以找到ORP曲线突变点,因此,在低c/N比污水生物脱氮中ORP难以作为工程控制参数;由于原水的碳氮比太低,TN去除率只有35%～40%左右,为提高脱氮效率有必要投入外加碳源.     

曝气扰动对泥水界面硝化-反硝化性能的影响

采用自制河道模拟装置,探讨了曝气扰动深度为10、15、25和35 cm时泥水界面硝化-反硝化的耦合性能,目的为曝气治理黑臭河道装置的优化实施和解决"氮超标"难题提供参考。结果表明,随扰动深度增加,泥水界面紊动程度呈现先下降后增加的趋势,其中泥水界面处扰动深度为10 cm时流态最激烈(Re为3 044),扰动深度为25 cm时流态最平缓(Re为1 713);与静止对照工况对比,曝气扰动促进了NH+4-N的硝化转化,4种曝气条件稳定时上覆水氨氮浓度都在0.50mg/L以下,表明曝气有利于对底泥释放氨氮的控制;复氧速率与硝化速率随扰动深度的增加而减小;从总氮的控制角度来看,曝气扰动深度为25 cm时最有利于硝化-反硝化作用的耦合,上覆水总氮削减率达到51.5%,泥水界面硝化率与反硝化率分别达到(41.6±3.1)%和(32.1±0.7)%。     

间歇曝气潜流人工湿地的污水脱氮效果

采用间歇曝气运行方式,提升潜流人工湿地生活污水处理系统中的溶解氧浓度,强化脱氮效果。结果表明,间歇曝气运行方式有效提高了湿地内部溶解氧水平,曝气时溶解氧浓度可达6~9 mg/L,停止曝气后,溶解氧浓度迅速下降至0.5 mg/L以下,在湿地内部营造了一种交替的好氧和缺氧环境,分别促进好氧硝化和缺氧反硝化作用。在水力停留时间为3 d的情况下,间歇曝气潜流人工湿地系统对氨氮、总氮和COD的去除率分别可达到98.0%、87.6%和96.3%,较常规潜流人工湿地系统分别提高了74.1%、56.4%和18.1%,实现了氨氮、总氮和COD的同步高效去除。     

琼脂碳源生物反硝化去除水源水中硝酸盐

针对受硝酸盐污染的水源水,以琼脂为反硝化细菌的碳源和微生物载体,通过生物反硝化作用脱除水源水中的硝酸盐,并利用曝气生物滤池(BAF)去除琼脂反应器出水中残留的少量CODMn和NO2--N等污染物。实验结果表明,水源水自然接种的条件下,可以顺利启动琼脂反应器;在温度为25℃左右,琼脂反应器在进水NO3--N约25 mg/L、水力停留时间1.5 h时,能获得70%的硝酸盐氮去除率;曝气生物滤池在水力停留时间0.5 h、气水比2.8时,可控制最终出水的CODMn和NO2--N分别在5.0 mg/L和0.10 mg/L以下;琼脂反应器的脱氮效果与温度、进水NO3--N浓度及水力停留时间等有关。研究指出,琼脂反应器与曝气生物滤池构成的组合系统能较好地脱除水源水中的硝酸盐并且能控制最终出水水质,不会导致二次污染,从而获得合格的饮用水源水。     

序批式生物膜反应器同步硝化反硝化的曝气时间控制及其机制分析

装有鲍尔环填料的序批式生物膜反应器（sBBR）具有很好的同步硝化反硝化（SND）效果。从试验结果可以看出,SBBR具备了生成和保存内碳源以及产生缺氧区的良好条件;当硝化结束后,应立即停止曝气,可以降低出水TN并实现节能。分析了生物膜内各种基质、DO、聚β-羟基丁酸（PHB）的变化曲线,描述了生物膜内发生SND的过程和机制,并提出了SBBR中达到良好SND效果的曝气时间控制方式。     

内置缺氧区的改良型Pasveer氧化沟工艺脱氮除磷性能研究

针对传统Pasveer氧化沟内缺氧段碳源难以被反硝化菌充分利用的问题,采用内置缺氧区的改良型Pasveer氧化沟工艺,并进行中试规模实验研究,考察了不同内回流比条件下系统的脱氮除磷效果。研究结果表明,在内回流比为200%的情况下,系统的脱氮除磷效果最好,出水TN和TP的浓度分别降至12.7 mg/L和0.34 mg/L,去除率分别达到61.9%和89.2%。内置缺氧区的设置一方面能使有限的碳源充分用于反硝化,另一方面,促使了反硝化吸磷现象的发生,这使得系统在进水碳源较低的情况下仍能够获得上佳的脱氮除磷效果。但是,过高的内回流比会导致好氧区亚硝酸盐的积累,这对生物除磷是不利的。     

序批式生物膜反应器同步硝化反硝化的曝气时问控制及其机制分析

装有鲍尔环填料的序批式生物膜反应器(SBBR)具有很好的同步硝化反硝化(SND)效果.从试验结果可以看出,SBBR具备了生成和保存内碳源以及产生缺氧区的良好条件;当硝化结束后,应立即停止曝气,可以降低出水TN并实现节能.分析了生物膜内各种基质、DO、聚β-羟基丁酸(PHB)的变化曲线.描述了生物膜内发生SND的过程和机制,并提出了SBBR中达到良好SND效果的曝气时间控制方式.     

微氧曝气-一段式厌氧氨氧化-反硝化组合工艺处理餐厨沼液

针对餐厨沼液高氨氮、低C/N的特点,采用“微氧曝气-一段式厌氧氨氧化-BioClens反硝化”工艺,进行了餐厨沼液脱氮除碳的小试研究。经150 d的运行优化,系统稳定后该工艺的耗氧有机物(以COD计)、TN平均去除率分别达到81.3%和81.8%。微氧曝气单元为厌氧氨氧化单元消除餐厨沼液中有机物的影响并保留NH₄+-N,其耗氧有机物(以COD计)及NH₄⁺-N去除率分别为81.6%和13.7%,为厌氧氨氧化稳定运行提供保障。厌氧氨氧化单元是NH₄⁺-N的主要去除单元,稳定后运行后总氮去除负荷为0.480 kg·(m³·d)^-1;BioClens反硝化单元对前两段工艺中产生的NO₃^--N进行反硝化深度去除,在以乙酸钠为碳源,包埋固定化填料填充比为5%、C/N=3的情况下,其平均NO₃^--N去除率达90%。该工艺实现了对餐厨沼液经济高效处理,具有应用潜...     

厌氧时聚-β-羟基丁酸酯(PHB)最大化积累的影响因子

为实现有限碳源的最大化利用,在厌氧/限氧曝气序批式生物系统的基础上,以碳源偏低的模拟城市污水为对象,分析比较厌氧阶段典型周期内不同碳源浓度,总磷浓度对聚-β-羟基丁酸酯(PHB)积累的影响,并考察了运用新的前曝气模式对PHB积累的影响。结果表明,当碳源浓度为140、280和400 mg/L时,PHB积累的最大值分别为10.53、22.75和32.61 mg/g;当总磷浓度为6、12和18 mg/L时,PHB最大积累值分别为25.75、32.54和38.27 mg/g。说明进水碳源浓度和总磷浓度与PHB的最大积累量呈正相关,且碳源浓度对PHB积累量的影响比总磷浓度的影响大。比较无前曝气时厌氧PHB最大积累量,前曝气时间为10、20和30 min的最大积累量分别增长了25.1%、57.1%和69.5%,说明增设前曝气运行方式有利于PHB的积累。     

以pH和ORP作为脉冲SBR工艺的实时控制参数

为了实现脉冲SBR深度脱氮的实时控制,以某污水处理厂市政污水为处理对象,考察了脉冲SBR在深度脱氮过程中pH及ORP的变化规律.试验结果表明,pH及ORP的变化规律与脉冲SBR有机物去除、硝化与反硝化过程存在较好的相关关系.可以根据pH和ORP变化曲线上的特征点对脉冲SBR进行实时控制.并考察了污水C/N(COD/NH4 -N)对pH及ORP的变化规律的影响.在硝化过程中,C/N对pH及ORP曲线变化点的出现没有影响;在反硝化过程中,应结合pH值"硝酸盐峰"和ORP"硝酸盐膝"来判断低C/N污水反硝化的终点.在该试验中,出水TN低于2 mg/L,TN去除率可达到96%以上.     

Swine wastewater treatment in a two stage sequencing batch reactor using real-time control

A laboratory scale two-stage sequencing batch reactor (TSSBR) was used to study the effectiveness of pH as a real-time control parameter in swine wastewater treatment. A Ringlace media was inserted into the A/O (Anoxic/Oxic) reactor for bacteria immobilization. The TSSBR was subjected to three levels of organic loading. The pH and ORP (Oxidation Reduction Potential) patterns obtained were consistent with distinct features, enabling the real-time control strategy to effectively set a flexible aeration time pending on influent concentration, hence resulting in flexible cycle time and HRT (Hydraulic Retention Time) for the system. The real-time process ensured a removal efficiency of over 99% and 95%, respectively, for ammonia and TOC (Total Organic Carbon). For NO3(-)-N and PO4(-3), the run with influent TOC = 4,000 mg/L yielded the most efficient removal of 61% and 95%, respectively. Test results suggest that pH can be a viable tool for on-line real-time control of a biological treatment process.     

Real-time measurements of landfill atmospheric ammonia using mobile white cell differential optical absorption spectroscopy system and engineering applications

ABSTRACT

The real-time measurement of atmospheric ammonia at municipal solid waste (MSW) landfills and adjacent areas is necessary for landfill management and the health of nearby residence. Continuous, fast, and real-time monitoring of landfill odor gases is a challenge, especially for ammonia. To our knowledge, this was the first study for the characteristics and seasonal variabilities of atmospheric ammonia at a whole landfill using a Mobile White cell Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (MW-DOAS) system, which also simultaneously offers high sensitivity and fast response. Results show that atmospheric ammonia levels at various landfill areas were significantly dependent on the characteristics of areas, such as municipal solid waste-related areas, leachate-related areas, sludge-related areas, and fly ash-related area, the atmospheric ammonia peak or average level at the active leachate pool of the active MSW site was the highest among all areas of the whole landfill, and the ammonia concentrations at the closed MSW landfill sites were low and dependent on the ages. Moreover, it was found that the seasonal variabilities of ammonia concentrations at most of those areas were significantly dependent on the ambient temperature, and ambient temperature variation caused the atmospheric ammonia level at the active leachate pool and active MSW landfill site in the summer survey to raise 3.5 times and 5.58 times than in the winter survey, respectively.

Implications: Continuous, fast, and real-time monitoring ambient ammonia at or nearby a landfill is critical for landfill operators and local EPAs. This study demonstrates that the mobile White cell Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (MW-DOAS) system is an effective tool for real-time monitoring ambient ammonia of a whole landfill. The results in this article provided a guideline to the characteristics and seasonal changes of ambient ammonia at various types of areas of a whole landfill as well as the impact of age to ambient ammonia at the closed landfill areas.     

折点加氯反应在次氯酸钠消毒中水中的应用

为研究中水消毒过程,对次氯酸钠消毒中水的折点加氯反应与消毒效果之间的关系进行研究。通过探讨加氯量位于折点曲线不同位置的消毒效果,分析接触时间和氨氮浓度的影响,得出了根据氨氮浓度确定的接触时间和加氯量公式。结果表明,氨氮浓度〈2 mg/L时,将加氯量控制在折点之后接触反应30 min,氨氮浓度〉2 mg/L时,将加氯量控制在峰点附近接触反应60 min均可实现中水消毒要求。     

实时荧光定量PCR对A2/O短程硝化系统内氨氧化菌的定量分析

通过控制好氧区低DO浓度以及缩短好氧实际水力停留时间(actual hydraulic retention time,AHRT),在处理低C/N比实际生活污水的A2/O工艺中,成功启动并维持了短程硝化反硝化;系统亚硝酸盐积累率稳定维持在90%左右,氨氮去除率在95%以上。通过提取富集氨氧化菌(ammonia oxidizing bacteria,AOB)的基因组DNA,经两次常规PCR扩增和琼脂糖凝胶电泳,以纯化回收的DNA扩增片段作为实时荧光定量PCR检测AOB数量的DNA标准品,建立了检测AOB数量的实时荧光定量PCR标准曲线。利用实时荧光定量PCR技术比较了A2/O系统在不同运行条件及亚硝酸盐积累率情况下AOB菌群数量。结果表明,随着系统亚硝酸盐积累率的上升,系统内AOB菌群数量也大幅上升。全程硝化和短程硝化时,系统内的AOB菌群数量分别为5.28×109cells/g MLVSS和3.95×1010cells/g MLVSS。此外,亚硝酸盐积累率的下降相对于AOB菌群数量的下降有一定的滞后性。     

微生物菌剂对好氧填埋垃圾稳定过程的影响

为加速好氧填埋场的稳定化进程,提出利用生物强化技术加速好氧填埋垃圾的生物降解,通过模拟实验,研究了微生物菌剂对填埋垃圾稳定过程的影响。结果表明:微生物菌剂降低了好氧填埋场的有机污染负荷,使渗滤液COD下降更加明显,整个填埋周期所产渗滤液的COD总量较对照组少20.20%;加速了含氮物质的生物转化,氨氮峰值出现较对照组提前6 d,经历峰值以后,氨氮快速下降,较对照组提前22 d达到国家生活垃圾填埋场污染控制标准(GB 16889-2008)所规定的渗滤液氨氮排放标准25 mg/L,并使整个填埋周期氨氮总量减少9.15%;微生物菌剂降低了渗滤液的产量,使整个填埋周期渗滤液累计产量减少8.29%;使垃圾中有机质降解加快并使其降解更加彻底,至实验结束时总有机质含量较对照组低8.82%,干重较对照组减少35.95%;沉降性能优于对照组,至填埋结束时较对照组沉降量提高6.35%。     

短程硝化过程中NO-2-N高效富集的工艺条件实验研究

针对厌氧氨氧化工艺需要提供充足的亚硝酸盐氮为电子受体的问题,利用培养基对SBR中具有一定短程硝化功能的污泥进行富集培养,得到氨氧化菌和亚硝酸盐氧化菌的数量之比为104︰1,并研究了工艺条件对短程硝化的影响,结果表明,适合氨氧化菌生长的最佳温度为30℃、pH为7.5、nHCO^-₃/nNH⁺₄-N值为1。以适合氨氧化菌生长的最佳环境条件优化SBR,在进水氨氮浓度为250 mg/L时,氨氮的转化率达到90％以上,亚硝酸盐氮积累率维持在85％以上,反应器中氨氧化菌与亚硝酸盐氧化菌的数量之比为10³∶1,亚硝酸盐的高效积累为厌氧氨氧化工艺处理高氨废水的过程提供了稳定的电子受体。     

Control of ammonia and urea emissions from urea manufacturing facilities of Petrochemical Industries Company (PIC), Kuwait

Petrochemical Industries Company (PIC) in Kuwait has mitigated the pollution problem of ammonia and urea dust by replacing the melting and prilling units of finished-product urea prills with an environmentally friendly granulation process. PIC has financed a research project conducted by the Coastal and Air Pollution Program’s research staff at the Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research to assess the impact of pollution control strategies implemented to maintain a healthy productive environment in and around the manufacturing premises. The project was completed in three phases: the first phase included the pollution monitoring of the melting and prilling units in full operation, the second phase covered the complete shutdown period where production was halted completely and granulation units were installed, and the last phase encompassed the current modified status with granulation units in full operation. There was substantial decrease in ammonia emissions, about 72%, and a 52.7% decrease in urea emissions with the present upgrading of old melting and prilling units to a state-of-the-art technology “granulation process” for a final finished product. The other pollutants, sulfur dioxide (SO₂), nitrogen oxides (NO_x), and volatile organic compounds (VOCs), have not shown any significant change, as the present modification has not affected the sources of these pollutants.

Implications: Petrochemical Industries Company (PIC) in Kuwait has ammonia urea industries, and there were complaints about ammonia and urea dust pollution. PIC has resolved this problem by replacing “melting and prilling unit” of final product urea prills by more environmentally friendly “granulation unit.” Environmental Pollution and Climate Program has been assigned the duty of assessing the outcome of this change and how that influenced ammonia and urea dust emissions from the urea manufacturing plant.     

Time-resolved ammonia measurement in vehicle exhaust

The objective of this study was to identify the influence of sampling and analytical approach on the quality of NH3 emission data of a gasoline-fuelled three-way catalyst vehicle. NH₃ concentration measurements have been performed in the tailpipe and in the diluted exhaust after a constant volume sampling (CVS) system during five different test cycles. Chemical ionisation mass spectrometry (CI-MS) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) were used to acquire ammonia concentrations in real-time. Independently, NH₃ emission rates were determined by continuous absorption of a flow-proportional sample of exhaust gas in diluted sulphuric acid and subsequent ion chromatography (IC). Ammonia emission rates ranged from 22–94 mg km^-1. The results of the three compared techniques are in good agreement. Furthermore, time-resolved ammonia emission profiles recorded by CI-MS and FTIR coincided with respect to emission levels as well as emission dynamics. However, in the dilution tunnel, severe ammonia adsorption was observed leading to long lasting memory effects or even analyte loss. Therefore, neither ammonia real-time emission data nor NH₃ emission rates should be acquired after a CVS system.     

两级常温厌氧—好氧—固定化微生物组合工艺处理酿酒废水

酿酒废水是一种典型的高氨氮浓度的有机废水.采用两级常温厌氧-好氧-固定化微生物组合工艺对酿酒废水进行中试研究,重点考察了各级工艺对有机物和氨氮的去除效果,并且对影响系统稳定运行的主要因素进行分析.试验结果表明,稳定运行状态下,一级厌氧膨胀颗粒污泥床(EGSB)反应器对有机物去除率可达到70%～90%,处理效果受环境温度影响较大;二级EGSB反应器可以同时去除有机物和氮氧化物;三级好氧接触氧化反应器对有机物的去除率可达到70%,氨氮去除率维持在50%;包埋硝化菌流化床反应器最终能有效地去除水中的氨氮,出水氨氮质量浓度低于15 mg/L.