加勒比松幼林追肥试验研究

加勒比松1a生幼林氮磷钾不同配比的追肥试验表明，追肥后6a，肥效都极显著；其中以第2a的效果最显著，最大树高、胸径、材积分别比不追肥增加39．1％～52．6％、45．4％～109．3％和34．1％～405．6％；6a后肥效下降，但追肥仍比不追肥的树高、胸径、材积增长8．7％～20％、10．9％～17．9％、31．5％～54．7％。氮磷钾配合施用的效果最佳，施氮磷而缺钾有负效应。当氮磷钾相同配比（N30P30K30）时有特殊的低效应。     

施肥对桉树生长及植株营养效应的研究

本研究在雷州半岛贫瘠的砖红壤上进行．施用基肥可提高尾叶桉材积的生长量,直至4年时仍有极显著的效应．最佳施肥处理比不施肥材积肥材积增长315％基肥的施用以氮、磷、钾配施效果课最好．施PK、NK、NP的材积分别只有NPK全肥的67％、42％和28％。本试验不同处理中,最佳配比是每株N15g、P30g、K30g．施用一定量的N、P、K可改善植株的养分状况．过量施用反而不利N、P、K的正常吸收．破坏养分平衡．     

施肥对不同农田土壤微生物活性的影响

采用室内恒温培养研究了施肥对不同农田土壤微生物活性的影响。结果表明，在红壤、水稻土和潮土中，土壤微生物量、土壤酶活性大小顺序均为有机肥配施无机肥处理＞单施有机肥处理＞单施无机肥处理，但对脲酶来说，其活性大小顺序为有机肥配施无机肥处理＞单施无机肥处理＞单施有机肥处理。从土壤类型来看，土壤微生物量碳、氮和土壤酶活性大小以水稻土最大，潮土次之，红壤最小。３种土壤的微生物量、土壤酶活性在培养的４５～６０ｄ之间分别达到最大值，以后逐渐下降。部分单施无机肥处理的土壤微生物量、土壤酶活性最大值比单施有机肥处理、有机肥配施无机肥处理提前１５ｄ。相关分析表明，有机肥配施无机肥处理及单施有机肥处理，３种土壤的土壤微生物量碳、氮与土壤过氧化氢酶、转化酶、蛋白酶、脲酶及速效养分呈显著或极显著的相关性；单施无机肥处理中，土壤微生物量碳、氮与土壤过氧化氢酶、蔗糖转化酶、蛋白酶、脲酶显著或极显著相关，与部分速效养分相关不显著。     

有机─无机复混肥的性质与肥效研究

有机—无机复混肥（以下简称有机复肥）是由单一的Ｎ、Ｐ、Ｋ化肥加入一定量的优质有机物质经造粒制成．颗粒直径大部分＞３ｍｍ。其性质：在水中比等氮、磷、钾量的无机复肥溶解快，不溶物少，氮的释放量大，密封条件下氨的挥发和在土壤中被水淋洗后氮的损失量均小。对水稻的增产效果比等量的氮、磷、钾单一化肥明显；对玉米的增产效果与进口复肥的相比，若两者的施用量相等，则其产量相当。     

配施的有机无机肥料氮在红壤性水稻土中的残留特征

（１５）Ｎ追踪结果显示，熟化上（Ａ）和低肥力土（Ｃ）有机、无机肥料配施的氮的残留特征均为随配施有机成分和土壤肥力水平的变化而变化．肥力制约残留水平，肥料氮总平衡影响残留率一利用率一损失率的关系；配施有机肥是造成氮残留差异的基本因素，相关分析表明，总残留主体为有机肥氮，残留率随有机肥Ｃ／Ｎ和木质素含量的增减而增减；影响无机肥氮残留的相关因素较复杂．有机氮残留量占总残留量的百分数与无视氮残留量占总残留量的百分数之比，在Ａ，Ｃ两种土壤中约为２．肥力对氮残留作用的实质是，肥料氮在低肥力土中具固持优势，而在熟化土中具矿化利用优势．肥力因素对无机氮残留的影响更显著．根据配施组合中有机成分Ｃ／Ｎ－木质素含量与氮残留／平衡特征的关系．将不同配施组合划分为三大类型。     

长期定位施肥土壤有效磷与速效钾的剖面分布及对作物产量的影响

通过25年的长期定位试验研究不同的施肥方式对土壤有效磷与速效钾质量分数及水稻产量的影响。研究结果表明：有机肥配合施用氮、磷、钾肥能够大大提高土壤耕层有效磷的质量分数,施肥主要影响土壤耕层有效磷的质量分数,对其它土层影响不明显。有机肥配合施用氮、磷、钾肥能够提高土壤耕层速效钾的质量分数,对20~40 cm土层土壤速效钾质量分数也有提高作用。化肥配合有机肥施用稻谷的产量高于单施化肥或单施有机肥,单施化肥或单施有机肥稻谷的产量高于不施肥的对照。因此,为了提高土壤肥力与作物产量,最好的培肥方式是有机肥配施氮磷钾肥。     

施垃圾堆肥拌CaCO3对蔬菜中重金属的累积影响

垃圾堆肥拌施ＣａＣＯ３对蔬菜中重金属的累积效应试验结果显示：单施垃圾肥会增加蔬菜中重金属的累积量，但若施垃圾堆肥同时拌施ＣａＣＯ３（按施垃圾堆肥量的０．５％或１％），则可有效地降低蔬菜中重金属的累积水平．与单施垃圾堆肥相比，拌施ＣａＣＯ３能使番茄中Ｐｂ含量下降２９％－４１％；Ｃｒ下降５％－４６％，Ｃｄ下降９％－４２％；Ｃｕ下降２％－２４％；ＡＳ下降４％－６０％；有的元素如Ｐｂ和Ｃｄ甚至能降到本底值（即不施垃圾肥者）以下。青菜中Ｐｂ、Ｃｕ、Ａｓ的含量下降较明显。试验还显示：施垃圾堆肥拌施ＣａＣＯ３，土壤中重金属可提取总量低于单施垃圾堆肥者。     

有机无机肥配施对超级杂交稻产量构成及植株重金属含量的影响

以超级杂交稻＂Y两优1号＂为供试材料,保持总施氮量不变（180 kg.hm-2）条件下,研究不同比例有机无机肥配施对超级杂交稻产量构成及植株重金属含量的影响。结果表明,由施肥量-产量模型进行模拟,得到有机肥与尿素施入量分别为606.75和288.18 kg.hm-2时,水稻产量最高（10 084.37 kg.hm-2）;有机肥和尿素施用量分别为202.32和353.17 kg.hm-2时,经济效益最佳（产量为9 968.42 kg.hm-2）。不同比例有机无机肥配施对植株镉含量无显著影响。在6个梯度处理中,有机肥和尿素施肥量分别为600和289.27 kg.hm-2处理产量最高,且植株铬含量最低。     

硅肥对甘蔗叶片营养、产量及糖分的影响

施硅可增加甘蔗叶片氮、钾、硅养分含量，改善叶片磷养分状况．适量施硅可使甘蔗增产增糖，过量施硅则使甘蔗的产量和产糖量下降．此外，水溶性硅肥对甘蔗的作用优于构溶性硅肥．     

番茄反夏栽培的营养特点及施肥技术研究

本试验在阳山县江英乡和清新县石湖镇４６０ｍ以上的石灰岩山区进行．试验得出．（１）番茄反夏栽培的营养特点：高产番茄养分吸收量远比低产番茄高，高产番茄吸氮２１６．４５ｋｇ／ｈｍ２，吸磷４０．２０ｋｇ／ｈｍ２，吸钾３９０．１５ｋｇ／ｋｍ２，吸收氮、磷、钾比例为１：０．１９：１．８０；（２）各生育期氮、磷、钾吸收规律：苗期吸收少，随生长期的推进而提高，尤其是番茄开花之后其提高的速度更快；（３）施肥技术：一造施肥总量，氮３６０．７５—４４４．４５ｋｇ／ｈｍ２，磷２２５．７５—２６７．９０ｋｇ／ｈｍ２，钾３４０．３５—４８７６５ｋｇ／ｈｍ２．各生育期合理配施的原则是前轻、中重、后补足．     

Rapid,recurring, structured survey versus bioblitz for generating biodiversity data and analysis with a multispecies abundance model

A bioblitz inexpensively and quickly generates biodiversity data, but bioblitzes are often conducted with haphazard, unreplicated sampling. Results tend to be taxonomically, geographically, or temporally biased, lack metadata, and consist of lists of observed taxa that do not enable further analyses or correction for imperfect detection. A rapid, recurring, structured survey (RRSS) uses a structured sampling design and temporal and spatial replication to survey randomly selected sites on a conservation property. We participated in a loosely structured bioblitz and a subsequent RRSS at Big Canoe Creek Nature Preserve in Springville (St. Clair County), Alabama (USA) to compare observed richness derived from the 2 survey approaches. The RRSS data structure enabled us to fit models that accounted for imperfect detection to estimate abundances, occupancy probabilities, and habitat associations. The loosely structured bioblitz data could not be used in such models. We present a new integrated multispecies abundance model that we applied to avian RRSS data. Our model extension enables estimation for the community, employs data augmentation to estimate the number of undetected species, and incorporates covariates. The RRSS generated a more comprehensive and less biased list of observed taxonomic richness than the loosely structured bioblitz (e.g., 73 vs. 45 bird species and 104 vs. 63 insect families from the RRSS vs. loosely structured bioblitz, respectively). Models fit to the RRSS data identified seasonal patterns in avian community composition and allowed for estimation of habitat–occupancy relationships for insect taxa. The RRSS protocol has potential for broad transferability as a standardized, quick, and inexpensive way to inventory biodiversity and estimate ecological parameters while providing an outreach opportunity.     

Compliance with and ecosystem function of biodiversity offsets in North American and European freshwaters

Land-use change via human development is a major driver of biodiversity loss. To reduce these impacts, billions of dollars are spent on biodiversity offsets. However, studies evaluating offset project effectiveness that examine components such as the overall compliance and function of projects remain rare. We reviewed 577 offsetting projects in freshwater ecosystems that included the metrics project size, type of aquatic system (e.g., wetland and creek), offsetting measure (e.g., enhancement, restoration, and creation), and an assessment of the projects’ compliance and functional success. Project information was obtained from scientific and government databases and gray literature. Despite considerable investment in offsetting projects, crucial problems persisted. Although compliance and function were related to each other, a high level of compliance did not guarantee a high degree of function. However, large projects relative to area had better function than small projects. Function improved when projects targeted productivity or specific ecosystem features and when multiple complementary management targets were in place. Restorative measures were more likely to achieve targets than creating entirely new ecosystems. Altogether the relationships we found highlight specific ecological processes that may help improve offsetting outcomes.     

A palaeo-hydrogeological model for arsenic contamination in southern and south-east Asia

An argument is presented in which areas of natural arsenic contamination of modern groundwaters throughout Asia have a common origin. Arsenic originally accumulated in oceanic ferro-manganoan sediments of the eastern Palaeo-Tethys. This was further concentrated through oceanic crustal extinction in what later became the south-east Chinese accreted mineralised terrain. Proto-Himalayan uplift of this area created the palaeo-drainage systems of the Ganges – Brahmaputra, Irrawaddy, Mekong, and Red Rivers, with consequent headwater erosion of arsenic-rich sediments. Their downstream deposition as immature and easily redistributed Neogene sandstones, silts, and iron-rich clays has created secondary and tertiary reservoirs of adsorbed and authigenic arsenic, from which the current arsenic-rich groundwaters have evolved. Considering river basins within the above palaeo-hydrogeological framework provides a basis for assessing the risk of arsenic in groundwater basins of south and south-eastern Asia.     

Cost‐effective conservation of an endangered frog under uncertainty

How should managers choose among conservation options when resources are scarce and there is uncertainty regarding the effectiveness of actions? Well‐developed tools exist for prioritizing areas for one‐time and binary actions (e.g., protect vs. not protect), but methods for prioritizing incremental or ongoing actions (such as habitat creation and maintenance) remain uncommon. We devised an approach that combines metapopulation viability and cost‐effectiveness analyses to select among alternative conservation actions while accounting for uncertainty. In our study, cost‐effectiveness is the ratio between the benefit of an action and its economic cost, where benefit is the change in metapopulation viability. We applied the approach to the case of the endangered growling grass frog (Litoria raniformis), which is threatened by urban development. We extended a Bayesian model to predict metapopulation viability under 9 urbanization and management scenarios and incorporated the full probability distribution of possible outcomes for each scenario into the cost‐effectiveness analysis. This allowed us to discern between cost‐effective alternatives that were robust to uncertainty and those with a relatively high risk of failure. We found a relatively high risk of extinction following urbanization if the only action was reservation of core habitat; habitat creation actions performed better than enhancement actions; and cost‐effectiveness ranking changed depending on the consideration of uncertainty. Our results suggest that creation and maintenance of wetlands dedicated to L. raniformis is the only cost‐effective action likely to result in a sufficiently low risk of extinction. To our knowledge we are the first study to use Bayesian metapopulation viability analysis to explicitly incorporate parametric and demographic uncertainty into a cost‐effective evaluation of conservation actions. The approach offers guidance to decision makers aiming to achieve cost‐effective conservation under uncertainty.     

Parasitic wasps orient to green leaf volatiles

Summary Undamaged plants emit low levels of green leaf volatiles (GLVs), while caterpillar-damaged and artificially damaged plants emit relatively higher levels of certain GLVs. Female braconid parasitoids,Microplitis croceipes, oriented to both damaged plants and to individual GLVs in no-choice tests in a wind tunnel, but seldom oriented to undamaged plants. Female ichneumonid parasitoids,Netelia heroica, also oriented to individual GLVs in a wind tunnel. Males of both wasp species failed to orient to the GLVs. These data show that leaf-feeding caterpillars can cause the release of GLVs, and that parasitic wasps can respond to these odors by flying upwind (chemoanemotactic response), which brings the wasps to their caterpillar hosts. This supports the hypothesis that plants communicate with members of the third trophic level,i.e., plants under herbivore attack emit chemical signals that guide natural enemies of herbivores to sites of plant damage. In this interaction, the GLVs serve as tritrophic plant-to-parasitoid synomones. That parasitoids from two different wasp families oriented to GLVs suggests that the response may be widespread among the Hymenoptera.Mention of a commercial or proprietary product does not constitute an endorsement by the U.S. Department of Agriculture     

Potential for Electropositive Metal to Reduce the Interactions of Atlantic Sturgeon with Fishing Gear

Atlantic sturgeon (Acipenser oxyrhynchus) populations have been declared either endangered or threatened under the U.S. Endangered Species Act. Effective measures to repel sturgeon from fishing gear would be beneficial to both fish and fishers because they could reduce both fishery‐associated mortality and the need for seasonal and area closures of specific fisheries. Some chondrostean fishes (e.g., sturgeons and paddlefishes) can detect weak electric field gradients (possibly as low as 5 Μv/cm) due to arrays of electroreceptors (ampullae of Lorenzini) on their snout and gill covers. Weak electric fields, such as those produced by electropositive metals (typically mixtures of the lanthanide elements), could therefore potentially be used as a deterrent. To test this idea, we recorded the behavioral responses of juvenile Atlantic sturgeon (31–43 cm fork length) to electropositive metal (primarily a mixture of the lanthanide elements neodymium and praseodymium) both in the presence and absence of food stimuli. Trials were conducted in an approximately 2.5 m diameter × 0.3 m deep tank, and fish behaviors were recorded with an overhead digital video camera. Video records were subsequently digitized (x, y coordinate system), the distance between the fish and the electropositive metal calculated, and data summarized by compiling frequency distributions with 5‐cm bins. Juvenile sturgeon showed clear avoidance of electropositive metal but only when food was present. On the basis of our results, we conclude that the electropositive metals, or other sources of weak electric fields, may eventually be used to reduce the interactions of Atlantic sturgeon with fishing gear, but further investigation is needed. El Potencial del Metal Electropositivo para Reducir las Interacciones del Esturión Atlántico con Instrumentos de Pesca Bouyoucos, Bushnell & Brill 13–003     

The role of time and species identities in spatial patterns of species richness and conservation

Many conservation actions are justified on the basis of managing biodiversity. Biodiversity, in terms of species richness, is largely the product of rare species. This is problematic because the intensity of sampling needed to characterize communities and patterns of rarity or to justify the use of surrogates has biased sampling in favor of space over time. However, environmental fluctuations interacting with community dynamics lead to temporal variations in where and when species occur, potentially affecting conservation planning by generating uncertainty about results of species distribution modeling (including range determinations), selection of surrogates for biodiversity, and the proportion of biodiversity composed of rare species. To have confidence in the evidence base for conservation actions, one must consider whether temporal replication is necessary to produce broad inferences. Using approximately 20 years of macrofaunal data from tidal flats in 2 harbors, we explored variation in the identity of rare, common, restricted range, and widespread species over time and space. Over time, rare taxa were more likely to increase in abundance or occurrence than to remain rare or disappear and to exhibit temporal patterns in their occurrence. Space–time congruency in ranges (i.e., spatially widespread taxa were also temporally widespread) was observed only where samples were collected across an environmental gradient. Fifteen percent of the taxa in both harbors changed over time from having spatially restricted ranges to having widespread ranges. Our findings suggest that rare species can provide stability against environmental change, because the majority of species were not random transients, but that selection of biodiversity surrogates requires temporal validation. Rarity needs to be considered both spatially and temporally, as species that occur randomly over time are likely to play a different role in ecosystem functioning than those exhibiting temporal structure (e.g., seasonality). Moreover, temporal structure offers the opportunity to place management and conservation activities within windows of maximum opportunity.     

Main nutrient compounds in food bodies of Mexican <Emphasis Type="Italic">Acacia</Emphasis> ant-plants

Summary. Myrmecophytic plants use obligate ant mutualists as a constitutive indirect defence mechanism. These plants often produce cellular food bodies (FBs) to nourish their resident ants. Lipids, proteins, and even highly specialised compounds such as glycogen have been reported from FBs, but detailed chemical analyses of FB composition have so far been presented only for Southeast Asian Macaranga and Central American Piper myrmecophytes. Here we report the chemical composition of FBs of five myrmecophytic Acacia (Fabaceae) species from Mexico using HPLC (carbohydrates and proteins) and GC-MS (lipids). Feeding experiments revealed no hints on any use of external food sources by the inhabiting Pseudomyrmex ants. These ants obviously rely completely on FBs and extrafloral nectar provided by their hosts. The total content of nutrients in Acacia FBs was 15-25% of FB dry mass, being much lower than in Macaranga or Piper FBs. Proteins were dominating (8-14 % dm) in Acacia FBs and thus were present in higher amounts than in Macaranga FBs, yet in lower amounts than in Piper. Lipids contributed 1-9 % of dry mass, showing a lower proportion than in FBs of Macaranga or Piper. Carbohydrates made up 3-11 % dm, reaching in most Acacia species the same range as observed in Macaranga and in Piper FBs. Water content was 18-24 % of FB fresh mass, and structural tissue obviously made up a much higher proportion in Acacia FBs than in Macaranga or Piper FBs. Both characters might represent an adaptation to producing FBs unprotected at the leaf tips under dry conditions. Acacia FBs contain all amino acids and all fatty acids that are considered essential for insects, and their contents of lipids and proteins are higher than in the leaves from which they are ontogenetically derived. This indicates a putatively adaptive enrichment of nutritionally valuable compounds in structures functioning as ant-food.     

Examining the uncertain origin and management role of martens on Prince of Wales Island,Alaska

Conservation biologists are generally united in efforts to curtail the spread of non‐native species globally. However, the colonization history of a species is not always certain, and whether a species is considered non‐native or native depends on the conservation benchmark. Such ambiguities have led to inconsistent management. Within the Tongass National Forest of Alaska, the status of American marten (Martes americana) on the largest, most biologically diverse and deforested island, Prince of Wales (POW), is unclear. Ten martens were released to POW in the early 1930s, and it was generally believed to be the founding event, although this has been questioned. The uncertainty surrounding when and how martens colonized POW complicates management, especially because martens were selected as a design species for the Tongass. To explore the history of martens of POW we reviewed other plausible routes of colonization; genetically and isotopically analyzed putative marten fossils deposited in the late Pleistocene and early Holocene to verify marten occupancy of POW; and used contemporary genetic data from martens on POW and the mainland in coalescent simulations to identify the probable source of the present‐day marten population on POW. We found evidence for multiple routes of colonization by forest‐associated mammals beginning in the Holocene, which were likely used by American martens to naturally colonize POW. Although we cannot rule out human‐assisted movement of martens by Alaskan Natives or fur trappers, we suggest that martens be managed for persistence on POW. More generally, our findings illustrate the difficulty of labeling species as non‐native or native, even when genetic and paleo‐ecological data are available, and support the notion that community resilience or species invasiveness should be prioritized when making management decisions rather than more subjective and less certain conservation benchmarks.