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1.
镉超富集植物商陆及其富集效应   总被引:39,自引:0,他引:39  
聂发辉 《生态环境》2006,15(2):303-306
超累积植物筛选是重金属污染土壤植物提取修复的基础和核心问题,同时也是污染环境植物修复的难点及前沿。对株洲市铅锌冶炼厂生产区生长的8种不同的植物进行了采样和调查。通过生物量测定和植物体内镉质量分数分析,发现商陆(Phytolaccaacinosa)体内镉质量分数较高,生物量大,且呈现地上部的质量分数大于地下部的规律。通过室外盆栽模拟试验,进一步研究商陆对土壤中镉污染的忍耐、积累能力,以检验这种植物修复Cd污染土壤的可能性及其潜力。结果表明,在Cd污染水平大于50mg·kg-1条件下,商陆茎及叶的Cd含量分别超过了100mg·kg-1这一公认Cd超积累植物应达到的临界含量标准,其地上部Cd含量大于其根部Cd含量,且地上部Cd富集系数大于1。与对照相比,植物的生长未受到抑制,商陆对Cd的富集符合Cd超积累植物的基本特征。同时,利用吸收量系数对商陆的镉去除能力和富集特征进行了评价判断,证实商陆是一种Cd超积累植物,这为镉污染土壤的植物修复提供了一种新的种质资源。  相似文献   

2.
关于超富集植物的新理解   总被引:76,自引:2,他引:76  
聂发辉 《生态环境》2005,14(1):136-138
长期以来重金属超富集植物定义存在着严重的不足,新的评价系数的提出势在必行。文章在生物富集系数和转运系数的基础上创造性地提出了新的评价系数即生物富集量系数,其内涵为给定生长期内单位面积地上部分植物吸收的重金属总量与土壤含量之比。此系数的提出扩大了传统超富集植物的定义,使得富集质量分数未达某一水平,但生物量很大的植物也能作为超富集植物。这为今后超富集植物的筛选提供了一定的参考,为土壤重金属污染的植物修复工程提供了理论基础。  相似文献   

3.
蔬菜对土壤镉铜锌富集能力的研究   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3  
调查了福建部分污染严重地区不同蔬菜对镉、锌、铜的富集能力。结果表明蔬菜对镉的平均富集系数为0.017,锌的平均富集系数为0.116.铜的平均富集系数为0.014。蔬菜对镉的富集系数的品种间差异最大,达315倍,远高于锌和铜的富集系数的品种间差异。茭白、豇豆和莲藕对镉的富集能力较低,可作为镉污染土壤优先选种的蔬菜品种,而青包菜、白包菜、芥菜、空心菜、芋头等对镉的富集系数较高,不宜在镉污染土壤上栽培。  相似文献   

4.
不同玉米品种对重金属铅镉的富集和转运能力   总被引:11,自引:0,他引:11  
通过土培试验研究了10个来自不同产地的玉米(Zea mays)品种对重金属铅和镉的累积特性。结果表明,重金属铅(400 mg·kg-1)和镉(10 mg·kg-1)复合胁迫条件下,玉米不同生育期累积铅的能力从大到小依次为成熟期、拔节期和苗期,累积镉的能力从大到小依次为苗期、拔节期和成熟期。玉米各部位铅镉吸收量从大到小依次为根、茎、叶和籽粒。供试的10个玉米品种中籽粒铅含量均超过GB 2715—2005《粮食卫生标准》中的规定(≤0.2 mg·kg-1),广甜3号、国审浚79-5、兴黄单892、晋单51和北科4号籽粒镉含量符合GB 2715—2005中的卫生标准(≤0.1 mg·kg-1)。其中,广甜3号对镉的累积量最小,可以在中、轻度污染土壤上推广种植。  相似文献   

5.
忍冬--一种新发现的镉超富集植物   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3  
镉(Cd)是毒性最强的重金属元素之一,具有稳定、积累和不易消除等特性,进入土壤环境中易被植物吸收,并可通过食物链进入人体,在人体内不断积累,严重威胁人体健康及生命安全。植物修复技术(Phytoremediation)是近年来发展起来的一种主要用于清除土壤重金属污染的绿色生态技术。植物修复技术的核心是找到超富集植物(Hyperaccumulator),但现已知的超富集植物往往存在生物量低、生长缓慢、地域性较强和修复时间较长等缺陷,且研究对象多集中矿区及草本植物,而对木本植物的研究甚少,因此有必要针对这一问题开展相关研究以丰富超富集植物的种类。为此,本文采用水培和土培相结合的试验方法,研究木本植物忍冬Lonicera japonica Thunb.对不同浓度镉(Cd)的生长响应及积累特性。结果表明:不同浓度的Cd处理对忍冬的生长并未造成毒害症状,表现为其根部和地上部生物量与对照相比并无显著差异。无论水培还是土培生长条件下,在较高浓度的Cd处理下,忍冬仍能保持正常生长,表现出很好的耐性。在水培条件下,当营养液中Cd处理浓度为25 mg·L-1时,忍冬地上部中Cd含量接近300.00μg·g-1;而在土培条件下,当土壤中Cd处理浓度为50 mg·kg-1时,其地上部中Cd含量仍远远高于Cd超富集植物的临界含量标准,即地上部分富集Cd超过100μg·g-1,且其具有较高的耐性系数(index of tolerance,IT均超过0.80)和富集系数(bioaccumulation factor,BF均远超过1.00),这表明忍冬具备了Cd超富集植物的特征,是一种新发现的Cd超富集植物,将其应用于Cd污染土壤修复具有重要的现实意义。  相似文献   

6.
近年来,转基因毛状根组织被越来越多地应用于重金属和有机污染物的植物修复技术研究中,已成为进行污染物毒性响应机制研究的便捷的实验室工具。为了探究龙葵、油菜、芥菜3种镉(cadmium,Cd)超富集植物对Cd毒性胁迫响应的差异,以诱导出的3种植物毛状根为研究材料,从毛状根的生长状态、富集Cd的能力、根组织细胞的凋亡程度和抗氧化酶活性等方面进行了探讨。结果表明:Cd浓度为0~50μmol·L-1时,龙葵、油菜、芥菜毛状根受Cd毒害的影响都不明显;Cd浓度为75~100μmol·L-1时,龙葵、油菜、芥菜毛状根均表现出对Cd胁迫的防御响应。在较高的Cd浓度(100μmol·L-1)下,龙葵毛状根的生物量受Cd毒害的影响最小,芥菜次之,油菜受影响最大;同时龙葵毛状根富集的Cd含量最高(745.0μg·g-1),芥菜次之(681.4μg·g-1),油菜最差(505.2μg·g-1)。龙葵、油菜、芥菜毛状根在Cd胁迫下的细胞凋亡水平均随Cd浓度的升高而升高,当Cd浓度为100μmol·L-1时,龙葵毛状根比油菜和芥菜毛状根的细胞凋亡程度均低。同时3种植物毛状根在不同浓度Cd处理下抗氧化酶活性的变化有一定差异。从上述结果综合来看,龙葵毛状根受Cd毒害的影响最小、富集Cd的能力最好,是进一步开展Cd超富集植物转基因改造研究的较好的实验室载体。  相似文献   

7.
鱼腥草对土壤中镉的富集及根系微生物的促进作用   总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6  
通过采集自然条件的鱼腥草和未受污染的土壤,在实验室条件下培育,以及利用镉的筛选,培养出土壤菌悬液,研究了鱼腥草Huttuynia cordata对土壤中镉的富集作用,以及经过根系微生物处理后放线菌对富集后转移的促进作用。结果表明,根部经过微生物处理的鱼腥草地上部(土壤含镉200 mg·kg^-1)有最高的含镉浓度和最大的富集量,分别是是对照组的20倍和50倍。土壤含镉50 mg·kg^-1时,鱼腥草地上部与地下部镉富集量的比例是2.5,高于对照组(1.5)。而当土壤含镉200 mg.kg^-1时,经过处理的鱼腥草地上部与地下部镉含量之比是未经处理的2倍。所以,鱼腥草对土壤中的镉有很强的富集作用,且在根系微生物的促进下,地下部的镉能更有效地转移到地上部,大大加强植物的修复效率;且与其他的诸如添加化学螯合剂等方法相比,土壤根系微生物能更好地适应植物根系环境,更不会对土壤本身的微生态系统造成二次污染。所以研究根系环境中微生物、根系、土壤酶、金属离子等的相互影响关系,将是土壤重金属植物修复的另一重要领域。  相似文献   

8.
Pb超富集植物对营养元素N、P、K的响应   总被引:13,自引:1,他引:13  
利用富集重金属或对重金属具有耐性的植物修复重金属污染土壤,是治理土壤重金属污染的新途径。本研究通过温室土培方法,研究了营养元素N、P、K对3种Pb超富集植物绿叶苋菜、紫穗槐和羽叶鬼针草生长发育及Pb吸收的影响。结果表明,少量的N和K会促进富集植物叶片叶绿素值和干质量的增加,促进植物对Pb的吸收;随着N和K水平的增加,虽然叶绿素值和干质量一直在增加,但植物对Pb的吸收能力降低;K对植株Pb的吸收能力的抑制作用不如N显著。土壤供P会降低植物对Pb的吸收,且下降极显著。少量的N、P、K均使富集植物中的Pb迁移总量增加,高质量分数时则抑制。但K的抑制作用不如N及P的显著。  相似文献   

9.
采用正交试验设计L9(34)对黑麦草(Lolium perenne L.)进行温室盆栽试验,观测Cd、Zn、Pb复合污染条件下,硅(Si)对黑麦草生物量、叶绿素含量以及保护酶系统的影响.结果表明,Cd使黑麦草根系发育受阻导致生物量下降,中等水平的Zn和Pb有利于黑麦草生物量的积累;Cd、Zn、Pb复合污染造成黑麦草叶绿体结构的破坏,使叶绿素含量减少;低水平的Cd、Zn、Pb复合污染对黑麦草CAT和POD活性起到激发作用,但随着添加水平提高,两种酶活性受到抑制.Si可以促进黑麦草根系生物量的增加,有利于根系对水分和养分的吸收,保证地上部分的养分供给,使叶片生物量增加;硅化细胞的形成有利于黑麦草叶片对光能的吸收利用,Si也使叶绿素含量增加;Si对CAT和POD有显著激活作用,从而减轻重金属复合污染对黑麦草产生的伤害.  相似文献   

10.
通过野外调查和水培试验,研究了生长在永州铅锌铜尾矿上的优势植物东方香蒲(Typha orientalis Presl)对铅的富集特征及EDTA对其吸收和运输铅的影响。野外调查表明,东方香蒲对铅有很强的富集作用,其地上部分铅平均质量分数为619mg/kg,地下部分铅平均质量分数为1233mg/kg。营养液培养试验进一步证实了它的强富集能力,其地上和地下部分的铅质量分数都远远超过了超富集定义的参考值(1000mg/kg)。分析结果表明,东方香蒲是一种新的铅富集型植物,EDTA的加入不仅增加了植株对铅的吸收量,而且增大了铅在植株体内的转运系数。同时,铅对植株的毒害症状也得到缓解。  相似文献   

11.
研究了十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)、鼠李糖脂(rhamnolipids)和皂角苷(saponins)等不同离子类型的表面活性剂对矿渣中重金属Pb和Zn的解吸效果,并采用盆栽实验研究了上述3种表面活性剂对Pb和Zn超富集植物小花南芥(Arabis alpina L.var.parviflora Franch)的生物量、吸收和富集重金属的影响。结果表明:3种表面活性剂对Pb的解吸效率是鼠李糖脂〉皂角苷〉CTAB,对Zn的解吸效率随处理质量浓度增加而增加,解吸率介于2.84%~10.84%之间;3种表面活性剂都能促进小花南芥叶长、根长、冠幅、地上部生物量及地下部生物量增加,与对照相比增加了1.06~1.92倍,除了表面活性剂CTAB处理质量浓度为7.5g.L^-1时,小花南芥叶长、冠幅、根长及地下部和地上部生物量都下降,分别为对照的0.61~0.88倍。添加三种表面活性剂都能显著促进小花南芥地下部和地上部累积Pb和Zn,并且位移系数和富集系数都大于1。这说明3种表面活性剂对小花南芥修复重金属铅和锌污染的土壤有促进作用。  相似文献   

12.
Pollution of hazardous elements in roof runoff has been a potential danger to aquatic ecosystem as documented in previous studies. In this study, concentrations of lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), arsenic (As), and cadmium (Cd) in roof runoff were measured for short-term rainfall events. The concentrations of the selected elements varied to a high degree during the rainfall period, and the well-known first-flush phenomenon was not observed due to the short-term rainfall patterns. Based on event mean concentrations (EMCs) and fluxes, the elemental pollution may be ranked as Zn >> Pb > As > Cd. The average levels of Pb and Zn exceeded the fourth class value and fifth class value of the environmental quality standards for surface water in China. The relative high pollution could be caused by atmospheric deposition and the erosion of crust steel appurtenance installed above the rooftop. Furthermore, elements in particulate form dominated the roof runoff pollution, and the ratios of elements in particulate form to total amounts were 0.6 (As), 0.9 (Pb), 0.7 (Cd), and 0.5 (Zn). This study cleared the pollution characteristics of hazardous elements in short-term storm water roof runoff; it was useful for the selection of best management practices.  相似文献   

13.
Phosphates can cost-effectively decrease the mobility of Pb in contaminated soils. However, Pb always coexists with other metals in soil, their competitive reactions with phosphates have not been tested. In this study, the abilities of KH2PO4, K2HPO4, and K3PO4 to stabilize Pb, Zn, and Cd in soils contaminated with a single metal or a ternary metal for different phosphorus/metal molar ratios were investigated. Results indicated that the stabilization efficiency of KH2PO4, K2HPO4, and K3PO4 for Pb, Zn, and Cd in single metal contaminated soil (P/M ratio 0.6) was 96.00%–98.74%, 33.76%–47.81%, and 9.50%–55.79%, respectively. Competitive stabilization occurred in the ternary system, Pb exhibited a strong competition, the stabilization efficiency of Zn and Cd reduced by 23.50%–31.64%, and 7.10%–39.26%, respectively. Pyromorphite and amorphous lead phosphate formed with excess KH2PO4 or K2HPO4 addition, while K3PO4 resulted in the formation of a hydroxypyromorphite precipitate. Amorphous Zn and Cd phosphates and hydroxides were the primary products. The immobilization rate of Zn and Cd depends on pH, and increased significantly in response to the excess phosphate application. This approach provides insight into phosphate-induced differences in stabilization efficiency in soils contaminated with multiple metals, which is of theoretical and engineering significance.
  相似文献   

14.
采用铋膜修饰玻碳电极,建立了用方波阳极溶出伏安法同时测定煤矸石和粉煤灰中锌、镉、铅元素的分析方法.优化了扫描方式、电解液及p H值、铋离子浓度、富集电位、富集时间等实验参数.在最佳实验条件下,锌、镉、铅分别在1—90μg·L-1、20—120μg·L-1和1—120μg·L-1浓度范围内呈现良好的线性关系,3种元素的检出限分别为0.04、0.03、0.02μg·L-1.该法用于实际煤矸石、粉煤灰样品中锌、镉、铅的测定,准确度和精密度良好.  相似文献   

15.
The understanding of natural fluctuations of metal concentrations in mussels used as bio-indicators is indispensable for a good assessment of the disturbances due to pollution. We have studied thoroughly the factors which condition bioaccumulation by using controlled populations of mussels, Mytilus edulis L., sampled monthly over more than two years (March 1982–May 1984) in the Bay of Bourgneuf, France. Seasonal changes in metal levels have been recognized, maximum values being observed in winter and early spring and minimum in later spring and summer. Depending on metal and size group, the ratios between these maximum and minimum values varied between 1.56 and 3.43. The fluctuations in soft-tissue weight appear to be the main explanatory factor of seasonal variations in metal concentrations in mussels. Fluctuations in metal levels related to size of mussels were observed. Except for cadmium in mussels with a mean dry weight of soft tissues >0.2 g, a slight decrease in metal concentrations was observed for growing individuals: the regression coefficient b was -0.10, -0.11, -0.13 and -0.27 for Cd, Cu, Zn and Pb, respectively. The metals examined were rather uniformly distributed among the different groups of organs (visceral mass, gills and palps, remainder) and, consequently, several analyses of metals in different organs do not provide much more information than one analysis on the whole soft tissues. It is concluded that fluctuations related to size or season are reflected by only moderate differences in the maximum and minimum concentrations of metals in the mussels, but that they are nevertheless sufficient to conceal low chronic or short-term pollution, except at those sites where the normal environmental conditions are well-documented.  相似文献   

16.
The sorption capacity of the microalga, Chlorella vulgaris, was investigated using different metals (Cu, Zn, Cd and Ni), in both monometallic and bimetallic solutions. The final metal concentrations were significantly low. In the case of copper, an acid pretreatment (at pH 3) of the biomass was required to avoid an excessive increase in pH and the subsequent precipitation of metal during tests. This pretreatment was not necessary for the rest of the metals. The study of the influence of pH led to a greater metal uptake at a higher pH, suggesting a clear competition between metal cations and protons during the biosorption process. The biomass concentration was also a relevant variable, and the best sorption capacities were achieved at the lowest biomass concentration. pH also had a great influence on the elution of the metal retained by the biomass. The best recovery yields were obtained for the lower pH of the eluent solution. Sorption isotherms were well fitted to the Langmuir model, for both single-metal and two-metal systems. In both cases, the biomass showed a greater affinity for Cd.  相似文献   

17.
Abstract

Festuca rubra L. plants are pseudometallophytes colonizing abandoned Pb/Zn mine areas, successfully employed in phytostabilization. To study the contribution of low-molecular weight organic acids to metal tolerance, F. rubra plants were grown for three months in hydroponics with Cd (1.8, 18 and 36 µmol?L?1), Pb (50, 250 and 500?µmol?L?1) and Zn (0.3, 3 and 6?mmol?L?1), separately, and in ternary combination (18?µmol?L?1 Cd + 250?µmol?L?1 Pb + 0.3?mmol?L?1 Zn). The roots retained most of the metals but their distribution from shoot to root was altered when the plants were treated with the ternary combination. The main organic acids in roots were citrate and malate. At the lowest concentrations, the metals caused small reductions in biomass, had no effects on photosynthetic pigments nor on malondialdehyde, but led to increases in root organic acids. At higher concentrations, phytotoxic responses were observed, associated with a decline of citrate and malate in the roots.  相似文献   

18.
通过采用国际冻原计划模拟增温对植物影响的方法,从繁殖生态学角度研究了西藏苔草(Carex thibetica Franch)种群的物候期、分蘖数、生物量和种群繁殖对增温的响应。结果表明:暖棚内气温、土壤表层温度分别了1.17℃和1.50℃;物候期提前或延迟,生长期延长;增温可以提高西藏苔草的生殖产量,但不提高其种子发芽率;增温可提高西藏苔草分蘖数和生物量;西藏苔草繁殖对策趋于营养繁殖。  相似文献   

19.
The objective of this research was to investigate the effects of biosolids on the competitive sorption and lability of the sorbed Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn in fluvial and calcareous soils. Competitive sorption isotherms were developed, and the lability of these metals was estimated by DTPA extraction following their sorption. Sorption of all metals was higher in the fluvial than in the calcareous soil. Sorption of Cu and Pb was stronger than that of Cd, Ni, and Zn in all soils. Biosolids application (2.5%) reduced the sorption of all metals especially Cu and Pb (28–43%) in both soils (especially the calcareous soil) at the lower added metal concentrations (50 and 100 mg L?1). However, it increased the sorption of all metals especially Pb and Cu in both soils (especially the calcareous soil; 15.5-fold for Cu) at the higher added concentrations (250 and 300 mg L?1). Nickel showed the highest lability followed by Cd, Zn, and Pb in both soils. Biosolids increased the lability of the sorbed Ni in the fluvial soils at all added concentrations and the lability of Cd, Pb, and Zn at 50 mg L?1, but decreased the lability of Cd, Pb, and Zn at 250 and 300 mg L?1 in both soils. We conclude that at low loading rate (e.g., 50 mg L?1) biosolids treatment might increase the lability and environmental risk of Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn. However, at high loading rate (e.g., 300 mg L?1) biosolids may be used as an immobilizing agent for Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn and mobilizing agent for Ni.  相似文献   

20.
The distribution of Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn in above-ground parts of corn, small grains and pulse crops was investigated. Sampled parts included grain or seed, leaves, stems, silk and husks of corn-ears, rachilla and chaff of small grains and pods of bean plants. The distribution of these elements was variable and reflected, primarily, their relative mobility between plant parts including transfer into the grain. Generally, Zn and Cu were preferentially transferred into the seed or grain, while Cd and Pb were selectively excluded from these organs. For example, the distribution pattern in ears of corn was: for Cd, husks > silk > grain; for Zn, silk > grain > husks. The selective transfer of Zn and Cu into seed or grain, in contrast to the restricted movement of Cd and Pb into these organs, may be the result of selective absorption of Zn and Cu over Cd and Pb by vascular transfer cells within the plant's reproductive tissues. The effect of soil type on Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn levels in cereal grain or pulse seed was small compared to the differences found in the concentrations of these elements between different plant organs. Thus, grain and seed crops serve as natural barriers to the movement of the potentially toxic heavy metals, Cd and Pb, into the animal/human food chain, minimising their transfer from soils while conserving Zn and Cu levels in edible portions of these crops.Soil Scientist, USDA, Soil Conservation Service, Retired.  相似文献   

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