Too small to count? Making Land Use Transformations in Chiquitano communities of San Ignacio de Velasco,East Bolivia,visible

ABSTRACT

The Santa Cruz lowlands, east Bolivia, are one of South America’s most dynamic agricultural frontiers. In the Chiquitania, bordering Brazil, San Ignacio de Velasco was in 2017 ranked first nationally in terms of deforestation. There, two deforestation fronts meet with mechanized agriculture expanding from the West and South and cattle ranching from the East. Chiquitano communities are demographically dominant locally but often face land scarcity. Because of their comparatively low impact on forest vegetation, they are not well represented in broad-scale quantitative Land Use/Land Cover (LULC) studies. Based on an empirical, human geographical approach, this paper investigates the transformation of the local indigenous productive matrix, the associated land-use patterns and potential socio-ecological implications. The overall aim is to bear witness to the rapid and profound reconfiguration of traditional livelihoods with their integration in the market economy and to highlight the significance of micro-scale LULC-processes at global scale.     

岩溶山区不同土地利用方式对石灰土基本特性的影响

以重庆金佛山为例,针对岩溶山区不同土地利用系统,分析了土壤容重、孔隙度、质地、有机质、阳离子交换量等土壤基本特性对不同土地利用方式的响应.结果表明,由于土地利用强度不同,常绿阔叶林地土壤质量最优,耕地最差,退耕地的部分土壤特性得到恢复.土壤特性对不同土地利用方式的响应程度由高到低依次为有机质、阳离子交换量、黏粒含量、容重、孔隙度.有机质与阳离子交换量、机械组成的分形维数、容重和孔隙度均呈极显著相关,有机质是岩溶生态环境中石灰土壤质量演变的重要因子.     

基于土地转移矩阵的生态服务功能研究——以南京市仙林新市区为例

以南京市仙林新市区为例,运用土地转移矩阵方法分析土地利用变化,并采用专家打分法和层次分析法对生态服务功能进行分类评价,对其结果进行空间化表达,分析土地利用变化对生态服务功能的影响。结果表明:(1)2003—2013年仙林新市区耕地和水体面积大量减少,而建设用地、密集型草地和裸地面积大量增加。土地利用类型变化主要体现在耕地、水体向建设用地、密集型草地和裸地的转移。(2)区域生态服务功能整体降低,但生态服务功能改变程度具有空间异质性,西北部和中部的大部分区域生态服务功能降低程度高,而东南部小部分区域降低程度低。(3)耕地、有林地和水体向建设用地的转移是造成生态服务功能降低的主要原因,其作用程度达到70%以上。     

Deforestation and Development in a Small Open Economy

Our economy faces world prices and starts with a large endowment of land in forest and a small endowment of land in agriculture. Clearing of forested land yields marketable timber and a unit of land for agriculture. Early, the high price of agricultural land drives the clearing process. Later, the profit from marketing timber from the cleared land drives the process. Dates of “phase transitions” are endogenous. We also set out a submodel of perpetual cyclic clearing and reforesting, and show that it when cyclical harvesting—regrowing is optimal, the extent of clearing can be relatively large.     

Agency and structure: a grounded theory approach to explain land-use change in the Mindo and western foothills of Pichincha,Ecuador

ABSTRACT

Although life and land decisions are individual, driven by perceptions of reality, they reflect broader social processes. This research aims to understand relevant land-use change processes and the context within which land-use change occurs in the study area. For this, we employ grounded theory techniques and procedures to analyze narratives and life history interviews. Based on these narratives, we re-construct past land-use changes. Additionally, we identify structural conditions that drive change, several dimensions of change, including cultural-cognitive dimensions, and future discourses. The identified structural conditions motivate changes in concepts, actions, and practices, in land-use, and institutions, eventually leading to generational changes. Further research is needed to examine how the so-called structural conditions producing change varies in different settings and contexts. These findings can provide insight into certain patterns and knowledge that may contribute to community planning, policy design, and the conception of sustainable solutions with more grounded knowledge.     

中国生物多样性重点保护区评价标准探讨

从基于景观大尺度的评价和基于保护区域小尺度的评价2个层次,综述了国内外研究者在生物多样性重点区域评价方面开展的工作.尝试构建一般标准和鉴定标准的双重中国生物多样性重点保护区评价标准.其中,一般标准是作为重点保护区的基本条件,必须全部满足,而鉴定标准是依据相应指标进行判断,凡具有任意1项或多项指标的区域可被确认为重点保护区.并就指标体系和评价标准的具体内涵作了阐述.     

论生物多样性的保护问题

当前，任何地区的生物多样性都是自然和社会因素长期综合作用所造成。生物多样性最丰富的地区不一定全部由顶极植被所覆盖，而常常是一些包括所有演替类型的地方。本文通过讨论自然环境的变化和人类生产活动对不同区域景观的影响，探讨有关生物多样性的保护问题。     

我国自然保护区有效管理现状及其分析

本文在对我国１０多个省（自治区）２ｏ多个自然保护区的实际调查和全国资料的统计分析基础上，从我国自然保护区的管理体制、管理机构建设、资源的保护与适度开发利用、科学研究与宣传教育等方面，全面分析了我国自然保护区有效管理的现状，总结了取得的成绩和存在的问题，并针对存在的主要问题，提出了相应的对策与建议。     

洞庭湖区不同土地利用方式对土壤酶活性的影响

对洞庭湖区不同土地利用方式下与主要营养元素循环相关的关键土壤酶(蔗糖酶、脲酶、碱性磷酸酶、过氧化氢酶)进行分析研究,结果表明,在0-30 cm土层,土地利用方式对4种酶活性的影响极其显著,且随土层深度的增加,土壤酶活性受土地利用方式的影响逐渐减小.碱性磷酸酶、蔗糖酶与脲酶在整个土壤刮面中受到土地利用方式的影响都较大,而过氧化氢酶对土地利用方式的响应只限于0-30 cm土层.不同土地利用方式下土壤蔗糖酶、脲酶和碱性磷酸酶活性均随土层深度的增加呈下降趋势,表明土壤有机质的分解、土壤营养元素的循环与土壤剖面结构息息相关.     

城市交通用地的研究

首先介绍了当前城市交通规划与土地规划之间所存在的一些不协调之处,然后研究了城市交通规划与土地利用之间的关系,进而提出了城市交通与土地利用之间的相互促进模式,最后,根据一些假设条件建立了城市最佳交通用地量的概念模型,从而为制定科学而合理的交通规划与土地规划提供了一种参考。     

生态用地分类初步研究

中国现有的土地利用分类体系对土地的生态属性考虑不足,导致生态用地分类缺乏统一的标准,生态用地难以得到有效保护。基于此,该文尝试对生态用地分类体系进行初步研究,以期为生态用地的科学管护,国土空间格局的优化和生态文明建设的推进提供科技支撑。在总结借鉴国内外学者有关生态用地研究成果的基础上,首先对生态用地概念进行了界定,在剔除《第二次全国土地调查技术规程-土地利用现状分类》中的非生态用地基础上,采用“逆向递推”方法将生态用地合并归类：根据生态用地的概念、内涵和划分依据,将剔除非生态用地后的土地利用现状分类中的二级地类归为35个生态用地三级地类;根据人类活动对生态用地影响范围和程度的不同而导致发挥的生态功能强弱的差异,将生态用地三级地类合并归类为14个二级地类;基于“人类活动-生态用地”影响反馈机理,将生态用地分为原生生态用地、半人工生态用地和人工生态用地3个一级地类。随后,为使生态用地分类系统在生态用地管理与生态建设实践中发挥应有的作用,将土地利用现状分类与生态用地分类实现了有效衔接。最后,作者建议借鉴国内外对于生态系统服务功能的相关研究,考虑从生态系统服务价值等视角来建立相关定量化的系统科学的生态用地分类体系。     

世界保护区事业发展的展望

当前,世界130个国家已建立了6500多个保护区,约占地球土地面积4.89％。但是,如何管理好它们,还存在许多问题。本文重点介绍这些问题,并提出一些解决措施,以促进保护区事业的发展。     

中国土地利用潜力研究进展与启示

土地利用潜力水平与土地集约利用紧密相关。为充分了解我国土地利用潜力研究状况,从土地利用潜力内涵、分尺度研究内容及特点、研究方法三个方面重点阐述了国内当前的研究状况。以此为基础,提出我国土地利用潜力研究主要存在以下四个方面不足：①研究内容上,以土地利用潜力评价为主,其他研究如潜力来源的分析、土地挖潜措施研究、土地利用潜力与其他学科的交叉略显薄弱;②理论基础与学科借鉴程度较弱;③省级、市级或区县级分尺度研究特色和侧重点不足;④研究结果的应用仍需加强。并提出以下四点展望：①推进理论创新,加强理论借鉴;②推进内容创新,拓宽研究视角;③推进方法与技术创新,促进学科发展;④推进研究结果应用,加强跨领域交叉研究。文章有利于探寻土地利用潜力研究方向和突破口,拓展其研究领域深度与广度,对于我国土地集约利用水平的提升具有重要的实践指导意义。     

盐池北部风沙区土地利用格局变化对沙漠化的影响

以盐池北部风沙区为研究区域,利用1989、1995、2000、2007年土地利用现状图,借助地理信息系统软件提取有关格局分析的基础数据,基于景观生态学原理,构造主要土地利用类型和沙地景观格局指数,探讨不同时段内盐池北部风沙区土地利用格局变化对沙化景观的影响。结果表明：（1）沙地景观在1995年之前不断扩张,1995年以后开始减少,集中连片沙地被零星分布的小沙化斑块取代;（2）林地和草地经历了先减少后增大的过程,土地利用格局变化中,中、低覆盖度草地和灌木林地变动性大;中、低覆盖度草地、耕地、灌木林地不稳定性程度较高;（3）受农作活动影响,尤其在灌溉条件较好区域,草地沙化明显,而灌木林能起到很好的防沙作用;（4）盐池北部风沙区土地利用格局特征指标与沙地面积呈负相关,随着特征指标增大沙化面积减小。土地利用格局变化能够综合反映相应时段内的人类活动结果,以此为切入点研究其对沙漠化的影响,有利于揭示沙漠化的驱动机制。     

Are indigenous forest reserves sustainable? An analysis of present and future land-use trends in Bosawas,Nicaragua

SUMMARY

In recent years, indigenous tenure over forest lands has emerged as a means to conserve forests while recognizing indigenous rights. There is concern, however, that indigenous reserves may not be an appropriate policy tool for sustained forest conservation. Our research examined how recognition of indigenous common-property rights has controlled agricultural expansion and conserved forests in Bosawas Biosphere Reserve, Nicaragua. We used satellite imagery with empirical data gathered in the field on land-use institutions, population pressures, and land-use practices to compare whether indigenous communities under territorial management or public management are better able to (1) control the ‘fast threat’ of frontier expansion and (2) address the long-term ecological threats posed by indigenous land-use practices and institutional changes in the region. Our findings are that indigenous residents who share common-property rights over their territories are better able to control agricultural expansion than are indigenous residents living on public lands. With respect to the long-term threats to the region, a series of simulations of possible land-use pressures demonstrate that the enforcement of territorial boundaries and further development of indigenous forest management rules will prove crucial in determining land-use capacity and deforestation over the next 50 years.     

宁夏引黄灌区不同土地利用方式土壤微生物群落多样性研究

以宁夏引黄灌区6种典型利用方式(12年果园田、稻旱轮作田、盐化旱田、枸杞田、常年旱田、常年稻田)灌淤土为研究对象,通过同期野外多点采样和室内培养分析相结合,运用磷脂脂肪酸谱图分析方法,探讨了不同土地利用与管理方式下灌淤土理化性质、微生物生物量、微生物区系及微生物群落多样性差异及相关关系,以期为宁夏引黄灌区土壤可持续利用提供数据支撑。结果表明,(1)不同土地利用方式中,长期秸秆还田的盐化旱田、长期有机无机配施的12年果园以及常年旱田3种利用方式下,土壤地力水平较高,相应土壤微生物生物量炭、氮水平最高,有利于土壤微生物数量的保持,而常年淹水条件下的常年稻田土壤肥力水平低下,微生物生物量最低。(2)不同土地利用方式磷脂脂肪酸PLFA总量变幅为81.1-94.8 nmol·g^?1,其中盐化旱田>12年果园>稻旱轮作>常年旱田>枸杞园>常年稻田;好氧细菌14:0、16:0和18:0比例最大,革兰氏阳性细菌16:0iso在12年果园、稻旱轮作田中含量显著提高,放线菌次之,而真菌18:3ω6c在12年果园、盐化旱田、稻旱轮作3种利用方式下含量升高。(3)相关分析表明,引黄灌区土壤磷酸脂肪酸与土壤pH、微生物量碳及微生物量磷之间呈极显著正相关,与土壤有机质呈显著正相关;主成分分析表明,盐化旱田和12年果园具有相近的微生物群落结构。(4)综上所述,有机无机配施常年果园和秸秆还田常年旱田是适用于该地区的土地利用与管理方式。     

Evaluating Biodiversity Conservation around a Large Sumatran Protected Area

Abstract:  Many of the large, donor-funded community-based conservation projects that seek to reduce biodiversity loss in the tropics have been unsuccessful. There is, therefore, a need for empirical evaluations to identify the driving factors and to provide evidence that supports the development of context-specific conservation projects. We used a quantitative approach to measure, post hoc, the effectiveness of a US$19 million Integrated Conservation and Development Project (ICDP) that sought to reduce biodiversity loss through the development of villages bordering Kerinci Seblat National Park, a UNESCO World Heritage Site in Indonesia. We focused on the success of the ICDP component that disbursed a total of US$1.5 million through development grants to 66 villages in return for their commitment to stop illegally clearing the forest. To investigate whether the ICDP lowered deforestation rates in focal villages, we selected a subset of non-ICDP villages that had similar physical and socioeconomic features and compared their respective deforestation rates. Village participation in the ICDP and its development schemes had no effect on deforestation. Instead, accessible areas where village land-tenure had been undermined by the designation of selective-logging concessions tended to have the highest deforestation rates. Our results indicate that the goal of the ICDP was not met and, furthermore, suggest that both law enforcement inside the park and local property rights outside the park need to be strengthened. Our results also emphasize the importance of quantitative approaches in helping to inform successful and cost-effective strategies for tropical biodiversity conservation.