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1.
C. M. Tu 《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》2013,48(2):281-292
Abstract Laboratory tests were conducted with 14 insecticides applied to a sandy loam to determine whether these materials caused any effects on microbial activities related to soil fertility. The ammonification of soil native organic nitrogen was not inhibited by any of the insecticide treatments. Some insecticides showed an effect on nitrification during the second week of incubation which subsequently recovered to levels similar to those obtained in the controls. There was a significant effect on denitrification in a number of treated samples. However, recovery of denitrifying capacity was rapid. This recovery indicated that the indigenous soil microorganisms can tolerate the chemicals used for control of insect pests. No significant inhibition of sulfur oxidation was observed. Results indicated that the insecticide treatments at the level tested were not drastic enough to be considered deleterious to soil microbial activities important to soil fertility. 相似文献
2.
A.H. El‐Sebae E.E. Enan S.A. Soliman S. El‐Fiki E. Khamees 《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》2013,48(4):475-491
Abstract The three S‐n‐propyl phosphates and phosphothioates: RH 218, profenofos and prothiophos were compared with fenitrothion in their potential as inhibitors of rat liver and brain AChE. Fenitrothion was more potent as an inhibitor than the three S‐n‐propyl derivatives. Incubation of hepatic protein enhanced ChE inhibition in brain in the case of fenitrothion, while it reduced the inhibitory effect of the S‐n‐propyl derivatives. On the other hand, the four organophosphorus esters caused hypoglycemia in both male and female rats and also reduced their blood urea with different degrees. 相似文献
3.
E E Enan A H El-Sebae O H Enan S El-Fiki 《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》1982,17(5):549-570
A comparative study between five organophosphorus insecticides: Leptophos, EPN, Cyanofenphos, Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon, was carried out for acute oral toxicity to white rats and for their in vivo interaction at 1/10th of LD50 doses with the activity of six serum enzymes after 4 wks from oral administration. Leptophos, Chlorpyrifos and diazinon exerted significant inhibition particularly to glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT), glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT), glutamyltransferase (GT) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). Adding ascorbic acid in the diet at 0.5% enhanced the acute oral toxicity of leptophos, chlorpyrifos and diazinon. For all the compounds, presence of ascorbic acid protected a number of the monitored serum enzymes from being inhibited except for leptophos. Ascorbic acid caused hypoglycemia with sublethal doses of leptophos, chlorpyrifos, and diazinon. The synergist piperonyl butoxide alone at 750 mg/kg dose inhibited the activity of the six serum enzymes. Presence of ascorbic acid in the diet intensified the inhibitory effect of piperonyl butoxide to all enzymes except for GOT. 相似文献
4.
Rats were given single oral doses of 2-chloro-, 2,8-dichloro-, 2,3,8-trichloro- and octachloro-dibenzofuran. Urine, faeces, fat and liver were analysed for starting materials and metabolites. The mono-, di- and trichlorodibenzofurans yielded mono- and dihydroxy derivatives, but metabolites containing sulphur were detected only with the mono- and dichlorodibenzofuran.Contrary to the chlorodibenzo-p-dioxins, where hydroxylated metabolites with substitution only at the 2,3-positions were isolated, chlorodibenzofuran-metabolites show a wider substitution pattern; five monohydroxy-derivatives were found, for instance, from 2,8-dichlorodibenzofuran.No metabolites were detected in urine, faeces and tissues of rats which were fed with octachlorodibenzofuran. 相似文献
5.
A single intraperitoneal administration of tin (II) tartrate to albino rats (2 mg body wt) depressed the levels of hepatic glutathione reductase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, lactate dehydrogenase, succinic dehydrogenase, reduced glutathione (GSH) and total sulfhydryl contents and led to an elevated level of tin. Serum aminotransferase levels were however, not affected but an increase in serum bilirubin and calcium levels was noticed. studies showed that tin tartrate upto a concentration of 2 uM did not affect the activity of liver enzymes tested, when the enzyme preparations were incubated with metallic salts during the time of assay. The critical concentration of tin for these parameters was at 5 uM. 相似文献
6.
E. Enan I. G. Berberian S. El‐Fiki M. El‐Masry O. H. Enan 《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》2013,48(2):149-170
Abstract Male Baladi rabbits were acutely and sub‐chronically intoxicated with cyanofenphos and profenophos. The levels of cholesterol, triglycerides, B‐lipoproteins and total proteins were determined in the serum, brain, spinal cord and sciatic nerve of rabbits. Moreover, the activities of alkaline phosphatase, acid phosphatase and glutamic‐pyruvic transaminase were determined in the liver of the animals. The whole Studie revealed that the biochemical constituents were highly affected by the tested insecticides. Also, the liver function suffered from adverse effects of the tested insecticides. 相似文献
7.
E Enan I G Berberian S el-Fiki M el-Masry O H Enan 《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》1987,22(2):149-170
Male Baladi rabbits were acutely and sub-chronically intoxicated with cyanofenphos and profenophos. The levels of cholesterol, triglycerides, B-lipoproteins and total proteins were determined in the serum, brain, spinal cord and sciatic nerve of rabbits. Moreover, the activities of alkaline phosphatase, acid phosphatase and glutamic-pyruvic transaminase were determined in the liver of the animals. The whole studies revealed that the biochemical constituents were highly affected by the tested insecticides. Also, the liver function suffered from adverse effects of the tested insecticides. 相似文献
8.
C. M. Tu 《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》2013,48(5-6):557-573
Abstract The influence of 11 formulated and technical insecticides at 10 μg/g soil on growth and activities of microorganisms was determined. The populations of bacteria and fungi initially decreased with some pesticide treatments but recovered rapidly to levels similar to or greater than those of controls after three weeks. Both formulated and technical chlordane, chlorpyrifos and cypermethrin stimulated fungal growth. No inhibition on nitrification after two wks and sulfur oxidation after three wks was observed in treatments with either grade of insecticide. The effect of different treatments on respiration was equal to or greater than that of control sample. Less effect was observed with technical insecticides than the formulated ones on microbial populations and activities in the soil. 相似文献
9.
Singh G Kathpal TS Spencer WF Dhankar JS 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》1991,70(3):219-239
Dissipation of four organochlorine insecticides, viz. aldrin, HCH, chlordane and heptachlor was studied in a sandy loam soil with and without crops during a period of 10 cropping seasons. Dissipation of all chemicals followed first-order kinetics (r(2)=0.537 - 0.976) with almost similar persistence in cropped and uncropped soils for all the insecticides. The average half-lives, (t(1/2) values) for total residues of aldrin, HCH, chlordane, and heptachlor in cropped treatments were 80.7, 58.8, 93.2, and 110 days. Their respective values in fallow plots were 78.4, 83.8, 154, and 116 days. None of the parent compounds or their isomers could be detected below the 20 cm depth at the termination of the experiment. Highest residue concentrations were observed in the surface 10 cm layer in fallow plots, but in the deeper (10-20 cm) layer in cropped plots. Analysis of plants and grains showed significant residues of all the chemicals. Degradation of these compounds in cropped and uncropped plots is discussed with regard to their volatilization, microbial degradation, leaching, and plant uptake. 相似文献
10.
L. M. Simon K. László M. Kotormán A. Vértesi K. Bagi J. Nemcsók 《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》2013,48(5):819-828
Abstract The effects of pyrethroid pesticides (deltamethrin, permethrin and cypermethrin) and an organophosphate ester (methidation) on the activities of carp trypsin, α‐chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidase A and lipase were studied. The enzymes were isolated from the gastrointestinal tract and the effects of the pesticides were investigated during incubation for 5 min. The activity of trypsin was influenced only slightly by the presence of deltamethrin and methidation, whereas permethrin and cypermethrin caused significant inhibition. The pyrethroid pesticides at lower concentrations resulted in a slight activation of α‐chymotrypsin. Methidation inhibited the α‐chymotrypsin activity by about 20%. These pesticides modified the lipase activity to a lesser extent; the highest inhibition was measured with cypermethrin. The carboxypeptidase A activity was inhibited by both pyrethroid pesticides and methidation. The results suggest that these pesticides might interact with the active conformation of the studied hydrolytic enzymes, resulting in changes in their activities. 相似文献
11.
L M Simon K László M Kotormán A Vértesi K Bagi J Nemcsók 《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》1999,34(5):819-828
The effects of pyrethroid pesticides (deltamethrin, permethrin and cypermethrin) and an organophosphate ester (methidation) on the activities of carp trypsin, alpha-chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidase A and lipase were studied. The enzymes were isolated from the gastrointestinal tract and the effects of the pesticides were investigated during incubation for 5 min. The activity of trypsin was influenced only slightly by the presence of deltamethrin and methidation, whereas permethrin and cypermethrin caused significant inhibition. The pyrethroid pesticides at lower concentrations resulted in a slight activation of alpha-chymotrypsin. Methidation inhibited the alpha-chymotrypsin activity by about 20%. These pesticides modified the lipase activity to a lesser extent; the highest inhibition was measured with cypermethrin. The carboxypeptidase A activity was inhibited by both pyrethroid pesticides and methidation. The results suggest that these pesticides might interact with the active conformation of the studied hydrolytic enzymes, resulting in changes in their activities. 相似文献
12.
C.M. Tu 《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》2013,48(6):695-709
Abstract Laboratory tests were conducted with eight herbicides, atrazine, butylate, ethalfluralin, imazethapyr, linuron, metolachlor, metribuzin and trifluralin, applied to a loamy sand at rate of 10 μg/g to determine if these materials caused any serious effects on microbial and enzymatic activities related to soil fertility. Some herbicides showed an effect on bacteria and fungi for the first week of incubation, but, subsequently, the populations returned to levels similar to those obtained in the controls. After several herbicide treatments there appeared to cause a slight depression of nitrification. Sulfur oxidation was better than that obtained with untreated soil in all treatments. Oxygen consumption was increased significantly after 96 hr incubation with atrazine. The soil dehydrogenase and amylase activities were inhibited by ethalfluralin treatment respectively for 1 wk and 1 day, and p‐nitrophenol liberation was inhibited for 2 hrs by all herbicide treatments. Results indicated that the herbicidal treatments at the level tested were not drastic enough to be considered deleterious to soil microbial and enzymatic activities which are important to soil fertility. 相似文献
13.
A. Bozsik E. Haubruge Ch. Gaspar 《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》2013,48(3):577-584
Abstract The in vitro enzyme activity of head homogenates of Coccinella septempunctata from different habitats (wheat, barley, rye and set‐aside fields in Belgium and Hungary) and the effect of in vivo surface contact treatments with organophosphorous active ingredients on the same species were investigated. The in vitro studies indicated that the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) of C. septempunctata was less sensitive to inhibition by paraoxon than by malaoxon in the case of each population. The differences found between parathion and malathion treatments in in vivo testing were not significant. The inhibition process of paraoxon suggests that the seven‐spot ladybird may have at least two AChEs responding differently for the paraoxon inhibition. 相似文献
14.
The biotransformation and elimination of 14C-dieldrin (HEOD) in non-acute toxic concentrations were investigated in male rats. A population of 36 rats was divided into two equal subgroups which were either exposed intraperitoneally (i.p.) or orally to 0.01, 0.1, 1.0 mg dieldrin/kg body weight on five consecutive days. 74–84 percent of the cumulative doses were eliminated via faeces and urine within 14 days for all groups. However, the daily excretion of dieldrin-derived residues, calculated as percent of the amount actually stored in the tissues, was significantly different between orally and i.p. treated groups. Also relatively large differences in the kinetic of excretion were found in the beginning of the experiment among individuals of the entire test population and among the six exposure groups. Ninety percent of the radioactive carbon compounds, excreted with urine and faeces, were extracted, purified and chromatographed with T.L.C. techniques. Four major radioactive fractions were isolated and identified from faecal and renal extracts of each group. Comparative studies of the nature (GLC-MS) and of the quantity (T.L.C./G.L.C.) of the metabolites and the parent compound indicated no significant differences in the pattern of metabolism as a consequence of different doses and/or routes of administration. 相似文献
15.
S.M. El‐Scwedy M. A. Zahran M.A. Zeidan M.H. Mostafa E.A. El‐Bassiouni 《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》2013,48(5):527-539
Abstract The effect of methomyl and cypermethrin insecticides on the B6‐dependent kynurenine hydrolase(KH) and kynurenine aminotransferase (KATE) was studied. These insecticides induced pronounced inhibition on the (KH) and (KATE) enzymes after single dose treatment. Repeated doses of methomyl induced inhibition on the (KH) and (KATE) activities, whereas repeated treatment with cypermethrin had no effect on the activities of these enzymes. In vitro methomyl inhibited (KH) and (KATE) enzymes at 10 M up to 10‐3 M, through a competitive mechanism. Methomyl and cypermethrin are capable of causing alterations in the kynurenine metabolizing enzymes of mouse liver. 相似文献
16.
17.
Ralph A. Chapman Carol Harris 《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》2013,48(4-5):397-407
Abstract The active ingredients in commercial formulations of malathion, oxamyl, carbaryl, diazinon, and chlorpyrifos diluted to “spray tank”; concentrations with buffered distilled or natural water of pH 4–9 were stable for at least 24 hr. Formulations of trichlorfon were not stable at pH 7 or above but disappearance rates were slower than for the pure chemical in homogeneous solution. Cupric ion was observed to be an effective catalyst for the hydrolysis of a variety of pure organophosphorus insecticides but did not catalyze hydrolysis of the active ingredients of the formulations examined. Increasing the dilution of the formulation increased the susceptibility of malathion, oxamyl, and carbaryl to hydrolysis. 相似文献
18.
B.S. Ismail David Ingon O. Omar 《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》2013,48(6):1267-1278
Abstract Effects of metolachlor on the activities of cellulase, phosphatase, urease and protease in a loamy sand soil, were evaluated for up to 28 days. Metolachlor at 10 ppm and above caused a reduction in phosphatase and urease activities for the entire period of study. The cellulase activity decreased during the very first day of incubation compared to that of the control but a recovery trend was obvious at all concentrations from day 14 onwards. Protease activity was also reduced in the metolachlor treated soil and the lower activity was observed during the entire study. 相似文献
19.
Effects of atrazine on acetylcholinesterase activity in midges (Chironomus tentans) exposed to organophosphorus insecticides 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Acetylcholinesterase activity was determined for midge larvae (Chironomus tentans) exposed to either organophosphorus insecticides (OPs) alone or OP insecticides in binary combination with atrazine (200 μg/l). Although atrazine by itself did not reduce the level of acetylcholinesterase activity, atrazine in combination with chlorpyrifos significantly decreased acetylcholinesterase activity as compared to chlorpyrifos only treatments. Although similar trends existed for malathion and methyl parathion, differences were not statistically significant. These results match previously published toxicity data where atrazine, although not acutely toxic even at much higher levels, decreased EC50 values for chlorpyrifos by a magnitude of 4, decreased methyl parathion values by a magnitude of 2, and did not decrease values for malathion. 相似文献
20.
通过室内模拟试验,采用愈创木酚法、高锰酸钾滴定法、氮蓝四唑法分别测定了四氯乙烯(PCE)污染小麦幼苗的过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、超氧化物岐化酶(SOD)等抗氧化物酶系,研究了PCE污染对植物生物学指标的影响,以评价土壤PCE污染的生态毒性效应,为土壤性质的变化趋势提供依据.结果表明,PCE浓度较低时,POD、SOD活性被激活,表现出明显的抗氧化能力,但PCE浓度过高时则抑制POD和SOD的活性诱导作用;小麦幼苗中CAT活性只有在PCE为0.10mg/kg时被激活,其他浓度时CAT活性均受到抑制;随着时间的延长,POD、CAT的活性均呈激活态势,而SOD活性在PCE浓度较低时呈降低趋势,在PCE浓度较高时,SOD活性升高. 相似文献