Industrial metabolism of chlorine: a case study of a chlor-alkali industrial chain

Substance flow analysis (SFA) is applied to a case study of chlorine metabolism in a chlor-alkali industrial chain. A chain-level SFA model is constructed, and eight indices are proposed to analyze and evaluate the metabolic status of elemental chlorine. The primary objectives of this study are to identify low-efficiency links in production processes and to find ways to improve the operational performance of the industrial chain. Five-year in-depth data collection and analysis revealed that system production efficiency and source efficiency continued increasing since 2008, i.e., when the chain was first formed, at average annual growth rates of 21.01 % and 1.01 %, respectively. In 2011, 64.15 % of the total chlorine input was transformed into final products. That is, as high as 98.50 % of the chlorine inputs were utilized when other by-products were counted. Chlorine loss occurred mostly in the form of chloride ions in wastewater, and the system loss rate was 0.54 %. The metabolic efficiency of chlorine in this case was high, and the chain system had minimal impact on the environment. However, from the perspectives of processing depth and economic output, the case study of a chlor-alkali industrial chain still requires expansion.     

工业园产业生态系统多样性评价研究

多样性是衡量开发区产业生态系统持续发展的重要内容,对开发区产业生态系统的组成完善、功能结构优化、规模竞争活力、稳定演化会产生重要影响。借鉴Shannon-Weaver生物多样性指数方法进行南通经济技术开发区产业生态系统结构多样性评价,类推多样性自然规律在产业生态系统的适用,结果表明,开发区产业结构组分多样性指数随整体产业规模扩大呈逐年下降趋势,系统存在不稳定;由结构元到结构网(Hu-Hc-Hn)产业生态系统中存在结构多样性递减趋势,系统功能多样性不完备。针对当前低碳经济产业发展要求,探讨了综合性开发区产业生态系统应采用改变新的组织形式、调整政策来恢复和保持产业系统调节功能的生态化模式,不仅为生态产业的构建和管理者提供决策依据,而且为调整组分、改善结构功能、提高竞争力提供较为直观的决策依据。     

Spatiotemporal coupling measurement of industrial wastewater discharge and industrial economy in China

With the industrial-level panel data on total output and wastewater discharge over the period of 1997 to 2018, this paper employs GIS and ESDA methods to empirically investigate the spatial relationship between industrial total output and wastewater discharge. In this paper, we empirically examine whether and how industrial wastewater discharge in a particular province may affect the wastewater discharge in its neighboring provinces. Results suggest that provinces (municipalities) with large-scale industrial sewage discharge are located along riversides and coastal areas and these discharges then gradually distribute to coastal, central, and western areas. Results also show a strong spatial autocorrelation of industrial wastewater discharge between the observed local province and its neighboring provinces which is increasing over time. In addition, there is also a significant spatial spillover effect of industrial wastewater discharge among neighboring provinces in China’s eastern and central regions, indicating a structural convergence of high-pollution industries.

     

Mutagenicity and genotoxicity assessment of industrial wastewaters

The genotoxicity of industrial wastewaters from Jajmau (Kanpur), was carried out by Ames Salmonella/microsome test, DNA repair-defective mutants, and Allium cepa anaphase–telophase test. Test samples showed maximum response with TA98 strain with and without metabolic activation. Amberlite resins concentrated wastewater samples were found to be more mutagenic as compared to those of liquid–liquid extracts (hexane and dichloromethane extracts). The damage in the DNA repair defective mutants in the presence of Amberlite resins concentrated water samples were found to be higher to that of liquid–liquid-extracted water samples at the dose level of 20 μl/ml culture. Among all the mutants, polA exhibited maximum decline with test samples. Mitotic index (MI) of root tip meristematic cells of A. cepa treated with 5, 10, 25, 50, and 100 % (v/v) wastewaters were significantly lower than the control. Complementary to the lower levels of MI, the wastewaters showed higher chromosomal aberration levels in all cases investigated.     

滤料的应用及其发展

重点介绍原材料和纺织工艺对滤料发展的影响、国内外滤料发展的最新动向和最新的成果，指出了滤料发展存在的问题和今后发展的方向。     

standards for industrial duct construction

The Sheet Metal and Air Conditioning Contractors' National Association, Inc. has recently published standards for round industrial duct construction which are intended for use by designers of air pollution control and industrial ventilation systems. These standards provide a simple 3-step procedure for the selection of material gage, reinforcement systems, and connections based on clearly defined design parameters.     

Pyrolysis kinetics and residue characteristics of petrochemical industrial sludge

This study investigated the pyrolysis characteristics of sludge from wastewater treatment plants in the petrochemical industry and focused on the pyrolysis kinetics, elemental composition of residue, and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) of exhaust gas. As pyrolysis temperature increased to 773 K, the increasing rate of crude oil production tended to a stable condition. The result indicated that the optimal temperature of crude oil and water mixed production was 773 K. When pyrolysis temperature increased from 673 to 973 K, carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, and hydrogen concentrations of residue decreased and the sulfur concentration of residue increased. The concentrations of benzene, toluene,ethylbenzene, and styrene increased by the increasing pyrolysis temperature. We found that the reaction order of sludge pyrolysis was 2.5 and the activation energy of the reaction was 11.06 kJ/mol. We believe that our pyrolysis system is transitional between devolatilization and combustion.     

Emergy-based sustainability measurement and evaluation of industrial production systems

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - The sustainability of industrial production systems is considered to be the key to promoting green transformation and upgrading of manufacturing...     

Iron isotopic fractionation in industrial emissions and urban aerosols

A study on tropospheric aerosols involving Fe particles with an industrial origin is tackled here. Aerosols were collected at the largest exhausts of a major European steel metallurgy plant and around its near urban environment. A combination of bulk and individual particle analysis performed by SEM–EDX provides the chemical composition of Fe-bearing aerosols emitted within the factory process (hematite, magnetite and agglomerates of these oxides with sylvite (KCl), calcite (CaCO₃) and graphite carbon). Fe isotopic compositions of those emissions fall within the range (0.08‰ < δ⁵⁶Fe < +0.80‰) of enriched ores processed by the manufacturer (−0.16‰ < δ⁵⁶Fe < +1.19‰). No significant evolution of Fe fractionation during steelworks processes is observed. At the industrial source, Fe is mainly present as oxide particles, to some extent in 3–4 μm aggregates. In the close urban area, 5 km away from the steel plant, individual particle analysis of collected aerosols presents, in addition to the industrial particle type, aluminosilicates and related natural particles (gypsum, quartz, calcite and reacted sea salt). The Fe isotopic composition (δ⁵⁶Fe = 0.14 ± 0.11‰) measured in the close urban environment of the steel metallurgy plant appears coherent with an external mixing of industrial and continental Fe-containing tropospheric aerosols, as evidenced by individual particle chemical analysis. Our isotopic data provide a first estimation of an anthropogenic source term as part of the study of photochemically promoted dissolution processes and related Fe fractionations in tropospheric aerosols.     

Direct and indirect methods for chromium identification in industrial wastes

The examinations of selected wastes and stream sediments from the vicinity of a chemical plant by sequential extraction procedures and direct methods, SEM/EDX and XRD, were carried out in order to identify the different forms of chromium, particularly as they are released to potential mobility. The results show that the top and bottom waste samples contain 37,756 and 53,650 μg g¹ Cr, respectively, but about 7% and 2% of the total chromium type Cr(VI). The chemical extraction results show that the mobility of Cr in the upper part of the waste pile is significantly higher than in the bottom section; the exchangeable form of Cr accounts for 25% and < 1%, respectively, the last one irrespective of redox conditions. About 50% of Cr is associated with the reducible fraction of the top waste, and similar with the residual fraction in the bottom waste. Oxidation of the bottom waste shift some portion of Cr from residual to the moderately reducible fraction. The major Cr-forms in the river sediments are compounded with Fe-oxides. The < 2 μm size fraction of the selected sediment sample, particular enriched in chromium contained up to 73,000 μg g¹ Cr with about 95% of this in the moderately reducible fraction, predominantly bound with oxyhydroxides. SEM/EDX and XRD analysis of wastes and river sediment indicate that the main insoluble Cr-phase is ferroan — (Mg, Fe) (Cr, Al)²O⁴ which would be dissolved mainly in the residual fraction.     

Ecotoxicological and chemical evaluation of phenolic compounds in industrial effluents

The aim of this paper was to evaluate the ecotoxicological response of industrial effluents containing phenolic compounds. All complex effluents collected from a chemical plant and then after both a chemical–physical and biological treatment were characterised with chemical analysis, biodegradability tests and four ecotoxicological tests (Daphnia magna, Artemia salina, Brachionus plicatilis and Vibrio fisheri with Microtox^®). The evaluation of the chemical and ecotoxicological data was useful for predicting the effect of the raw effluent on the treatment plant and the impact of the final treated effluent on the receiving water. Besides the toxicity of the effluent from the chemical plants, the acute toxicity of its main components was also determined. The results of the tests and toxicity data from literature were transformed in Toxic Units (TUs). Effluent toxicity was under- or over-estimated by calculating the sum of the TUs of the individual components, depending on which toxicity data and test organisms were used.     

Preparation and characterization of green bricks using pharmaceutical industrial wastes

This paper reports on recycling of industrial wastes (three pharmaceutical industrial sludges) into environmental friendly value-added materials. Stabilization/Solidification (S/S or bricks) process was applied to make a safer way for the utilization of pharmaceutical waste. The additives in this study include binders (cement, lime and bentonite) and strengthening material (pulverized fuel ash (PFA), silica fume and quarry dust) was used at different compositions. Bricks were cured for 28 days, and the following analysis-like compressive strength, leachability of heavy metals, mineralogical phase identity by X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and thermal behaviour by thermogravimetric-differential thermal analysis (TG-DTA) had done. All the bricks were observed to achieve the standard compressive strength as required for construction according to BIS standards. Metal concentration in the leachate has reached the dischargeable limits according to Brazilian standards. Results of this study demonstrate that production of bricks is a promising and achievable productive use of pharmaceutical sludge.     

Emissions of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans from various industrial sources

This study characterized the emissions of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) from the stack flue gases of 17 industrial sources, which were classified into 10 categories. The results show that the mean PCDD/PCDF concentration of secondary zinc smelter (Zn-S) and secondary copper smelter (Cu-S) is 2.44 ng international toxic equivalent (I-TEQ)/Nm3 (N represents normal conditions at 0 degrees C, 760 mmHg), which was found to be significantly greater than that of industrial waste incinerators (mean concentration = 0.15 ng I-TEQ/Nm3). These results imply that the controlling of secondary metallurgical melting processes is more important than industrial waste incineration for the reduction of PCDD/PCDF emissions. The mean emission factors of cement production, Zn-S and Cu-S, are 0.052, 1.99, and 1.73 microg I-TEQ/t product, respectively. For industrial waste incineration, the mean emission factors of waste rubber, waste liquor, waste sludge, industrial waste solid (IWI)-1, IWI-2, IWI-3, and IWI-4 are 0.752, 0.435, 0.760, 6.64, 1.67, 2.38, and 0.094 microg I-TEQ/t feed, respectively. Most of the PCDD/PCDF emission factors established in this study are less than those reported in previous studies, which could be because of the more stringent regulations for PCDD/PCDF emissions in recent years.     

难降解混合化工废水预处理试验研究

对某化工开发区混合化工废水进行预处理试验研究,分别对铁还原后加中和混凝沉淀以及直接中和混凝沉淀两种预处理方法进行了试验,重点讨论了铁还原工艺的各种影响因素。研究了曝气与不曝气,加炭与不加炭以及不同CODCr、不同pH值对铁还原处理效果的影响,并考察了铁的消耗与废水中铁离子的作用及变化情况。     

Analysis of factors affecting industrial symbiosis collaboration

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - The rapidly increasing population causes an increase in consumption amounts day by day. This leads to negative effects such as the reduction of...     

Fingerprints of dioxin from thermal industrial processes

PCDD/F homologue profiles and 2,3,7,8 chlorine-substituted congener patterns are studied using principal component analysis and hierarchical cluster analysis. Measurement data from different industrial metallurgical processes such as iron and steel manufacturing, copper smelters and aluminium plants are compared. It appears that the PCDD/F homologue profiles from industrial metallurgical processes are similar to those from municipal solid waste incinerators. The 2,3,7,8 chlorine-substituted congener pattern from copper smelters is also very similar to that of municipal solid waste incinerators. However, the 2,3,7,8 chlorine-substituted congener pattern from an aluminum plant is very different, 2,3,7,8-TCDF being by far the most important TCDF congener.