城市新经济开发区大气环境容量计算及分配方法研究

随着改革开放步伐的加快，城市开发区也随之蓬勃发展起来。城市新经济开发区的大气环境容量计算及分配是开发区区域环境影响评价的一个重要内容。介绍了建立在网格基础之上的大气污染物总量控制方案的制定方法，引入了污染物扩散转移矩阵概念，并结合广州科学城大气环境总量控制规划，将该方法应用在城市开发区大气环境容量计算及管理中，最后本着公平分配的原则，注重经济效果和社会效率，达到环境保护的目标，提出了一种基于企业占地面积的容量分配方案。按照地块面积划分总量方法不但适应了开发区的动态的发展需要，而且将环境因素引入企业的决策过程。所介绍的方法将对新经济开发区大气环境容量计算及分配具有一定的借鉴作用。     

河流和海洋污染物总量分配研究述评

水污染物总量控制是改善水环境质量,实现经济、社会与环境可持续发展的根本途径之一。制定科学的总量分配方案,是实施水污染物总量控制的关键技术。本文从水污染物总量控制和分配的定义出发,对总量分配原则和环境容量的最新概念做了介绍,把河流和海洋领域的总量分配方法作了概述和比较。最后提出了开展总量分配分级体系研究,加强重点河段和海域环境容量季节变化研究的建议。本文对深入开展水环境领域污染物总量分配的研究,推动陆海统筹的总量控制制度具有积极意义。     

上海建设循环经济型国际大都市的思考

自从1998年以来，上海就开始关注德国等国家的循环经济发展，把循环经济的概念纳入了上海的环境保护行动计划。当前上海需要进一步把建设循环经济型的城市纳入上海建设世界级城市的战略目标。本文提出了我们对上海为什么以及怎么样建设循环经济型城市的一些看法，并就循环经济理论与实践的一些普遍性问题进行了评论。     

对稳定浓度目标下温室气体排放路径的探讨

为研究稳定浓度目标下温室气体排放路径的不确定性问题,应用温室气体导致气候变化评估模型( MAGICC模型)和WRE排放情景的数据对2100年温室气体浓度控制在450和550 ppmvCO2当量目标下的排放路径及浓度变化情况进行了研究.结果显示,目标年浓度的变化取决于起始年至目标年的累计排放量和摊放路径.将排放路径峰值逐渐调整滞后时,为保证累计排放量不变,需在到达峰值后比原排放路径进行更大力度的减排.温室气体浓度在预测期内将逐渐增加,但目标年的结果变化较小,约为浓度变化最大值的1/3左右.将WRE350和WRE450排放路径的峰值分别调整至2020年和2035年时,与原排放路径相比,浓度改变的最大值分别为6.4 ppmv和22.8 ppmv,而2100年浓度的改变值分别为1.9 ppmv和7.5 ppmv.     

黄浦江上游地区水环境污染负荷特征

通过调查黄浦江上游地区的水环境污染来源、污染负荷及其特征，为管理部门控制污染、提高上游地区水环境质量提供科学依据。调查中了解到污染源种类主要有4类：工业、事业、生活和畜禽污染源；水源保护区内年用水量为22196万t．污水量为17755万t／a，其中工业污染源352个，排放量占46．3％，事业污染源4108个。排放量占22．3％，生活污水排放量占30．6％．畜禽污水排放量占0．8％；黄浦江上游水源保护区污染源排放去向主要分4种：直排河道（占40．4％），进入市政泵站后排出（占3．9％）。经污水处理厂处理后排出（占20．5％），通过合流污水收集系统排出（占35．3％）。根据黄浦江上游地区水环境污染负荷特征，建议黄浦江上游区域进一步调整和完善不同区域的功能定位，优化产业结构和布局，构建利于水源保护的区域发展模式和格局；通过采取污染控制和生态环境建设并重的一系列措施，有效抑制生态环境恶化趋势，促进黄浦江上游上游水环境质量的改善。确保上海市的饮用水安全。     

CO_2 Emissions Embodied in China-U.S.Trade

After the Kyoto Protocol was implemented, carbon leakage exerts great influences on international trade and economy. Trade creates a mechanism for consumers to shift environmental pollution associated with their consumption to other countries. China has overtaken the U.S. as the world＇s biggest CO2 emitter since 2006. As China＇s second largest trade partner, the U.S. has the biggest trade deficit with China which has aroused a lot of disputes between the two parties. But so far the assessments of the trade imbalance of China-U.S. have paid little attention to environmental impacts associated with the trade imbalance. Applied an input-output approach, the article estimates the amount of CO2 embodied in China-U.S. trade during 1997-2007. It was found that through trade with China, the U.S. reduced its CO2 emissions compared with a non-trade scenario. Due to the greater carbon-intensity and relatively less efficient production processes of Chinese industry, China-U.S. trade resulted in more CO2 emissions in China and the world. In the end, the article gives some suggestions： it is equal and sustainable that the international accounting methodologies should be improved, for CO2 emissions responsibility must be designed to account for the dynamic nature of international trade.     

Carbon Embodied in International Trade of China and Its Emission Responsibility

Carbon emissions embodied in international trade of China during 1997-2007 are accounted by input-output method based on Chinese input-output table and global trade analysis project database.It is revealed that carbon emissions embodied in imports and exports both increased during 1997-2007,but carbon emissions embodied in exports are greater than those embodied in imports,China is a net export nation in embodied carbon.The net exports of embodied carbon account for about 10.82% of the total carbon emissions in 1997,dropped to 7.15% in 2002,increased to13.13% in 2006,and slightly dropped to 12.64% in 2007.Low-end position of international industry division is an objective factor of being a net exporter of embodied carbon for China,and usage of a large amount of obsolete energy-using equipments wasted much energy and increased carbon emissions embodied in exports.Importers should take more responsibilities for carbon emissions embodied in trade,and China should take a certain responsibility for unreasonable energy dissipations too.     

Carbon Footprint Analysis for Baby Strollers

The increasing awareness of climate change has led or- ganizations to demand a standard procedure to measure and com- municate greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions linked to their products or services. The p...     

China＇s Transition to a Low-Carbon Economy： 2006-2010

China achieved major progress in low-carbon develop- ment during the period of the 11th Five Year Plan （2006-2010）. The increasing trend of energy intensity and carbon intensity of the economy as seen ...     

《京都议定书》面临三大难题

《联合国气候变化框架公约》只是一个概括的纲领性公约，缺乏具体的可操作性，而《京都议定书》则是一个具体和具有法律效力的实施计划，它具体地规定了减少温室气体排放量。     

Harmful and Needless Emission of Refrigerant and Countermeasures

Refrigerants used in refrigerators are an important source of ozone depleting substances released into the atmosphere, and can have a significantly negative effect on the hole in the ozone layer. But most-emission of refrigerants is man-made, unreasonable and needless. Since in most emission cases the refrigerants are contained in the refrigerators, we can retrieve them by some technique that changes the ＇manual emission＇ into manual retrieving. To promote the retrieval action and diminish the pollution, society can use economic, administrative and technical countermeasures, which can create a ＇good-cycle＇ both ＇harnessing pollution and earning income simultaneously＇, reinforce the motive of retrieving, and retrieve most proportion of refrigerants used by＇all refrigerators. This ＇good-cycle＇ method can be easily promoted, and also a valuable way to promote other forms of environmental protection. The three countermeasures have almost no social cost, even no cost at all.     

Atmospheric Mercury Pollution in Beijing

The atmospheric mercury pollution in Beijing is a serious problem. Atmospheric mercury has three sources： natural emission, anthropogenic emission and previously deposited mercury reemission or recycling, composing elemental mercury, divalent mercury and particulate-phase mercury. Many studies showed that mercury in Beijing＇s air was higher than the general level of mercury concentration in the atmosphere. Mercury emission sources were discussed. Industrial emissions, coal burning, vehicle exhaust emissions and waste incineration were thought to be the main sources of atmospheric mercury pollution in Beijing. And also meteorology has an effect on atmospheric mercury concentration in Beijing. Measures have been taken to control the emission of mercury into the air in recent years.     

Global Research Trends Related to C02 Emissions and Their Enlightenment to China

Given the growing awareness of the likely catastrophic impacts of climate change and close association of climate change with global emissions of greenhouse gases （of which carbon dioxide is more promi...     

农村沼气开发与温室气体减排

随着中央和地方政府的大力推动,农村沼气建设在过去的30多年中蓬勃发展.沼气利用不仅为农村节省了大量能源,也减少了温室气体的排放,这对加强农村生态建设与新农村建设有重要意义.在过去15年中,沼气总共提供了2.84×107t标准煤的能源量,净减少温室气体排放量约73 157.59Gg(千吨)二氧化碳当量(CO2-eq),年均减排量为4877Gg,相当于全国总排放量的0.07%～0.16%.因能源替代而减少的温室气体中,二氧化碳为84243.94Gg,甲烷为3560.01Gg CO2-eq,氧化亚氮则为26.008Gg CO2-eq.预测结果表明沼气产气量将在2010年与2020年分别达到156亿m3和385亿m3,减少的温室气体将分别为29328Gg和79380GgCO2-eq,开发农村沼气是我国应对气候变化的重要措施.     

推进我国可持续消费政策探析

2003年，我国的能源供应已全面吃紧，全国化学需氧量和二氧化硫排放量已超出环境容量，且二氧化硫排放量与国内生产总值显现出9％的同一增长速度。据估算，水污染造成的经济损失相当于GDP1．5％～3％，空气污染导致的公众健康和环境损害可能占GDP的7％。当前资源和环境的瓶颈约束加剧及现阶段我国经济持续高速增长态势使得经济增长方式上存在的高投入、高消耗、高排放、低效率等问题日益突显，可持续发展实现难度很大。     

中国CO2排放趋势的经济分析

气候变化问题已成为国际社会高度关注的热点，中国作为世界上第二大CO2排放国，正面临着越来越严峻的减排压力。在讨论Kaya恒等式及其政策涵义的基础上，利用修改后的Kaya恒等式对1971-2005年期间中国的CO2排放进行了无残差分解，并结合宏观经济背景的变迁对从“四五”到“十五”计划期间的排放变化展开详细分析。结果表明经济的快速发展和人口的增长是CO2排放增加的主要驱动因素，能源效率的提高有利于减少CO2排放，而能源结构的低碳化则是降低CO2五排放水平的重要战略选择．最后强调指出加快产业结构调整、发展高能效技术以及清洁燃料技术等政策选择不仅能促进“十一五”期间单位GDP能耗降低20％约束性目标的实现。而且也能有效减少中国CO2的排放量。为减缓气候变化做出贡献。     

邓楠理事长在中国可持续发展研究会2007年学术年会上的致辞

各位代表、各位来宾： 大家好! 首先，我代表中国可持续发展研究会对参加2007年学术年会的嘉宾、专家与学者表示热烈的欢迎，向多年来支持和致力于研究会工作的各界领导、各位同仁表示衷心的感谢!     

沿海城市自然灾害脆弱性评价研究——以上海浦东新区为例

沿海城市在全球发展中具有重要的战略地位，然而特殊的地理位置和高度集中的人口及财富也决定了其面临灾害具有较高的脆弱性，即同等灾害强度下，沿海城市遭遇自然灾害时的人口伤亡更多、经济损失更大。从灾害系统承灾体的角度，分析影响灾害脆弱性的基础设施、城市形态与结构和灾害管理体制等5个方面，顺应脆弱性评价定量化的趋势，依据一定的原则，不分灾种，面对区域和人群，选取代表性指标尝试构建了沿海城市自然灾害脆弱性的评价指标体系，利用AHP法对该区域相应指标的权重进行确定，建立了脆弱性模型，并在收集和标准化数据的基础上，以上海市浦东开发区为例进行了实证分析。结果证明，模拟结果与实际情况基本吻合，可以为沿海城市防灾减灾提供科科学依据，有一定的参考价值。     

Application of optimal harvesting decision model to the analysis of Chinese forestry economic policy

This paper firstly extends the single period forest optimal harvesting decision model to infinite periods,in order to indicate how to determine the optimal rotation period aimed at maximizing forest revenue in all directions when repeat planting and harvesting trees on the same plot of earth till infinite future.The study also analyzes the influence of discounted rates,timber price,harvesting costs,planting costs,and tax on the determination of optimal rotation period;and how the optimal rotation period will change when we introduce the factors of continuously rising timber price and ecological revenue.Secondly,the authors introduce the intergenerational equity principle into the above model to design a resource-exploiting mode which satisfies bom the dynamic efficiency principle and the intergenerational equity principle.Last but not least,the research applies the above model to the analysis of Chinese forestry economic policy and explains the economic theory of institutions such as Government Purchasing Ecological Forest,Tree Compensation,and Forestry Subsidization,which provides a necessary theoretical foundation for future application of these new institutions.Besides,in regard to mis theoretical framework,the authors analyze the necessity of the Natural Forest Protection and Grain for Green projects which are currently being implemented in China.We also point out the emphasis of work to insure the project sustainable and successful.Finally,the research discusses the enterprise’s incentive to over-the-quota harvesting and the government’s means of restricting such behavior,which highlights the fact mat improved supervision and higher penalties are helpful in restricting over-the-quota harvesting.