水电工程农村移民入股安置模式初探

根据水电开发“十一五”规划和2020发展目标,平均每年需新增水电装机1 425万kW,水电事业迅速发展必将带来大量农村移民,需要妥善安置。按产业划分对两种传统安置模式特点与问题进行分析,从利益相关者和资源价值转移理论角度,论述入股安置模式的理论依据。回顾了中国近代历史上的工程征地入股安置案例。在对水电工程农村移民入股安置模式进行定义的基础上,阐述了入股安置的“以集体土地使用权作价入股”和“以征地补偿安置费用入股”两种基本方式,并探讨了水电开发企业上市条件下移民持股选择种类。通过与传统安置模式的比较,得出水电工程农村移民入股安置模式的四大优势：从非自愿性移民到自愿性移民的转变;从开发性移民到参与性移民的升华;缓解项目业主资金筹措压力;推动小城镇建设事业的发展。     

水利水电工程移民长期补偿机制与新农村建设相结合研究

水利水电工程移民作为失地农民的一个重要组成部分,对其实施逐年补偿和入股分红的长期补偿机制,成建制地集中安置,同时,将自然条件和社会经济条件符合要求的移民新村优先纳入社会主义新农村建设范围,这种模式能够有效地避免传统以土安置方式的弊端,使移民能够同时享受到兴修水利水电工程和社会主义新农村建设带来的双重利好和发展机遇,实现社会主义新农村建设"生产发展、生活宽裕、乡风文明、村容整洁、管理民主"的总目标以及移民生活达到或者超过原有水平的开发性移民目标,实现地方政府部门、项目业主、移民和安置区居民等多方利益主体的共赢。首先,本文详细分析了水利水电工程移民长期补偿机制与新农村建设相结合在淹没耕地补偿、移民安置区选择、移民新村建设资金、移民生活水平恢复等方面的优势,突出两者相结合的必要性;其次,将水利水电工程移民长期补偿机制与新农村建设相结合分为调查统计、规划衔接、新村建设和搬迁后扶四个阶段,分阶段阐述了移民长期补偿机制与新农村建设相结合的现实路径,突出两者相结合的可行性和可操作性;然后,从政策制度、经营管理、失业贫困和社会稳定四个方面,深入分析了水利水电工程移民长期补偿机制与新农村建设相结合存在的风险和弊端,突出两者相结合过程中需要注意的事项;最后,基于各类风险的具体表现点,有针对性地提出了化解相应风险的策略,以期水利水电工程移民安置长期补偿机制与新农村建设相结合的模式能够得到落实和推广。     

三峡库区农村移民安置模式对移民家庭收入的影响分析

利用2007年三峡库区就地后靠农村移民的抽样调查数据,根据农村移民收入来源理论,采用单因素方差分析方法,对移民户和非移民户,以及不同安置方式移民户的收入结构进行比较分析,以说明移民搬迁和不同安置方式对移民收入的不同影响。结果表明：移民搬迁对移民收入存在结构性的影响,即移民搬迁主要影响移民户的家庭经营收入,同时,移民的后期扶持政策抵消了移民搬迁对移民收入的影响;不同的安置方式对移民户收入也存在显著的影响,纯农业安置和兼业安置对移民收入的不利影响较小,而非农业安置对移民户收入的影响较大;非移民安置户享受到的惠农政策和移民后期扶持政策的好处也相对要少;从收入来源的角度来讲,纯农业安置和兼业安置的收入风险相对较低,而非农业安置的收入风险相对较高,所以,纯农业安置和兼业安置对多数农村移民而言是较为适合的安置模式,移民后期扶持补助政策对于稳定移民收入有积极作用     

潘口水电站移民安置区土地流转补偿标准研究

兴修大中型水利水电工程不可避免地要征收大量农田,造成大量移民非自愿性搬迁.我国实行开发性移民的方针,强调农村移民主要采取农业安置的策略.然而,移民的迁入势必会对安置区居民的土地权益带来负面的影响.因此,根据"卡尔多-希克斯"社会福利改进标准,要实现安置区土地向移民转移过程的社会福利改进,需要对利益受损的安置区集体和居民给予相应的补偿以弥补其福利损失.本文以湖北省竹山县潘口水电站为例,在对竹山县溢水镇、宝丰镇两个乡(镇)5个移民安置点的73户安置区居民进行问卷调查的基础上,运用条件价值法(CVM)对安置区土地流转的补偿标准进行了实证研究,研究结果表明:潘口水电站移民安置区土地流转补偿执行标准均未达到农地实际价值的一半,水田的补偿程度为49.54%.旱地的补偿程度为为44.54%,安置区集体和居民没有获得充分的补偿,因此,需要提高安置区土地流转补偿标准,使安置区居民也能和移民一样地分享到水利水电工程带来的增值收益.     

南水北调中线工程对湖北省土地利用影响分析

南水北调中线工程是解决中国北方缺水问题的一项战略性措施,将对湖北省土地资源开发利用产生深远影响。该工程所淹没土地利用强度大,利用效率高,故淹没损失大;移民开发、工矿及公共基础设施搬迁用地大,移民开发将受到资金和生态环境的制约;补偿工程所占用耕地将对湖北省耕地占补平衡造成很大的压力,严重影响汉江中下游生态环境及土地利用效益。工程开工对湖北省土地开发利用是弊大于利。建议移民安置以外迁安置为主,后靠安置为辅,结合库区农业产业化的发展,实行开发性移民政策,移民搬迁用房和各项专业设施复建尽量少占耕地;库区土地开发应以提高现有耕地质量为主,以开垦荒山荒坡为辅,考虑从中线工程收益中拿出资金用于改善库区生态环境,并补偿汉江中下游因调水而遭受的农业、航运及环境质量的损失。为了尽量保护农业用地的生产能力,引江济汉工程沿线的农田水利系统恢复功能应同步设计,同步施工。     

城市化背景下中国水电移民安置的政策选择——以龙滩水库为例

中国水电发展深受城市化的影响,因此水电移民问题应该放在城市化的大背景下来审视和解决,将沿海发达地区和主要大城市作为水电移民永久安置的主体之一。无论从水电移民产生地的生态条件和经济社会发展水平（即“推”的方面）,还是沿海城市对劳动力的需要（即“拉”的方面）,都存在着将水电移民彻底城市化安置的必要条件。通过龙滩水库的实例,给出一个政策组合和一个极端状态下的财务估算,说明移民问题彻底城市化解决的充分条件也是成立的,并在此基础上进一步讨论了非农安置的方式、户口准入、移民就业培训和多次安置选择等问题。     

三峡库首移民安置区土地资源、移民经济状况及移民满意度的调查与分析

针对三峡工程蓄水和移民搬迁对库首地区农业生产和居民生活造成的影响,对移民安置前后三峡库首地区的秭归、兴山、巴东等县乡镇土地资源状况进行了统计分析,并选择典型乡镇移民户作为研究对象,实地调查了移民安置区移民户的经济收支情况及其对移民安置的满意度。结果表明：三峡工程蓄水后,库区低海拔地区耕地淹没,农村可用耕地总量减少,人均耕地也有所减少,人地资源矛盾比较突出。移民主要收入来源为劳务、种植业和养殖业收入,其中劳务收入比例较大,农户家庭经济支出主要是以生活支出为主,移民搬迁对部分农民经济收入产生较大影响。移民搬迁以后,库区农村的居住环境、住宅条件、生活条件和交通条件均较移民前有明显改善,农户普遍比较满意。库首地区的移民政策落实较好,大部分人对未来发展充满信心,对三峡工程表示支持和肯定。搬迁安置对农村生态环境状况产生了影响,存在自然灾害和病虫害增多,农村废弃物处理设施不足等问题,应当引起政府对库区生态环境问题的足够重视。〖     

实施逐年货币补偿对其他生产安置方式的影响及对策分析

逐年货币补偿是水电工程移民工作在不断深入过程中新增的一种生产安置方式,与现存的农业安置、自主安置等其他生产安置方式在安置标准的拟定、是否需要界定生产安置人口等方面均存在差异。这些差异将使逐年货币补偿在实施过程中对其他生产安置方式产生冲击,可能使生产安置方式体系出现漏洞,面临移民投机选择的可能性。面对这些影响,文章提出调整现有生产安置方式一些固有做法,对包括逐年货币补偿在内的所有生产安置的选择方式进行了约束。文章的研究将使移民生产安置体系更为完善。     

三峡库区城镇移民家庭生活安置状况调查与分析

利用回溯性的调查资料来研究已经搬迁的城镇移民家庭在搬迁后的生活安置现状,分析城镇移民家庭的生活安置适应性。在评价方法上首先是对比城镇移民家庭搬迁前后的生活条件和社会保障的变化,再分析移民各个分项满意程度,最后将所提取的因子得分值作为自变量,总体“生活安置满意度”作为因变量,对数据进行Logistic回归分析,分析移民安置过程中哪些方面的满意度会影响到城镇移民对总体安置满意度的判断。研究发现城镇移民家庭的生活居住条件良好。搬迁后,城镇移民家庭的生活和居住条件都得到了较大幅度的改善,住房面积增大,房屋居住的安全系数有所提高。城镇移民家庭医疗保险享有率很高,但养老保险的享有率不容乐观,城镇移民家庭的养老保障仍有待提高。城镇移民生活安置满意度随着社区满意度和居住满意度的提高而提高     

城镇安置模式对陕南移民搬迁农户生计活动影响研究——基于广义精确匹配模型

城镇安置日益成为我国政府推进易地扶贫搬迁过程中主导的安置模式。本文首先简要探讨了我国移民安置模式的演进,在深入分析城镇安置模式三个层次的内涵及其对搬迁户生计活动影响机制的基础上,结合陕南安康移民搬迁地区搬迁农户的一手调查数据,运用广义精确匹配模型,控制了观测数据中混杂因素对评估结果的影响。在此基础上采用无序多分类logistic回归模型深入分析了城镇安置模式对搬迁农户以及贫困搬迁户生计活动的影响和作用。结果表明:①城镇安置模式对搬迁农户从事非农型生计具有显著的促进作用,从事非农型生计的概率显著提升1. 863个对数发生比。在贫困的搬迁农户样本中,城镇安置模式使贫困的搬迁农户从事非农型生计的概率显著提升了1. 823个对数发生比。②在全部搬迁户样本中,医疗设施对搬迁农户从事非农型生计有显著的促进作用;针对贫困搬迁户,便利的交通设施更有助于其从事外出务工等非农型生计;是否获得产业、就业扶持或培训无论对全部搬迁户或贫困搬迁户都无统计上的显著作用。③家庭劳动力数量、通讯费用对全部搬迁户以及贫困的搬迁户从事兼业、非农型生计有着显著的促进作用;搬迁时间对搬迁农户生计选择有一定的影响,但对贫困搬迁户无显著作用。最后,提出以下建议:城镇安置需要综合配套,逐步完善城乡一体化的体制机制;完善产业帮扶措施及提高农户的人力资本,帮助搬迁农户实现非农就业;流转土地,盘活搬迁农户在迁出区的资产,增加农户收入;要充分考虑搬迁人口在家庭结构和能力等方面的差异,实施差异化的精准扶持等。     

经济植物复层栽培对三峡库区水土保持和移民经济的作用

三峡库区森林覆盖率低，水土流失严重。三峡工程兴建后，由于大量耕地被淹，移民后靠，库区的生态环境与移民经济之间的矛盾将会更加突出。本文提出了经济植物复层栽培方法，对其在减少库区水土流失、改善库区生态环境和解决库区移民经济方面的作用作了全面的论述。经济植物复层栽培是解决三峡库区生态环境和移民经济的基本途径，采用扩大种植农作物的方法来解决三峡库区移民经济问题将会加剧水土流失，使生态环境更加恶化。     

水库农村移民安置区的确定及土地产权问题研究

水库农村移民安置区的土地产权问题是开发型移民政策中的一个重要问题。本文首先探讨了水库农村移民环境窬一的理论计算公式和常规计算方法，并讨论了据此确定安置区后可能存在的问题。     

Sustainability assessment of water governance alternatives: the case of Guanacaste Costa Rica

Many new forms of water governance are emerging in response to economic and social needs and wants, as well as water-related problems such as scarcity, injustice, and conflict. However, there is little evidence on how sustainable these governance regimes are, which would be critical for making progress toward sustainable and just water governance. In this article, we present the results of a transdisciplinary multi-criteria sustainability assessment of alternative governance regimes for Guanacaste Province, Costa Rica. The assessment specifies differences between sustainable and unsustainable governance regimes, while also pinpointing how the current water governance regime performs in comparison to those alternatives. The findings indicate that those governance regimes with just and deliberative stakeholder involvement, secure groundwater reserves, and healthy dry tropical ecosystems were considered sustainable and just. In contrast, the current state of water governance was found to be at high risk of digressing toward unsustainable systems where rural communities lack rights and influence, where economies favor agro-industry and high impact tourism at the expense of rural livelihoods, and where water scarcity overwhelms weak governance. This assessment study clarifies water sustainability goals, asserts the need for transformational change, and offers a pragmatic foundation for actions toward sustainable water governance.     

三峡库区奉节县土地承载力与移民安置

人口环境容量的研究是提高移民安置工作科学性的基础，通过对四川奉节县人口及土地资源调查数据的分析，考察了三峡水库淹没对库区人口环境容量的缩减；对库区不同区域，不同类型的土地对人口的承载能力进行定量分析；研究了移民安置与环境容量的关系；探讨了通过大农业和通过城镇化、非农化等方式安置农村移民的对策。     

Water resource governance in China’s regional cooperation

ABSTRACT

A series of water disputes and conflicts have gradually emerged between China and some neighboring countries after 2000, influencing China’s neighborhood relations. China increasingly realizes the importance and urgency of the water resource governance in the regional cooperation, but under complicated geopolitical context, China’s water resource governance must serve several important main functions in its regional cooperation. Overall, water resource governance is the demands of crisis management and conflict prevention, and also is a kind of positive factor that promotes sub-regional cooperation. From the perspective of the current situation, China should take more proactive attitude toward the water resource governance, expand the areas and stakeholders of the water resource governance, and thus promote the formulation of water resource governance strategy.     

Integrated and adaptive governance of water resources: the case of South Africa

Climate change and its impact on water resources have become a reality in many parts of the world. Uncertainties in water supply as well as the gradual and abrupt change in water availability are increasing. To maintain the sustainability of the water sector, its ability to adapt to unforeseen events needs to increase. Making adaptation an integral part of the governance of water resources will thus be one of the major future challenges for the water sector. This paper focuses on how far Integrated Water Resource Management (IWRM), the guiding concept of water management and governance, is able to address these challenges and which additional features would be required for increasing the adaptability of water governance and management. In the empirical part of the paper, South African water legislation and its adaptability to the challenges of climate change is scrutinised. The paper finds that IWRM offers a number of entry points for increased adaptability. However, the IWRM concept should be complemented with features of adaptive governance such as polycentric, redundant and flexible governance structures to be better prepared for unforeseen events. It is concluded that the features of IWRM and adaptive water governance comprise a number of synergies and trade-offs, which play out differently in different combinations and contexts. The paper outlines the need for further empirical research on these trade-offs as well as on the appropriate degree of features such as participation, flexible institutions and redundancy.     

Institutions and water governance in the Okavango Delta,Botswana

The goals of Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) can be achieved by embracing the principles of distributive governance, which places both customary and statutory water institutions on the same pedestal in the governance of water resources. As culture and traditions constitute intangible aspects of water resources management in rural Africa, the recognition of water governance systems grounded in local norms, which correspond better with the aspirations of local water users as against the expert-knowledge systems is desirable. Following the introduction of the statutory institutions in postcolonial Africa, customary institutions, which were once effective in regulating water resources became relegated to the background in those countries, including Botswana . Adopting a critical literature review approach, this article employs the concept of legal pluralism to analyze the institutional factors that create the disharmony between cultural and statutory water governance and management institutions. Findings indicate that water has been abstracted from its social nature and transformed into a tradable economic good. Ultimately, the local meanings and images encoded in water as a nature-given resource are overlooked, thus generating conflicts in water governance. The paper recommends the adoptions of legal pluralism under which water institutions need to embrace both customary and statutory institutions.