基于Meta回归方法的中国城市森林生态系统服务功能价值再评估

在综合国内若干城市生态系统服务功能价值研究实例的基础上,构建了中国城市森林生态系统服务功能价值转移数据库和相应的Meta回归分析模型,对价值转移评估的影响因素进行了全面探讨,并对该模型的样本外价值转移的有效性进行了检验.研究结果表明:(1)中国城市森林生态系统服务功能的平均价值为5.868 万元/hm2·a,按照价值高低排序依次为:涵养水源＞固碳释氧＞保育土壤＞生物多样性保护＞净化大气环境＞森林游憩＞积累营养物质,且总体呈现出西部地区＞东部地区＞中部地区的区位分布特征;(2)城市森林生态系统服务功能的评估方法、类型因素,城市的区位、人口、经济因素和研究区面积因素都是影响城市森林生态系统服务功能价值变化的主要因素;(3)所构建的Meta价值转移模型的样本外价值转移的平均转移误差为18.54％,用于研究样本外价值转移估计的有效性较好.     

甘肃省主体功能区划中生态系统重要性评价

生态系统的重要性是划分主体功能区的重要评价指标之一.甘肃省地域跨度大,自然地理背景复杂,生态系统的类型多样,生态重要性的定量评价困难.该文基于分区评价单元内各类生态系统的构成及功能来核算其生态服务价值,并把这种服务价值作为生态重要性的依据来划分生态保护区域.以县级行政区为评价单元,核算了森林、草地、荒漠、农田、湿地和城市6大类生态系统在气体和气候调节、水源涵养、土壤保持、环境净化、生物多样性维护、生物产品产出、文化娱乐7个方面的生态服务价值.评价结果表明,全省84个评价单元的生态服务价值的空间格局明显,较好地表现了各地区的生态系统的重要性及其分区指向,其结果可为省级主体功能分区提供基本依据.作为一种思路和方法,在完善主体功能分区中是值得探讨的.     

基于土地利用变化的生态服务价值损益估算——以岷江上游地区为例

为了定量分析和比较区域生态服务功能及其价值变化,运用中国生态系统服务价值当量因子表和岷江上游流域单位面积农田生态系统提供的食物生产服务的经济价值,以及分析1986、1995和2000年三期TM遥感影像所得到的土地利用情况,对岷江上游地区不同年代的生态服务价值变化进行了估算和比较。并初步分析了生态服务价值变化的原因。1986~1995年,农田面积增加了60 801 hm2,比1986年增长了477%。林地面积减少了89 01217 hm2,占原来面积的497%。总的生态服务价值从1986年到2000年减少了1199×108元。主要是由于人口的增加和森林的砍伐,导致森林面积减少,转变为草地、农田等土地利用类型。通过1995年和2000年对比得出：自从1998年实施“天然林保护工程”政策以来,到2000年森林生态系统面积与1995年相差约4 16528 hm2,生态服务价值相差约79亿元,可见国家政策在保护生态系统服务功能上虽起到了一定的作用,但与1986年相比还相差甚远,天然林保护工程任重而道远。     

全球气候变化对中国森林影响的研究进展

通过梳理现有文献表明,全球气候变化对社会经济和自然生态系统造成了重大影响,气候变化将显著地改变森林生态服务的供给水平和质量,对森林和以林为生的人口都会造成重要的生态、经济和社会影响,甚至威胁到人类的生存.我国是受气候变化影响较大而适应能力较弱的发展中国家,森林适应气候变化的科学、社会经济及对策研究相对滞后,因此,笔者从气候变化对历史上森林生态系统的影响着手,阐述了气候变化对森林分布、森林演替、森林生产力、生物多样性、森林火灾、森林水文调节和水质、森林生态系统的未来、森林生态服务的水平和质量等方面产生的影响,分析了现有气候变化对森林影响的研究存在的不足:忽略了其它环境因子的作用;忽略了不同物种之间的竞争机制;缺乏对极端气候事件的考虑;缺乏森林自身变化对气候变化的反馈;缺乏森林生态系统对全球气候变化相应机制更深入的认识;研究模型及数据的不完善性.文章最后提出了可将气候变化对森林造成的危害降到最低限度的政策建议.     

长春市生态功能区划及其调控对策研究

城市生态功能区划是建设生态城市的基础和科学依据。该文提出城市生态功能区划的理论和方法,并以东北地区典型城市—长春市为例进行研究。在长春市生态环境调查的基础上,分析长春市生态系统敏感性、生态系统服务功能价值、土地利用生态适宜性和景观格局特征等,揭示了生态系统的空间分域规律。综合考虑生态系统结构和功能,利用GIS和RS技术,把长春市划分为4个一级、3个二级、9个三级生态功能区,最后结合当地社会经济发展状况和生态环境特点等因素,提出了各生态系统分区调控对策,为长春市生态城市建设提供了科学指导。     

城市绿地生态功能综合评价体系研究的新视角

在对城市绿地生态系统评价研究中人们关注的焦点主要集中在城市绿地为人类提供的生态服务功能,而忽视绿地自身运转功能。构建科学、完善的城市绿地生态系统功能综合评价体系,对于重新认识城市绿地生态系统的综合功能,提升绿地建设和管理水平具有重要的意义。本文分析了目前城市绿地生态系统功能评价容易忽略的绿地数量和面积与生态功能的关系、人工绿地生态系统与自然生态系统生态功能的差异、对城市绿地特殊生存环境和后期科学管护的忽视、只重视城市绿地功能和价值而忽视建设和管护成本以及绿地建设的内涵在城市园林绿化中被曲解等几个问题,在此基础上从绿地生存环境优良性、绿地健康状况、绿地综合效益评价、居民对绿地感知认识出发,探索并构建城市绿地生态系统功能综合评价体系,以反映城市绿地与城市环境之间的适应性和绿地是否能有能力提供足够的生态服务以及居民对绿地生态效益、景观效益、社会经济效益的感知和认同,旨在为城市绿地规划、建设和管护提供有力支撑和指导,更好发挥城市绿地生态系统综合效益。     

喀纳斯自然保护区生态系统服务价值变化研究

生态系统可持续发展是随着全球范围内可持续发展研究的深入和人们对环境破坏和资源利用认识的不断加深而逐渐形成的.人类社会的可持续发展从根本上取决于生态系统及其服务的可持续性,本文应用喀纳斯自然保护区1980、2005年两期Landsat TM影像解译数据,参照谢高地等制定的中国生态系统单位面积生态服务当量因子和新疆布尔津县单位面积农田生态系统提供的食物生产服务的经济价值,确定喀纳斯自然保护区生态系统单位面积生态服务价值系数,对保护区生态系统服务价值及其变化进行了估算和比较.结果表明,林地和草地是喀纳斯自然保护区主要的土地利用类型,25年间土地利用总体上发生了明显变化,林地面积在减少,革地、水域、建设用地面积略有增加;保护区生态系统服务价值由1980年的37.289亿元减少至2005年的36.351亿元,有林地和离覆盖度草地的减少是服务价值降低的主要原因;主要由林地、草地和水域提供的维持生物多样性、水文调节、气候调节、保持土壤等单项功能服务价值均呈现不同程度地减少,说明保护区生态系统结构和功能已受到影响,保护区生态环境质量不断趋向退化.     

基于Costanza模型的我国粮食主产区生态服务价值评估研究

生态安全是粮食主产区实现粮食安全主体功能的前提和保障。运用Costanza模型实证测算了2014年我国13个粮食主产省(区)生态系统服务价值及空间分异,重点考察了农田生态系统及其粮食作物供给的生态服务价值贡献。研究发现:我国粮食主产区农田生态系统的粮食供给服务价值与粮食产能存在错配现象;在整个生态系统中农田生态系统的生态服务价值贡献率仅为10.4%,而食物生产作物为主的生态供给服务价值仅占陆地生态系统的9.23%;生态系统服务价值空间分异突出,南北分化严重;粮食安全保障存在较大的生态隐患和生态服务价值损失。相对于耕地"红线",生态"红线"才是确保粮食安全的根本底线。     

南水北调东线水源地保护区生态建设的生态经济效益评估

生态服务功能价值评估可以为生态建设工程效益的定量评价提供借鉴。从生态服务功能价值和生态建设成本的角度，定量评估规划建设的南水北调东线水源地保护区一期生态建设工程的预期生态经济效益。以生态服务功能价值评估的现有成果为手段，并结合实际状况进行适当修正后，根据土地利用类型的改变评估得到一期生态工程实施后每年所增加的生态系统服务功能价值为12 816万元，结合区域社会经济发展状况引入生态价值发展阶段系数调整后的结果为4 229万元；从机会成本的角度分析得到一期生态建设工程的年成本为793万元；生态建设工程实施后每年增加的生态服务功能价值调整值为生态建设年成本的5.3倍，表明一期生态建设的预期生态经济效益非常显著。     

国家级重点生态功能区县生态系统生产总值核算研究——以阿尔山市为例

国家级重点生态功能区是国家重要的生态安全屏障,是保障生态系统稳定的重要区域,生态系统生产总值(GEP)是生态系统为人类福祉和经济社会可持续发展提供的产品与服务价值的总和。核算重点生态功能区县生态系统生产总值(GEP)不仅为揭示区域生态系统为人类福祉和经济社会发展贡献提供了新的手段,同时为完善限制开发区市县政府考核机制和离任审计提供了新的科学方法。本文以国家级重点生态功能区县——阿尔山市为例,运用市场价值法、影子工程法、替代成本法及旅游费用法等研究方法,对阿尔山市生态系统产品提供、调节服务、文化服务3大类11项服务功能进行核算,结果表明:(1)2014年,阿尔山市生态系统生产总值539.88亿元,就生态系统服务类别而言,调节服务价值最高,占88.44%;文化服务价值占8.72%;产品提供价值占2.83%。(2)就不同生态系统服务类型而言,气候调节功能价值最大,占45.33%;固碳释氧价值、水源涵养价值、洪水调蓄价值次之。(3)就不同生态系统类型而言,由大到小排序,森林湿地草地灌丛农田。其中,森林生态系统生产总值最高,占61.99%;湿地次之,占32.44%。     

金沙江干热河谷几种引进树种人工植被的生态学研究

采用标准木法和收获法,对金沙江元谋干热河谷几种引进树种的人工植被（即赤桉×新银合欢混交林、赤桉纯林、新银合欢纯林和印楝纯林）各层植被生物量与天然次生植被（坡柳-扭黄茅灌草丛）进行了比较研究,同时对各类植被的物种组成和物种多样性进行了比较分析。结果表明：（1）采用引进树种人工恢复的植被积累了大量生物质,总生物量大小依次为：赤桉×新银合欢混交林（4491 t/hm2）>新银合欢纯林（3991 t/hm2）>赤桉纯林（3857 t/ hm2）>印楝纯林（1306 t/hm2）>天然次生林（935 t/ hm2）。人工恢复植被生物量主要集中在乔木层,天然次生植被生物量主要集中在灌木、草本和凋落物层。（2）人工恢复植被的物种数均少于天然次生植被,而且不同植被的物种数和物种组成也存在差异。（3）各植被的Shannon wiener多样性指数和Margalef丰富度指数均表现为：印楝纯林>坡柳-扭黄茅灌草丛>赤桉纯林>赤桉×新银合欢混交林。在Alatato均匀度指数方面,各人工植被之间的差异不大,但人工植被与天然次生植被之间有显著差异。〖     

上海城市景观生态格局演变与生态网络结构优化分析

为了优化上海城市生态网络结构,综合应用景观格局、景观格局指数以及景观生态网络分析方法,提出上海城市生态品质提升途径。首先,应用面向对象的遥感图像分类方法获得了2008年和2015年上海市建设用地、农业用地、水域和绿地等景观类型分布,应用Fragstats软件获得景观格局指数,比较了城市景观格局和景观格局指数的演变;其次应用最小成本路径方法构建城市生态网络,与城市道路交通网络叠置,确定了生态网络结构的间断点;最后与《上海市基本生态网络规划》比较,提出了城市生态网络发展建议。本研究获得如下结论:(1)2008～2015年,上海市建设用地、农业用地、绿地和水域的面积比例由38∶51∶5∶6演变为46∶39∶7∶8。(2)上海市景观格局日趋破碎化、复杂化,连通性下降;建设用地的优势景观类型地位强化,郊区建设用地呈现破碎化入侵,农业用地面积减少且破碎化;绿地系统面积增大,但连通性不足,结构待优化。(3)经最小阻力分析获得上海市105条潜在生态廊道线路,在浦东新区、奉贤区、金山区、松江区和青浦区具有较好的环状度;经叠置分析识别出上海市骨干生态廊道的62个间断点,主要分布在青浦区、松江区、浦东新区以及奉贤区。(4)经比较分析发现,城市生态网络规划的生态网络骨架基本保持,但局部的生态网络结构存在问题,上海西北部和北部的生态廊道空间萎缩,东南部生态空间出现碎片化。     

The recovery of the lower montane cloud forest in the Mucujún watershed, Mérida, Venezuela

High deforestation rates in tropical countries continue to reduce forest cover and thereby habitat quantity and quality. However, in some places the forest is recovering and expanding thus offsetting the biodiversity and ecosystem service losses. In order to characterize the forest recovery, land use and land cover (LUC) changes were analyzed using aerial photographs, taken between 1952 and 2009, of a peri-urban watershed in the Andes region of Venezuela. The qualities of the changes were assessed using landscape indices and hemeroby indicators. In that period, the forest cover increased about 18 %, mainly due to abandoned pastures on steep slopes. At the same time, the urban area expanded about 4 % on valley bottoms, while pastures and crop fields were reduced about 20 %. The results also showed that forest patches were aggregating, whereas pastures were fragmenting. A reduction in direct human impacts on forests growing on abandoned pastures resulted in a slight recovery of the lower montane cloud forest structure and plant composition. But non-native species were found in all LUC categories. During the study period, we documented not only forest recovery, but also urban area growth, intensified land use and invasions by non-native species all of which could partially counterbalance the positives of forest recovery.     

The Role and Effectiveness of Local Institutions in the Management of Forest Biodiversity in New Dabaga-Ulongambi Forest Reserve,Iringa Region-Tanzania

This paper examines the role and effectiveness of local institutions in the management of forest biodiversity in New Dabaga-Ulongambi Forest Reserve,Tanzania.Data were obtained through questionnaires,interviews,focus group discussions,participatory rural appraisal and field observations.The study revealed that the most remarkable local institutions connected to forest biodiversity management include:Village Natural Resources Management Committee(92%),tree nursery group(79.4%),beekeeping groups(61.1%),fish farming(43.3%),livestock rearing group(33.9%).Main activities carried out by local institutions which directly contribute to the sustainability of forest reserve include:forest patrols,fire extinguish,preparation of fire breaks,planting of trees along the forest boundaries,creation of awareness,arresting of forest defaulters,participation in income generation activities.For the purpose of realization that local communities are capable of managing forest biodiversity through their traditional institutions,the policy should provide tangible opportunity for local communities to meet their needs as they manage the forests.     

The Role and Effectiveness of Local Institutions in the Management of Forest Biodiversity in New Dabaga-Ulongambi Forest Reserve,Iringa Region-Tanzania

Abstract

This paper examines the role and effectiveness of local institutions in the management of forest biodiversity in New Dabaga-Ulongambi Forest Reserve, Tanzania. Data were obtained through questionnaires, interviews, focus group discussions, participatory rural appraisal and field observations. The study revealed that the most remarkable local institutions connected to forest biodiversity management include: Village Natural Resources Management Committee (92%), tree nursery group (79.4%), beekeeping groups (61.1%), fish farming (43.3%), livestock rearing group (33.9%). Main activities carried out by local institutions which directly contribute to the sustainability of forest reserve include: forest patrols, fire extinguish, preparation of fire breaks, planting of trees along the forest boundaries, creation of awareness, arresting of forest defaulters, participation in income generation activities. For the purpose of realization that local communities are capable of managing forest biodiversity through their traditional institutions, the policy should provide tangible opportunity for local communities to meet their needs as they manage the forests.     

Sustainable forest management in a mountain region in the Central Western Carpathians,northeastern Slovakia: the role of climate change

European forestry is facing many challenges, including the need to adapt to climate change and an unprecedented increase in forest damage. We investigated these challenges in a Norway spruce-dominated mountain region in Central Europe. We used the model Sibyla to explore forest biomass production to the year 2100 under climate change and under two alternative management systems: the currently applied management (CM), which strives to actively improve the forest’s adaptive capacity, and no management (NM) as a reference. Because biodiversity is thought to have mostly positive effects on the adaptive capacity of forests and on the quality of ecosystem services, we explored how climate change and management affect indicators of biodiversity. We found a differential response across the elevation-climatic gradient, including a drought-induced decrease in biomass production over large areas. With CM, the support of non-spruce species and the projected improvement of their growth increased tree species diversity. The promotion of species with higher survival rates led to a decrease in forest damage relative to both the present conditions and NM. NM preserved the high density of over-matured spruce trees, which caused forest damage to increase. An abundance of dead wood and large standing trees, which can increase biodiversity, increased with NM. Our results suggest that commercial spruce forests, which are not actively adapted to climate change, tend to preserve their monospecific composition at a cost of increased forest damage. The persisting high rates of damage along with the adverse effects of climate change make the prospects of such forests uncertain.     

The effect of natural and anthropogenic disturbance in forest canopy and its effect on species richness in forests of Uttarakhand Himalaya,India

Pinus roxburghii (chir-pine) and Quercus leucothchophora (banj-oak) are dominant forests of mountainous part of the Uttarakhand Himalaya. The continued anthropogenic disturbance is opening the canopy, forming canopy gaps and as a result forest fragments are developing. Thus, the present study aims to analyze variations in species richness and vegetational parameters in relation to canopy gaps in forests. Total species richness was greater in open canopied forest compared to moderate and close canopied forests. In comparison between oak and pine forest, it was greater in oak forest while the proportion of common species was low between oak—pine forests. Mean species richness did not significantly vary from one canopy gap to another as well as in oak and pine dominated forest. This indicated that dominant forest types played an important role to form the community structure. The shrubs richness were greater in closed canopy and between the forests it was greater in pine forest. Tree and shrub density was low in open canopy while herb density was high in moderate canopy. Thus, this study indicated that the dominant canopy species play an important role in deciding the community structures especially the distribution of under canopy species. These parameters should be considered for conservation and maintenance of plant biodiversity of a region.     

石首市抑螺防病林空间布局优化研究

20世纪80年代以来,我国血吸虫疫区的林业血防生态工程建设已取得显著成效,但局部地区的抑螺防病林仍存在空间布局不完善、螺情反复出现的现象。在石首市钉螺孳生环境适宜性分析的基础上,采用层次分析法对钉螺孳生地的风险等级进行了评价,并通过抑螺防病林宜林地和更新区分布研究确定了抑螺防病林的空间布局优化区,以期为完善抑螺防病林建设工程布局提供依据。研究结果表明：石首市钉螺孳生高风险区主要分布在长江及其支流沿线、沟渠、塘堰和滩涂,占研究区总面积的874%。钉螺孳生中风险区主要分布在长江垸内,占总面积的2377%。钉螺孳生低风险区主要分布在大型湖泊、长江等永久水体以及城镇用地周围,占总面积的6749%。石首市抑螺防病林以中幼林为主,面积占抑螺防病林总面积的8047%。成熟林和过熟林（更新区）总面积4 51251 hm2,占抑螺防病林总面积的1405%。另有宜林地2 82336 hm2,石首市抑螺防病林优化区总面积为7 33586 hm2。其中,2395%的优化区分布在钉螺孳生的高风险区,2322%的优化区分布在钉螺孳生的中风险区,5283%的优化区分布在钉螺孳生的低风险区,是未来几年开展抑螺防病林建设的重点区域     

Characteristics and drivers of forest cover change in the post-socialist era in Croatia: evidence from a mixed-methods approach

Extensive forests in Croatia represent an important biological and economic resource in Europe. They are characterised by heterogeneity in forest management practices dating back to the socialist planned economy of the pre-1991 era. In this study we investigated the difference in rates of deforestation and reforestation in private- and state-owned forests during the post-socialist period and the causal drivers of change. The selected region of Northern Croatia is characterised by a high percentage of privately owned forests with minimal national monitoring and control. We used a mixed-methods approach which combines remote sensing, statistical modelling and a household-based questionnaire survey to assess the rates of forest cover change and factors influencing those changes. The results show that predominantly privately owned forests in Northern Croatia have recorded a net forest loss of 1.8 % during the 1991–2011 period, while Croatia overall is characterised by a 10 % forest cover increase in predominantly state-owned forests. Main factors influencing forest cover changes in private forests are slope, altitude, education structure, population age and population density. The results also show that the deforestation in private forests is weakening overall, mostly due to the continuation of the de-agrarisation and de-ruralisation processes which began during socialism.