有机蒙脱石负载零价纳米铁处理锑离子的研究

利用阳离子交换容量为1. 02 mmol/g的钠基蒙脱石,通过液相还原法制备了有机蒙脱石负载纳米铁(NZVI-OMt)材料。研究表明:材料对锑离子具有很好的去除效果,对于初始质量浓度为5 mg/L的锑离子溶液,反应10 min去除率即可达100%,且效果远远高于两种单一材料(纳米铁NZVI和有机蒙脱石OMt)及二者之和。通过一系列实验考察了初始质量浓度、pH值、投加量等因素对NZVI-OMt处理锑离子效果的影响。动力学研究表明,NZVI-OMt对锑离子的作用符合准一级反应动力学。对反应后的NZVI-OMt进行解析实验,表明NZVI-OMt对锑离子的去除作用包含物理吸附、化学吸附及共沉淀等复杂过程。     

零价铁还原地下水中对氯硝基苯的研究

采用间歇试验考察零价铁去除对氯硝基苯的效果,研究初始pH值、零价铁粒径、零价铁投加量和氧对反应过程的影响.结果表明,在中性和弱酸性条件下零价铁能有效去除对氯硝基苯,反应过程符合准一级动力学,反应终产物为对氯苯胺;降低零价铁粒径和增加零价铁投加量可提高对氯硝基苯的去除率.当零价铁粒径为0.05mm、投加量为0.5 g/L、对氯硝基苯初始质量浓度为25 mg/L,反应6h后,对氯硝基苯去除率可达100％.氧对零价铁还原对氯硝基苯具有竞争性抑制作用,但零价铁能消耗水中溶解氧并维持对氯硝基苯还原反应进行,与厌氧反应过程相比,空气-水体系对氯硝基苯去除率下降19.18％.研究表明,采用零价铁还原法可有效去除地下水中的对氯硝基苯.     

有机膨润土对对硝基苯酚吸附性能的研究

以溴化十六烷基三甲铵(CTMAB)和溴化十六烷基吡啶(CPB)两种表面活性剂对钠基膨润土进行有机改性,研究了改性后的有机膨润土的用量、介质pH值、作用时间、溶液中对硝基苯酚的浓度等因素对膨润土去除对硝基苯酚的影响.结果表明:同一浓度条件下,CTMAB-有机膨润土对对硝基苯酚的去除率和吸附量均比CPB-有机膨润土高;当对硝基苯酚溶液pH在2-10范围内,2种有机膨润土对对硝基苯酚的吸附性能变化不大,但当pH上升到12时,2种有机膨润土对对硝基苯酚去除率分别下降20.5%和36.2%.2种有机膨润土对对硝基苯酚的吸附可用Freundlich方程加以描述.     

零价铁处理孔雀石绿废水的研究

以孔雀石绿为目标污染物,考察零价铁对孔雀石绿的降解行为,系统研究了零价铁投加量、初始pH值及孔雀石绿初始浓度对反应的影响。结果表明,在孔雀石绿初始质量浓度为200 mg/L、铁粉投加量为1g/L、初始pH值为6.5、反应时间为60 min的条件下,孔雀石绿的去除率为96.3%;同时探讨了零价铁降解孔雀石绿的动力学过程,结果表明,孔雀石绿的降解符合一级动力学反应。     

去除碱性染料吸附剂的制备及其吸附特性研究

本实验用橘皮果胶来改性纳米铁吸附碱性品红,用橘皮果胶来改性纳米铁,可以提高纳米铁对碱性品红的吸附。本文从吸附剂制备工艺的角度研究了橘皮果胶的质量浓度、改性纳米零价铁的投加量、活性剂羟甲基纤维素钠的投加量、吸附时间、温度、碱性品红的初始浓度对染料去除的效果,结果表明:在橘皮果胶质量浓度为2. 58%,将0. 02 g改性纳米零价铁和0. 1 g活性剂羟甲基纤维素钠投加到50 m L初始浓度为12 mg/L碱性品红溶液中,吸附时间60 min,吸附温度为60℃,改性纳米零价铁对碱性品红的吸附效果较好,改性纳米零价铁吸附碱性品红溶液遵循准一级反应动力学模型,平衡浓度对吸附量的影响符合Langmuir吸附模型,是以化学吸附为主。     

超声波/零价铁联合降解间二氯苯的特性研究

研究了间二氯苯(M-DCB)在超声波/零价铁联合体系(US/Fe0)中的降解,考察了零价铁(Fe0)投加量、初始pH值、初始间二氯苯浓度(C0)、搅拌速度等控制参数对间二氯苯降解效率的影响。结果表明,其降解效率分别在Fe0投加量1.5 g/L,初始pH值为2和10时达最大值。随目标污染物初始浓度的提高,其降解效率降低,超声波和零价铁联合体系适合降解较低浓度的间二氯苯溶液,搅拌速度越大,污染物的去除率越高。     

改性海泡石处理水中低质量浓度NO3-的研究

实验制备酸洗及负载纳米零价铁的海泡石,进行改性海泡石吸附及还原水中低质量浓度NO~-_3的实验研究。结果表明,对于酸洗海泡石(PNS)吸附NO~-_3,吸附效果高于天然海泡石,Freundlich模型比Langmuir模型更好地拟合NO~-_3等温吸附曲线,吸附过程为物理吸附非自发过程,吸附为放热反应,温度升高不利于吸附进行;负载纳米零价铁的海泡石(PNS-nZVI)处理水中NO~-_3符合准一级反应动力学模型。在一定范围内,酸性条件下促进NO~-_3的去除,质量浓度越大去除效果越好,温度在30℃时去除率达到峰值,最佳条件下去除率可达到95.4%。PNS-nZVI还原NO~-_3是一个递进过程,初始阶段NO~-_3先转化成中间产物NO~-_2和部分NH~+_4,随着反应进行NO~-_2逐步转化成NH~+_4,NH~+_4在反应产物中所占比重最大。     

膨润土改性工艺条件对吸附废水中TNT的影响

采用十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTMAB)对膨润土改性,制备有机膨润土。研究了改性条件如CTMAB的浓度、温度、振荡频率、振荡时间和pH值对废水中TNT吸附的影响。结果表明,CTMAB的质量分数为2%、温度为60℃、振荡频率为120 r/min、振荡时间2 h、pH值为中性时,改性膨润土吸附TNT的效果最好,去除率达到98%。     

表面活性剂用量对有机膨润土稳定性的影响

为研究有机膨润土的稳定性,通过添加不同用量的表面活性剂(十六烷基三甲基溴化铵)对有机膨润土进行改性处理.将制成的有机膨润土加入清水中,通过不同振荡时间、振荡强度、超声处理时间、温度、pH值及不同浓度盐溶液的处理后,测定离心得到的上清液中总有机碳(TOC)的含量.结果表明,相同处理条件下(超声处理除外),有机膨润土的稳定性均随着改性时表面活性剂用量的增加而逐渐降低.当表面活性剂用量小于或等于膨润土阳离子交换量(CEC)时,制备的有机膨润土比较稳定.振荡时间、振荡强度及反应温度对有机膨润土稳定性的影响不明显;增加超声波处理时间、pH值过高或过低均会降低有机膨润土的稳定性;提高处理溶液中的NaCl、CaCl2浓度.可增加有机膨膨润土尤其是高表面活性剂用量的改性有机膨润土的稳定性.因此,为避免有机膨润土的二次污染,在利用表面活性剂制造有机膨润土时,应根据膨润土的阳离子交换量确定适宜的表面活性剂用量,并使溶液pH值处于中性范围.     

活性炭吸附处理含砷废水的研究

通过活性炭的静态吸附实验,研究溶液中砷的去除率与溶液初始pH值、溶液浓度、反应温度和时间、以及溶液中其他共存离子的关系,以确定活性炭吸附去除砷的最佳工艺条件.研究表明,质量浓度为10 mg/L的含砷溶液,在25 ℃,溶液初始pH值为4.5,反应300 min时,砷的去除率达最大值98.6%;若溶液中同时含有Cr(Ⅵ)离子,可提高活性炭对砷的吸附去除率至99%以上.由此可见,活性炭吸附法处理含砷废水的去除率较高,处理后砷含量能够达到国家规定的排放标准.     

油浸变压器排油注氮装置在500kV变电站的设计与应用

在分析500kV变电站主变压器消防系统的现状,比较3类消防系统优缺点的基础上,详细论述了主变排油注氮装置的结构组成、工作原理、参数计算、控制系统设计以及需要注意的事项等,为下一步排油注氮装置的推广应用打下基础.     

HAZOP结合What-if方法在某延迟焦化装置除焦中的应用

为克服传统危险与可操作性（HAZOP）定性分析方法在复杂操作、间歇作业等过程中使用的局限性,提出在传统HAZOP定性分析方法的基础上结合What-if（故障假设）方法,对人的不安全行为和操作规程不完备所导致的风险后果分析作出补充。详细说明其技术原理、工作流程等使用细节,系统阐述该方法与传统HAZOP定性分析方法的区别,并在某延迟焦化装置的除焦操作的风险分析中应用。经分析,识别出在“给水-泡焦”节点,有“操作规程错误”场景2项,“操作规程不具体”场景1项,不存在“操作人员未按操作规程执行”场景。研究结果表明:本文方法有效且具有较好效果,可以广泛应用于操作规程/作业指导书审查、作业过程隐患排查等方面,帮助企业开展操作层面的风险识别与管理,提升企业的生产安全水平。     

Nighttime pedestrian fatalities: A comprehensive examination of infrastructure,user, vehicle,and situational factors

Introduction: Pedestrian fatalities in the United States increased 45.5% between 2009 and 2017. More than 85% of those additional pedestrian fatalities occurred at night. Method: We examine Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) data for fatal pedestrian crashes that occurred in the dark between 2002 and 2017. Within-variable and before/after examinations of crashes in terms of infrastructure, user, vehicle, and situational characteristics are performed with one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and two-sample t-tests. We model changes in crash characteristic proportions between 2002–2009 and 2010–2017 using linear regressions and test for autocorrelation with Breusch-Godfrey tests. Results: The increase in fatal nighttime pedestrian crashes is most strongly correlated with infrastructure factors: non-intersection unmarked locations (saw 80.8% of additional fatalities); 40–45 mph roads (54.6%); five-lane roads (40.7%); urban (99.7%); and arterials (81.1%). In addition, SUVs were involved in 39.7% of additional fatalities, overrepresenting their share of the fleet. Increased pedestrian alcohol and drug involvement warrant further investigation. The age of pedestrians killed increased more (18.1%) than the national average (3.2%). Conclusions: By identifying factors related to the increase in nighttime pedestrian fatalities, this work constitutes a vital first step in making our streets safer for pedestrians. Practical Applications: More research is needed to understand the efficacy of different solutions, but this paper provides guidance for such future research. Engineering solutions such as road diets or traffic calming may be used to improve identified infrastructure issues by reducing vehicle speeds and road widths. Rethinking vehicle design, especially high front profiles, may improve vehicle issues. However, the problems giving rise to these pedestrian fatalities are likely a result of not only engineering issues but also interrelated social and political factors. Solutions may be correspondingly comprehensive, employing non-linear, systems-based approaches such as Safe Systems.     

潞安矿区煤层渗透率的各向异性特征实验研究

为了研究原位煤体渗透性的各向异性特征,以山西潞安常村矿3号煤层圆柱试样为对象,利用TCQT-Ⅲ型低渗煤层气相驱替增产试验装置,对煤样进行加载,并以氮气注入压力2.0 MPa的条件下,分析垂直层理和平行层理2个方向的煤体变形和渗透率变化特征。实验结果表明:煤样在加载过程中,平行和垂直层理煤样渗透率均随着有效应力的增大而减小,平行层理方向的渗透率始终大于垂直层理方向,应力加载初期渗透率急剧下降,最后逐渐趋于平缓;径向应变的增加量与渗透率呈正相关性,且平行层理相关性大于垂直层理;沿平行层理方向的裂隙度大于沿垂直层理方向,沿垂直层理方向的应变量大于沿平行层理方向;应变增加量均随有效应力的增加而逐渐减小。研究结果可为煤层井网布置及优化提供参考。     

森林地表火蔓延模拟方法及其计算机实现

进行了森林火蔓延的研究,对传统的经验公式和模型进行改进,明显发现改进的模型有更好的结果,用计算机巧妙准确地实现了模拟模型,在风力不是特别大,地形变化不是特别剧烈时,该模型有较高精度;并结合火蔓延的主要因素（气象因子、气候、地形等）,进行系统分析,写出算地,编制实现地表火蔓延的预测预报计算机系统软件。这对于有效的组织扑救、减少火灾损失、计算森林火灾的损失评估有重要意义。     

Footedness and Mounting—Short Review and Two Case Studies

Footedness is a personal quality like handedness. Footedness may be associated with moving ability during mounting, dismounting, and jumping movements. Occupational accidents have occurred during movement at different working levels, during the use of access and exit systems, and during the mounting of vehicles. Aging can also affect accident risk and body laterality. For example, falling accidents on stairs are common among the elderly. One reason for accidents may be that the structure of the access system or stair system is unsuitable for individual moving patterns depending partly on body laterality. Footedness and the way the feet are used may be contradictory to the demands of the moving situation, especially during uncommon or rapid situations. This contradiction may trigger disturbance during moving. The aims of this pilot study were (a) to review the literature briefly and (b) to describe the use of the dominant and nondominant foot by farmers and the elderly when mounting a tractor and stairs, respectively. The study also gives ideas for future studies based on both (a) and (b).     

AHP与GA-SVM耦合模型在滑坡预警中的应用*

为了减少滑坡造成的损失,提高滑坡预测的准确性,通过搭建灾害模拟平台获得滑坡的实验数据,在获得多组模拟实验数据后,分析各变量的特性。首先,通过层次分析(Analytic Hierarchy Process,AHP)算法,对滑坡进行危险度划分;然后,通过支持向量机(Support Vector Machine,SVM)建立模型,遗传算法(Genetic Algorithm,GA)再优化SVM参数,提出1种层次分析法与GA-SVM相耦合的模型。研究结果表明:AHP方法划分后的数据,通过GA与SVM结合建立的模型精度较好,实验预测结果与实际结果较为吻合,与单一SVM相比,精度更高,结果更好,更加适用于多变量的复杂非线性滑坡预警。     

Debunking the false dichotomy of leadership idealism and pragmatism: Critical evaluation and support of newer genre leadership theories

Leadership theories have shifted over the last few decades from a focus on managerial functions and economic leader–follower exchanges toward greater focus on the interpersonal dynamics occurring within the leadership process. Theories such as transformational, ethical, authentic, and other “newer genre” theories were created to address neglected topics such as leader vision and inspirational messages, transparency, emotional effects, morality, individualized attention, and intellectual stimulation. Critiques of these theories, however, have been raised. In this paper, we address five of those critiques and argue for the validity and practical effectiveness of the new genre theories. Further, we describe how newer genre leadership research should be viewed as a performative epistemology, entailing a process of co‐creation involving scholars and practitioners. Finally, from this view, we provide general ideas for leader development. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Occupational Safety and Health in Finland

In Finland, occupational safety is the responsibility of the employer, while the occupational safety and health laws are enforced by the Labour Inspection Service, an organization of the state. The Labour Inspection is divided in 11 administrative districts, and it employs 360 professionals. They are mandated to carry out site visits without prearranged appointments to inspect safe work situations, working hours, construction safety, or any aspect of accident risks. The inspectors are also mandated to verify the existence of sufficient occupational health services as prescribed by the Occupational Health Services Act for all employees. The occupational health services are typically provided by enterprise-owned medical departments, by mutually owned health care centers, by private practitioners, or by municipal health care centers. The latter are required by law to provide all services as prescribed by the legislation to anyone who comes to the facility. This situation is prevalent in the countryside, where there are very few private caregiving centers. Declaring occupational accidents and disease cases is mandatory, and the Inspection districts examine all accidents to establish causes and consequences, and to initiate prosecution in case of criminal negligence. Labour Inspection Districts are also notified of the new occupational disease cases as they are declared to insurance companies. Insurance for occupational disease, accidents, and death is an obligation of the employer, although they can choose the insurance company. The medical confidentiality between the workers and their occupational health care providers is very strict. Official statistics are maintained by the state Statistics Finland organization, and they may be used, for example, for research purposes by scientific institutes like the Finnish Institute of Occupational Health. Construction industry accounts for 25% of all fatal accidents (120 cases per 1 million working hours), followed by mechanical, wood, metal, machinery, and pulp and paper industry (10% each of fatal accidents) with rates ranging from 100–160 cases per 1 million working hours. There are some 5,000 occupational disease cases per year (rate 22/10,000 employed). The major disease categories include repetitive strain injuries (1,300 cases), respiratory allergies (600 cases), occupational skin diseases (1,000 cases), and 900 cases of noise-caused hearing loss. In 1998, 589 cases of asbestos-related diseases were reported.     

公路隧道火灾逃生疏散研究

以苍岭隧道为背景,首先采用经验计算理论和计算软件building EXODUS相结合的方式,从被困人员的安全疏散时间、高温烟气的影响、隧道横通道的利用率以及人员的疏散行为特性进行了研究。结果表明:中小规模火灾情况下的安全疏散时间控制在8 min之内,高温烟气影响不大,但横通道的利用率不平均,且人员疏散路线相对集中。然后对存在的逃生疏散问题提出针对性建议以及其他相关建议,旨在为更大程度降低事故的严重性和经济财产损失。