危险化学品生产储存装置安全防护距离确定方法研究

通过对国内外安全及卫生等相关距离确定方法研究,结合我国实际情况,对危险化学品生产储存装置与周边重要区域安全防护距离制定方法的基本原则、计算程序以及主要内容等进行阐述,提出了危险化学品生产储存装置与周边重要区域安全防护距离的确定方法。该方法以危险化学品事故后果分析为基础,综合考虑企业安全防护措施影响,运用个人风险允许值和社会风险允许值来确定危险化学品生产储存装置与周边重要区域安全防护距离。应用示例表明,该方法评价的风险更加符合实际情况,具有更好的科学性。该项研究成果对确定我国危险化学品企业安全防护距离、制定危险化学品生产储存装置安全防护距离标准具有重要参考价值。     

危险化学品生产储存运输安全监控系统研究与应用

提出了基于GIS、GPS、GPRS和无线传感网络技术的危险化学品生产储存运输安全监控系统结构及该系统的软件架构和功能设计,介绍了系统在大连某特种气体有限公司的应用情况。该系统利用无线传感网络技术对危险化学品生产储存场所进行实时监控预警,利用GPS和GPRS技术对运输车辆进行跟踪和监控,利用地理信息系统实现对危险化学品生产储存场所及运输车辆信息的查询检索、综合分析、动态管理等功能,从而为危险化学品储存场所安全监测提供科学依据,对抑制事故发生或减少事故伤损范围具有重要的现实意义。     

危化品道路运输应急预防措施

危险化学品是指有爆炸、易燃、毒害、腐蚀、放射性等性质,在生产、运输、使用、装卸和储存保管过程中,易造成人身伤亡和财产损毁而需要特别防护的化学物品. 1 危险化学品运输系统危险性评价 发生危险化学品运输事故时,危险化学品运输车辆相当于固定设施,故可运用事故后果评价方法对危险化学品车辆潜在事故后果进行定量估算.此外,可根据二维渗流模型,研究有毒液体泄漏后的渗流运移情况,并对渗流污染的弥散区域和浓度变化情况进行估算.评价时,根据其所承载物质的特性、体积、存在状态等可分别计算出其发生相应事故时所造成的影响区域及危害程度.事故后果评价方法中的有关计算公式和伤害准则可参照引用.     

7起危化品运输事故及启示

正危险化学品事故是危险化学品生产、经营、储存、运输、使用和废弃危险化学品处置等过程中由危险化学品造成人员伤害、财产损失和环境污染的事故。根据以往的调查,生产环节发生的事故最多,主要是因为生产环节涉及的危险化学品种类多,工艺、设备复杂。但近年来,危险化学品运输、输送过程中的事故比例明显升高,承载危险化学品的运输车辆成了流动的突发性危险源。为了充分了解危险化学品运输事故的危险性,减少此类事     

对天津港“8·12”特别重大火灾爆炸事故相关法规标准的思考

硝化棉已分别列入危险化学品、易制爆危险化学品和第二批重点监管的危险化学品,硝酸铵也分别列入危险化学品、民用爆炸物品和首批重点监管的危险化学品,二者都是重点监管的对象,但二者相关事故还是时有发生。为了更全面和深刻理解天津港“8·12”特别重大火灾爆炸事故的发生,以危险化学品储存场所外部距离标准要求为切入点,分析了储存场所外部距离变化过程;介绍了初始起火物质硝化棉和导致事故后果严重扩大的硝酸铵2种危险化学品的国内监管分类和相关标准要求,并与事故调查报告中给出的结论进行了对比;针对本起火灾爆炸事故后果特点和非法储存危险物质罪罪行认定条件,剖析了现存的问题。分析结果旨在为政府有关部门及事故调查等工作提供参考。     

化学品泄漏扩散仿真软件--泄漏事故后果评价的得力工具

化学品泄漏扩散仿真软件的用途 危险化学品在生产、储存、经营、运输、使用和废弃物处置等各个环节都存在发生泄漏的危险。化学品意外泄漏是最常见的化学品相关紧急事故。一旦发生毒物泄漏事故,除了可能造成人员伤亡和财产损失外,还牵涉到大批人员的紧急疏散,污染环境,影响人们的正常工作和生活。正因为如此,政府监管部门(如国家和地方的安全监管局)在规划审核化工企业设计布局、安全评价中介机构(如劳动安全预评价中心)在对化学品相关场所进行风险评价、化学品相关场所的安全管理人员在日常管     

危险化学品道路运输事故对环境敏感区影响研究

为预测危险化学品道路运输事故对环境承载力造成的破坏,本文考虑天气及地理环境等多因素进行危险化学品道路运输风险评价模型优化,基于熵权法对环境敏感区进行事故后果量化评估.以北京六环为场景实例研究,结果表明:医院、学校、住宅区、公共绿地和风景名胜区在事故后果影响中所占比重更高,西六环的环境敏感区后果值最大;该模型与现实风险分级指数评价法计算结果进行对比分析,可知该风险量化模型进行环境敏感区影响评价具有一定合理性和科学性.     

2010年我国危化品事故人员伤亡统计分析

危险化学品是指具有毒害、腐蚀、爆炸、燃烧、助燃等性质,对人体、设施、环境具有危害的剧毒化学品和其他化学品.在现代社会中,危险化学品在发展生产、改善环境和提高人民生活水平中发挥着积极作用,同时也因其固有的危险特性,危险化学品在生产、储存、运输、销售、使用和废弃等环节上,不断发生燃爆、泄漏、中毒和窒息等事故,造成了大量的人员伤亡,对人身安全构成严重威胁.2010年全国共发生危险化学品人员伤亡事故323起,造成人员死亡530人,受伤1739人.为了防止和减少各类危险化学品事故对人员的伤害,需对危险化学品事故人员伤亡做详细统计和分析.     

安全动态

梧州市安监局积极开展危险化学品环境风险和安全隐患大排查工作为深入贯彻落实自治区和梧州市关于加强环境风险及安全生产工作的部署,强化危险化学品隐患排查整治,消除危险化学品在生产、使用、储存、经营、运输等环节的安全隐患,预防各类事故发生,梧州市安监局从3月初至4月底在全市范围内开展了危险化学品环境风险和安全隐患大排查工作。通过组织开展危险化学品从业单位进行环境风险和隐患排查,全市有140多家危化企业按照安监部门的要求进     

什么是事故的海恩法则

除运输工具加油站、加气站外，危险化学品的生产装置和储存数量构成重大危险源的储存设施，与下列场所、区域的距离必须符合国家标准或者国家有关规定：     

油浸变压器排油注氮装置在500kV变电站的设计与应用

在分析500kV变电站主变压器消防系统的现状,比较3类消防系统优缺点的基础上,详细论述了主变排油注氮装置的结构组成、工作原理、参数计算、控制系统设计以及需要注意的事项等,为下一步排油注氮装置的推广应用打下基础.     

HAZOP结合What-if方法在某延迟焦化装置除焦中的应用

为克服传统危险与可操作性（HAZOP）定性分析方法在复杂操作、间歇作业等过程中使用的局限性,提出在传统HAZOP定性分析方法的基础上结合What-if（故障假设）方法,对人的不安全行为和操作规程不完备所导致的风险后果分析作出补充。详细说明其技术原理、工作流程等使用细节,系统阐述该方法与传统HAZOP定性分析方法的区别,并在某延迟焦化装置的除焦操作的风险分析中应用。经分析,识别出在“给水-泡焦”节点,有“操作规程错误”场景2项,“操作规程不具体”场景1项,不存在“操作人员未按操作规程执行”场景。研究结果表明:本文方法有效且具有较好效果,可以广泛应用于操作规程/作业指导书审查、作业过程隐患排查等方面,帮助企业开展操作层面的风险识别与管理,提升企业的生产安全水平。     

Nighttime pedestrian fatalities: A comprehensive examination of infrastructure,user, vehicle,and situational factors

Introduction: Pedestrian fatalities in the United States increased 45.5% between 2009 and 2017. More than 85% of those additional pedestrian fatalities occurred at night. Method: We examine Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) data for fatal pedestrian crashes that occurred in the dark between 2002 and 2017. Within-variable and before/after examinations of crashes in terms of infrastructure, user, vehicle, and situational characteristics are performed with one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and two-sample t-tests. We model changes in crash characteristic proportions between 2002–2009 and 2010–2017 using linear regressions and test for autocorrelation with Breusch-Godfrey tests. Results: The increase in fatal nighttime pedestrian crashes is most strongly correlated with infrastructure factors: non-intersection unmarked locations (saw 80.8% of additional fatalities); 40–45 mph roads (54.6%); five-lane roads (40.7%); urban (99.7%); and arterials (81.1%). In addition, SUVs were involved in 39.7% of additional fatalities, overrepresenting their share of the fleet. Increased pedestrian alcohol and drug involvement warrant further investigation. The age of pedestrians killed increased more (18.1%) than the national average (3.2%). Conclusions: By identifying factors related to the increase in nighttime pedestrian fatalities, this work constitutes a vital first step in making our streets safer for pedestrians. Practical Applications: More research is needed to understand the efficacy of different solutions, but this paper provides guidance for such future research. Engineering solutions such as road diets or traffic calming may be used to improve identified infrastructure issues by reducing vehicle speeds and road widths. Rethinking vehicle design, especially high front profiles, may improve vehicle issues. However, the problems giving rise to these pedestrian fatalities are likely a result of not only engineering issues but also interrelated social and political factors. Solutions may be correspondingly comprehensive, employing non-linear, systems-based approaches such as Safe Systems.     

潞安矿区煤层渗透率的各向异性特征实验研究

为了研究原位煤体渗透性的各向异性特征,以山西潞安常村矿3号煤层圆柱试样为对象,利用TCQT-Ⅲ型低渗煤层气相驱替增产试验装置,对煤样进行加载,并以氮气注入压力2.0 MPa的条件下,分析垂直层理和平行层理2个方向的煤体变形和渗透率变化特征。实验结果表明:煤样在加载过程中,平行和垂直层理煤样渗透率均随着有效应力的增大而减小,平行层理方向的渗透率始终大于垂直层理方向,应力加载初期渗透率急剧下降,最后逐渐趋于平缓;径向应变的增加量与渗透率呈正相关性,且平行层理相关性大于垂直层理;沿平行层理方向的裂隙度大于沿垂直层理方向,沿垂直层理方向的应变量大于沿平行层理方向;应变增加量均随有效应力的增加而逐渐减小。研究结果可为煤层井网布置及优化提供参考。     

森林地表火蔓延模拟方法及其计算机实现

进行了森林火蔓延的研究,对传统的经验公式和模型进行改进,明显发现改进的模型有更好的结果,用计算机巧妙准确地实现了模拟模型,在风力不是特别大,地形变化不是特别剧烈时,该模型有较高精度;并结合火蔓延的主要因素（气象因子、气候、地形等）,进行系统分析,写出算地,编制实现地表火蔓延的预测预报计算机系统软件。这对于有效的组织扑救、减少火灾损失、计算森林火灾的损失评估有重要意义。     

Footedness and Mounting—Short Review and Two Case Studies

Footedness is a personal quality like handedness. Footedness may be associated with moving ability during mounting, dismounting, and jumping movements. Occupational accidents have occurred during movement at different working levels, during the use of access and exit systems, and during the mounting of vehicles. Aging can also affect accident risk and body laterality. For example, falling accidents on stairs are common among the elderly. One reason for accidents may be that the structure of the access system or stair system is unsuitable for individual moving patterns depending partly on body laterality. Footedness and the way the feet are used may be contradictory to the demands of the moving situation, especially during uncommon or rapid situations. This contradiction may trigger disturbance during moving. The aims of this pilot study were (a) to review the literature briefly and (b) to describe the use of the dominant and nondominant foot by farmers and the elderly when mounting a tractor and stairs, respectively. The study also gives ideas for future studies based on both (a) and (b).     

AHP与GA-SVM耦合模型在滑坡预警中的应用*

为了减少滑坡造成的损失,提高滑坡预测的准确性,通过搭建灾害模拟平台获得滑坡的实验数据,在获得多组模拟实验数据后,分析各变量的特性。首先,通过层次分析(Analytic Hierarchy Process,AHP)算法,对滑坡进行危险度划分;然后,通过支持向量机(Support Vector Machine,SVM)建立模型,遗传算法(Genetic Algorithm,GA)再优化SVM参数,提出1种层次分析法与GA-SVM相耦合的模型。研究结果表明:AHP方法划分后的数据,通过GA与SVM结合建立的模型精度较好,实验预测结果与实际结果较为吻合,与单一SVM相比,精度更高,结果更好,更加适用于多变量的复杂非线性滑坡预警。     

Debunking the false dichotomy of leadership idealism and pragmatism: Critical evaluation and support of newer genre leadership theories

Leadership theories have shifted over the last few decades from a focus on managerial functions and economic leader–follower exchanges toward greater focus on the interpersonal dynamics occurring within the leadership process. Theories such as transformational, ethical, authentic, and other “newer genre” theories were created to address neglected topics such as leader vision and inspirational messages, transparency, emotional effects, morality, individualized attention, and intellectual stimulation. Critiques of these theories, however, have been raised. In this paper, we address five of those critiques and argue for the validity and practical effectiveness of the new genre theories. Further, we describe how newer genre leadership research should be viewed as a performative epistemology, entailing a process of co‐creation involving scholars and practitioners. Finally, from this view, we provide general ideas for leader development. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Occupational Safety and Health in Finland

In Finland, occupational safety is the responsibility of the employer, while the occupational safety and health laws are enforced by the Labour Inspection Service, an organization of the state. The Labour Inspection is divided in 11 administrative districts, and it employs 360 professionals. They are mandated to carry out site visits without prearranged appointments to inspect safe work situations, working hours, construction safety, or any aspect of accident risks. The inspectors are also mandated to verify the existence of sufficient occupational health services as prescribed by the Occupational Health Services Act for all employees. The occupational health services are typically provided by enterprise-owned medical departments, by mutually owned health care centers, by private practitioners, or by municipal health care centers. The latter are required by law to provide all services as prescribed by the legislation to anyone who comes to the facility. This situation is prevalent in the countryside, where there are very few private caregiving centers. Declaring occupational accidents and disease cases is mandatory, and the Inspection districts examine all accidents to establish causes and consequences, and to initiate prosecution in case of criminal negligence. Labour Inspection Districts are also notified of the new occupational disease cases as they are declared to insurance companies. Insurance for occupational disease, accidents, and death is an obligation of the employer, although they can choose the insurance company. The medical confidentiality between the workers and their occupational health care providers is very strict. Official statistics are maintained by the state Statistics Finland organization, and they may be used, for example, for research purposes by scientific institutes like the Finnish Institute of Occupational Health. Construction industry accounts for 25% of all fatal accidents (120 cases per 1 million working hours), followed by mechanical, wood, metal, machinery, and pulp and paper industry (10% each of fatal accidents) with rates ranging from 100–160 cases per 1 million working hours. There are some 5,000 occupational disease cases per year (rate 22/10,000 employed). The major disease categories include repetitive strain injuries (1,300 cases), respiratory allergies (600 cases), occupational skin diseases (1,000 cases), and 900 cases of noise-caused hearing loss. In 1998, 589 cases of asbestos-related diseases were reported.     

公路隧道火灾逃生疏散研究

以苍岭隧道为背景,首先采用经验计算理论和计算软件building EXODUS相结合的方式,从被困人员的安全疏散时间、高温烟气的影响、隧道横通道的利用率以及人员的疏散行为特性进行了研究。结果表明:中小规模火灾情况下的安全疏散时间控制在8 min之内,高温烟气影响不大,但横通道的利用率不平均,且人员疏散路线相对集中。然后对存在的逃生疏散问题提出针对性建议以及其他相关建议,旨在为更大程度降低事故的严重性和经济财产损失。