北京地区土壤对柴油的吸附及影响因素研究

通过静态吸附实验,研究了北京地区土壤对柴油的吸附行为,考察了溶液pH和添加乙醇对柴油吸附的影响. 结果表明,6种不同土样对柴油的吸附等温线均较好地符合Langmuir吸附方程,其吸附系数(K)分别为0.193, 0.218, 0.203, 0.199, 0.211和0.182 L/mg,6种土样吸附能力依次为轻壤土>轻粘土>中壤土>砂壤土>重壤土>紧砂土,这主要是由于6种土样的pH,有机质含量和机械组成不同所致;溶液pH的升高,不利于柴油在土壤中的吸附,pH从4升高到10,柴油在1～6号土样中的吸附量分别从1　012, 1　800, 1　377, 1　272, 1　601和862 μg/g降低到114, 236, 163, 150, 201和85 μg/g;向柴油中添加乙醇会减小柴油的吸附量,并且吸附量随添加乙醇量的增大而降低,这有利于柴油的向下运移.      

活性炭纤维对水中低浓度柴油的吸附特性研究

研究了活性炭纤维(ACF)对水中低浓度柴油的吸附特性。通过静态吸附试验,考察了吸附时间、温度和pH等因素对吸附速率和吸附行为的影响。结果表明:ACF吸附速度快,35 min去除率达81.5%;在10～30℃范围内吸附温度越高效果越好,10℃吸附1 h时的去除率为91.4%;pH适应范围广,2.7相似文献   

盐分对粉壤土氮转化的影响

采用室内恒温通气培养法,以北京地区耕作层典型粉壤土为对象,研究盐分对土壤氮素矿化和硝化的影响.实验设置了4个不同盐分〔以ρ（NaCl）计,分别为20,30,50和80 mg/L〕处理和对照处理,并在硝化实验的土壤中加入一定量的（NH₄）₂SO₄,分别在30 ℃恒温培养箱中进行为期105 d（矿化）和49 d（硝化）的培养实验.结果表明:在初期的培养中,低盐分有利于土壤氮素转化,ρ（NaCl）为20 mg/L的处理分别比对照处理的累积矿化量和累积硝化量多18.21%和1.87%;而在长期培养过程中,高盐分不利于土壤氮素转化,且ρ（NaCl）越高抑制越明显,其对土壤氮素矿化和硝化的抑制率达到67.92%和62.58%;土壤矿化势和硝化势随w（NaCl）分别呈指数递减,矿化速率常数和硝化速率常数与土壤中w（NaCl）为二次函数关系.      

活性炭对汞的吸附作用

作者利用实验室装置研究了活性炭对元素汞（Ｈｇ＾０）的吸附比率和作用原理，三种类型活性炭，其中两种是热处理活性炭（ＰＣ－１００和ＦＧＤ），一种是浸入硫（Ｓ）元素的活性炭（ＨＧＲ），用来研究表面积的作用（大约５５０～１０００ｍ＾２／ｇ）吸附温度（２３～１４０℃）及Ｈｇ＾０浓度（氮里的Ｈｇ＾０为３０和６０ＰＰｂ）。结果表明，吸附出现在ＰＣ－１００和ＦＧＤ的活性部位，而它们在１４０℃的高温处理下不是减少就     

土壤对铬的吸附作用研究

本文通过高岭石、蒙脱石、针铁矿及二氧化锰等4种纯矿物对铬的吸附实验,探讨了牯土矿物及铁、锰氧化物对铬,特别是Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附机理。在此基础上,研究了杭州市区几种土壤对铬的吸附作用,及其主要影响因素。     

纳米ZnO粉体吸附非标柴油有害物质研究

文章用纳米ZnO粉体对非标柴油中的有害物质进行吸附去除。在投加粉体量为非标柴油质量20%,研磨时间为8h的条件下,氧化锌粉体能有效吸附非标柴油中有害物质,通过ICP分析发现,纳米ZnO粉体对Ca、Na、Pb等有较强的吸附效果,第一次吸附量分别达到15.236mg/g、8.506mg/g、2.06mg/g,平均吸附率分别达73.41%、80.76%、70.14%;粉体的SEM和IR分析表明,纳米级粉体具有优越吸附性能主要是因为其具很高的比表面能以及粉体表面含有羰基、羟基等多种官能团;取吸附后粉体经环己烷洗涤,在300℃下煅烧后进行X射线和EDS分析,并重复吸附实验发现,粉体吸附性能仍然良好。     

几种粘土矿物对Pb~(2+)的吸附作用及其主要影响因素的探讨

对土壤中常见的三种粘土矿物对Pb2+的吸附作用及其主要影响因素进行了探讨。结果表明，三种粘土矿物对Pb2+的吸附能力顺序为：蒙脱石＞伊利石＞高岭石。蒙脱石对Pb2+的吸附受pH的强烈影响，pH高有利于对Pb2+的吸附。与蒙脱石形成复合体形式的有机化合物的存在不利于蒙脱石对Pb2+的吸附。     

城市污泥对不同质地土壤保水效果研究

利用城市污泥滞水性强的特性可开发污泥作为保水剂的新功能。通过土培实验,在砂土、壤土和粘土中加入不同质量的污泥,研究污泥对不同质地土壤的保水效果。结果表明:在充分供水条件下,添加污泥能显著提高3种质地土壤的持水能力,土壤中添加20%的污泥后,砂土、粘土和壤土初始含水率分别增加11.2%、8.7%和8.8%;在3种质地土壤中添加污泥均可增大土壤的保水性,使水分蒸发减慢,且污泥添加量越多,土壤含水率越大;土壤累积失水量主要受到土壤中含水量的影响,也和不同质地土壤自身的蒸发量有关;在150 g土壤中添加10 g污泥,对砂土保水性提高不大,对壤土保水性提高最大,随着添加污泥量的增多,污泥对砂土的保水效果提高最明显。研究表明:开发污泥做为保水剂是可行的,这为污泥的资源化利用提供了新的途径,也为复合保水剂的研制提供了新的廉价材料,对于污泥治理及农业节水都有重要意义。     

新疆不同质地土壤对石油类污染物的吸附作用

石油类污染物的迁移转化研究对环境保护及人体健康均有重要意义。由于石油类污染物在不同质地土壤中的吸附行为不同,采用静态吸附实验方法,研究了新疆甘泉堡工业区3种质地土壤(粉土、粉砂、粉质黏土)对石油烃的吸附动力学及吸附热力学行为,进行了吸附动力学和等温吸附拟合,并分析了土壤粒径、有机质含量、pH值及以含盐量对石油烃吸附量的影响。结果表明:粉土、粉砂、粉质黏土对石油烃的吸附均能在240 min达到吸附平衡,平衡吸附量分别为0.7765,0.6763,0.7173 mg/g;吸附能力顺序为粉土>粉质黏土>粉砂,准二级动力学模型(R2=0.9967~0.9989)能够更加准确地描述石油烃在土壤中的吸附过程;等温线为Langmuir型,其吸附平衡常数(K_a)分别为0.6126(粉土)、3.1310(粉砂)和0.1180(粉质黏土),表明石油烃在不同质地土壤中的吸附为单分子层吸附;土壤对石油烃的吸附量随土壤粒径和pH值的减小、有机质含量和含盐量的增加而逐渐增大。     

Influence of biosurfactant on the diesel oil remediation in soil-water system

There were six high diesel oil degrading bacteria strains isolated from the oil contaminated soil that collected from Linzi City. The strain YI was able to produce biosurfactant rhanmolipid when cultivated on diesel oil as carbon source. The critical micelle concentrations （CMC） of rhanmolipid in water and in the soil were measured respectively according to the correlation between the surface tension of the medium and the added rhamnolipid concentration. The results showed that the CMC of rhanmolipid in water was 65 mg/L, and was 185 mg/L in soil. The tests on diesel oil biodegradation were conducted with the addition of different concentrations of rhamnolipid in water and in soil respectively. When 0.01% rhanmolipid was added to water, the diesel oil degradation was enhanced. On the contrary, when the same concentration of rhanmolipid was added to the soil, the degradation of diesel oil was inhibited. The results suggested that the rhamnolipid could enhance the diesel oil biodegradation, indicating that the concentration of rhamnolipid was higher than the corresponding CMC in the medium. Kinetics parameters for the diesel oil biodegradation parameters such as biodegradation constant （λ）, coefficient of correlation （r） and half life （t1/2） in both tests were numerically analyzed in this paper, indicating that the moderate concentration of rhamnolipid in the medium could not only enhance the extent of diesel oil biodegradation but also shorten the time for oil remediation.     

Volatilization behaviors of diesel oil from the soils

The volatilization of diesel oil, Shengli crude oil and 90 # gasoline on glass surface of petri dishes were conducted at the ambient temperature of 25℃. Diesel oil evaporates in a power manner, where the loss of mass is approximately power with time. 90 # gasoline evaporates in a logarithmic with time. Where as the volatilization of Shengli crude oil fit either the logarithmic or power equation after different time, and has similar R^2 . And the effects of soil type and diesel oil and water content on volatilization behavior in unsaturated soil were studied in this paper. Diesel oil and water content in the soils play a large role in volatilization from soils. Appropriate water helps the wicking action but too much water stops it. The wicking action behaves differently in four different types of soils in the same volatilization experiment of 18% diesel oil content and air-dry condition.     

Determination of atmospheric concentrations of halocarbons in Beijing area

Gas chromatography with ambient temperature injection and frozen-trapped techniques was used to determine the atmospheric concentrations of halocarbons over Beijing. Halogenated compounds such as CFC-11, CFC-12, CHCl_3, CCl_4, CH_3CCl_3, CHCl =CCl_2, and CCl_2=CCl_2 were measured and their concentrations are 109±8, 234±13, 47±22, 97±24, 88±29, 11±1 and 17±3 (pptv), respectively.     

Biologically effective ultraviolet radiation in Beijing area

Ozone layer depletion implies the enhancement of solar ultraviolet radiation at the earth's surface. However, aerosol contributes to the scattering of solar radiation and leads to the reduction of UV-B radiation on the ground. In this paper, the model calculation shows that due to effects of atmospheric ozone and aerosol UV-B radiation in Beijing in the past decade has decreased with the annual change rate of 0.7%, which is probably approximate to the measured values. The effects of three scenarios for long-term changes in atmospheric ozone and aerosol concentrations on UV-B radiation reaching the ground in are also discussed.     

北京地区几种典型土壤吸附Zn的研究

对北京地区５种不同土壤吸附Ｚｎ的研究证明,该５种土壤对Ｚｎ的吸附均匀符合Ｆｒｅｕｎｄｉｌｃｈ吸附等温线,其吸附量与土壤ｐＨ,有机质和ＣａＣＯ３的含量等土壤基本性质呈正相关,所研究的５种土壤均属于褐土类,其中有机质含量低的褐土性和水稻土对Ｚｎ的吸附量最低。     

北京郊区几种典型土壤对硼的吸附性能

采用室内模拟法,研究了石灰性土壤中硼的吸附及其与土壤各化性质的关系,对北京郊区不同海拔高度５种土壤吸附硼的几种影响因素研究结果表明,和种土壤对硼的吸附符合Ｆｒｅｕｎｄｌｉｃｈ等温吸附方程,其吸附量随土壤ＰＨ值的增加而升高,     

漂浮型B、N共掺杂TiO_2光催化剂的制备及柴油降解性能

以膨胀珍珠岩为载体,采用溶胶-凝胶法制备硼、氮共掺杂漂浮型Ti O_2,采用XRD、BET、SEM、UV-vis DRS、XPS等分析手段进行材料表征并考察其对柴油的光降解性能.结果表明,B-N-Ti O_2/EP复合光催化剂表面有明显的Ti O_2覆层,晶型为锐钛矿型Ti O_2,Ti O_2负载有利于比表面积的提升.制得的B-N-Ti O_2/EP的可见光区响应高于N-Ti O_2/EP和Ti O_2/EP,该结果与3种材料的柴油光降解效果相一致.B-N-Ti O_2/EP对柴油的9h降解率将近50%,GC-MS分析表明,光降解过程中柴油各特征组分(C_9~C_(23))均得到不同程度降解,其中C_(11)以下的短链有机分子降解效果明显.     

改性竹炭固定化威尼斯不动杆菌吸附协同降解柴油废水的机理及动力学分析

利用改性竹炭作为载体来固定化威尼斯不动杆菌(Acinetobacter venetianus),用于去除柴油.结果显示,培养96 h后,固定化菌对柴油的去除率为86.35%,要高于游离菌(80.50%).为了探究固定化菌去除柴油的机理,采用动力学拟合实验数据,发现固定化菌去除(吸附-降解)柴油中总石油烃(TPHs)的过程符合伪二级动力学,表明TPHs是先吸附在改性竹炭上,然后被目标菌降解.为了进一步证实,利用扫描电镜(SEM)观察到Acinetobacter venetianus很好地固定在载体材料上.傅里叶红外光谱(FTIR)结果表明,经固定化菌处理后,柴油水溶液的谱图在3437.2、2924.4、1407.8 cm-1处出现新的吸收峰,可能为烷烃降解的酯类及羧酸类物质.GC-MS分析表明,相比游离菌,固定化菌对柴油的去除更为彻底.因此,改性竹炭不仅可以作为良好的固定化载体,同时因其对TPHs良好的吸附性能从而提高了去除效率,为油类污染中TPHs的生物材料修复提供了一个新的视角.     

用表面活性剂溶液回收炼油厂废白土中的蜡和油及废白土的综合利用

对表面活性剂溶液回收炼油厂废白土中的石蜡和润滑油脱蜡脱油废白土的再生活化、综合利用进行实验研究。通过对表面活性剂的筛选及工艺条件最优化,使蜡和油的回收率分别达到93％和95％,再生白土的脱色效率优于新鲜活性白土。用脱蜡脱油废白土为原料制取的白炭黑和4A沸石的质量均达到国家标准。