还原态硫介导沉积物-水系统硝酸盐还原过程研究

沉积物-水系统中存在着硫元素与反硝化(DN)、硝酸盐异化还原成铵(DNRA)过程的耦合。通过向构建的沉积物-水微宇宙系统依次投加0(N组)、50(L组)和75 mg·L^-1(H组)还原态硫,解析各形态氮在上覆水、间隙水和沉积物中的浓度变化与微生物群落结构,以揭示还原态硫对反硝化、硝酸盐异化还原成铵过程的影响。结果显示,还原态硫投加量分别为50和75 mg·L^-1时,系统分别有38.02%和33.27%还原态硫被转化为SO₄^2-。硫氧化作用促进了反硝化的发生,导致L和H组总氮分别比N组减少11%和8%;但是对DNRA过程没有显著影响。此外,具有硫自养反硝化功能的Thiobacillus和Dechloromonas相对丰度之和随着还原态硫浓度增加而上升,N、L和H组两者相对丰度之和分别为5.69%、6.52%和8.70%;而N、L和H组异养硝酸盐还原菌(HNRB)相对丰度分别为0.98%、0.91%和1.05%,其中,DNRA细菌相对丰度均较低(不超过1%),且不受还原态硫浓度的影响。此结果进一步印证了...     

纳米铁的制备及其还原硝酸盐氮的产物与机理

采用微乳技术制备纳米铁粒子, 并在无氧环境、室温、中性条件下与NO-3反应, 研究纳米铁与硝酸盐反应的产物及反应机理.结果表明: 纳米铁在30min内能与99%硝酸盐反应, 反应的主要产物为氨氮, 且伴有亚硝酸盐产生, 亚硝酸盐氮的浓度在反应过程中出现极大值; 由质量平衡关系推出,纳米铁与硝酸盐反应是氧化还原与吸附作用同时存在的过程, 反应的主要路径为NO-3→NO-2→NH 4.     

海底铁锰氧化还原过程的模拟研究

本文用室内海水-沉积物平衡箱研究了沉积物间隙水中铁、锰的垂直变化分布和随时间变化的分布,Fe~(2+)随深度、时间的变化幅度大,在六个月的实验期内均是如此,而Mn~(2+)在放置三个月后即趋于稳定;Fe~(2+),Mn~(2+)产生的宏观经验动力学表明:Fe~(2+)受pH影响远比Mn~(2+)大,且随着深度的增加更为明显,Fe~(2+)在较下层产生速率大,而Mn~(2+)反之;Fe~(2+)的扩散转移是上覆海水向沉积物中转移,扩散量为-60.7ug/m~2d,Nn~(2+)转移方向相反,扩散量为1746.2ug/m~2.d。     

油井采出液中硝酸盐还原菌的分离培养及对硫酸盐还原的抑制

采用油井采出液培养基和加入无机盐成分的改良油井采出液培养基,对大庆油田萨北过渡带油井采出液中的细菌进行分离培养及初步鉴定,比较了两种情况下培养出的具有硝酸盐和/或亚硝酸盐还原,以及/或反硝化能力菌群结构的差异.利用采出液培养基培养出一组新的微生物菌株,并且分离的硝酸盐和/或亚硝酸盐还原菌,以及/或反硝化细菌(Nitrate/nitrite reducing bacteria,denitrifying bacteria,NRDB)比例明显高于无机盐-采出液培养基;但培养基中无机盐成分的添加,提高了可培养NRDB的群落生物多样性.仅仅向油井采出液中直接投加硝酸盐作为电子受体,对其中硝酸盐还原、亚硝酸盐还原和反硝化微生物(NRDB)的激活作用以及产抑制硫化物产生的能力有限,而同时加入分离自采出液的NRDB和硝酸盐则对硫酸盐还原菌(SRB)的生长和产硫化物活性都产生了明显的抑制.但是NRDB与硝酸盐同时投加对不同SRB的抑制效果并不相同,导致了SRB群落结构的变化.图5表2参17     

非贵金属催化还原水中的硝酸盐氮

基于双金属催化还原NO3--N的机理分析和常见金属催化电解脱硝技术的初步研究成果,对非贵金属元素催化还原水中NO3--N进行了实验研究.实验数据表明,Fe、Cu、Co、Pb和Zn 5种元素在阴极电场作用下对NO3--N具有较高的催化还原活性;NO3--N催化还原主要产物为NO2--N和NH4＋-N,产物比例受催化元素选...     

亚热带次生常绿阔叶林优势种间的竞争效应与竞争反应

运用邻体干扰模型及其野外工作方法,初步研究了缙云山亚热带次生常绿阔叶林优势种马尾松(Pinus massoniana)、大头茶(Gordonia acumenata)和白毛新木姜子(Neolitea aurata var. glauca)3个种群间的竞争效应与竞争反应.结果表明(1)种内竞争效应排序为马尾松＞大头茶＞白毛新木姜子;(2)种间竞争效应排序为白毛新木姜子＞马尾松＞大头茶;(3) 种间竞争反应排序为大头茶＞马尾松＞白毛新木姜子;(4)白毛新木姜子与大头茶之间的竞争强度最大,达到1.05;大头茶与马尾松之间的竞争强度最小,仅为0.32. 表3 参8     

高岭土界面Fe(Ⅱ)吸附与邻硝基苯酚还原转化的交互反应研究

研究了高岭土界面亚铁吸附与邻硝基苯酚(2-nitrophenol,2-NP)还原转化的交互作用.考察了反应pH值、界面吸附铁密度、反应温度(T)对2-NP的还原动力学的影响.结果表明,吸附态Fe(Ⅱ)为2-NP还原转化的关键物种,高龄土界面Fe(Ⅱ)吸附能明显提高还原反应的反应速率.2-NP的还原转化速率常数(k)随着反应pH值的升高、吸附铁密度的增加、反应温度的升高而增大,ln k与pH、吸附铁密度、1/T都具有明显的线性关系.2-NP还原转化的活化能为87.15 kJ·mol-1,吸附反应的活化能为18.5 kJ·mol-1.该研究可为土壤矿物界面物理化学与氧化还原的交互反应过程研究提供借鉴.     

基于铁还原菌的微生物燃料电池研究进展

微生物燃料电池(Microbial fuel cell, MFC)是未来理想的发电装置,而铁还原菌是目前MFC研究中重要的产电微生物.自然界中并无微生物产电的直接进化压力,而MFC电极与自然界中Fe(III)氧化物同为难溶性胞外电子受体,研究表明,铁还原菌对二者的还原有相似机制.基于铁还原菌的MFC具有无需外加介体,可利用多种有机电子供体作为燃料,能量转化率高等优点.本文分析了铁还原菌还原电极和还原Fe(III)氧化物机制的相似性,对近年来基于各种铁还原菌的MFC研究进展进行分述和总结,提出了铁还原菌MFC的发展趋势和研究方向.     

两种菠菜累积硝酸盐特性差异的研究

水培试验结果表明,日本超能菠菜生长后期的生长量较大,硝酸盐累积量较低,氮素吸收量较少,可以肯定其优良性;在生长后期供给等量硝、铵态氮的条件下,日本超能菠菜吸收硝态氮较少,还原硝酸盐的相对能力又较高,因而累积硝酸盐较宁夏圆叶菠菜低;在仅供给铵态氮源的条件下,日本超能菠菜还原硝酸盐能力较小,可能与其易于吸收和利用铵态氮源有关。     

零价铁还原脱氯污染土壤中PCBs的实验研究

利用零价铁或铁的双金属对模拟污染土中多氯联苯(PCBs)在常温常压下的还原脱氯情况进行实验研究.采用高效离子色谱分析样本,结果表明:零价铁或者镍(Ni)铁双金属对土壤中浓度为5 mg·g-1的PCBs有一定的脱氯效果;当PCBs浓度降低为1 mg·g-1时只有钯(Pd)含量为0.05%的钯铁处理具有显著的脱氯效果;升高土壤温度到45℃,或者简单加入醋酸、活性炭、石墨以及硫粉等处理均不能有效提高脱氯效果;先添加硫粉和水培养,使土壤氧化还原电位降低后,添加含铜(Cu)为2%的铜铁及含钴(Co)为1%的钴铁双金属对土壤中的PCBs有明显的脱氯效果.     

Lipid peroxidation in the presence of iron oxides

Exposure to iron oxides dusts may lead to lung cancers among exposed population. To evaluate the involvement of iron‐containing particles in lipid peroxidation by production of reactive oxygen species, hematite, magnetite (iron oxides), and crocidolite (asbestos compound) were tested. The peroxidation was followed by the evaluation of some degradation products of lino‐lenic acid. In a buffered medium, magnetite is higher active than hematite. The addition of an iron chelator (EDTA) or of a reducing agent (ascorbate) in this medium enhances the activity of hematite and magnetite, and the combination of both EDTA and ascorbate increases their activity. Crocidolite is the most active whatever the medium. The appearance of the EDTA‐iron‐oxygen complexes related to the reactivity of these oxides is postulated. These results suggest that the oxidizing activity triggered by hematite and magnetite, in a medium containing an iron chelator and a reducing agent, may lead to damages in biological medium.     

Redox reactions of iron and manganese oxides in complex systems

• Mechanisms of redox reactions of Fe- and Mn-oxides were discussed. • Oxidative reactions of Mn- and Fe-oxides in complex systems were reviewed. • Reductive reaction of Fe(II)/iron oxides in complex systems was examined. • Future research on examining the redox reactivity in complex systems was suggested. Conspectus Redox reactions of Fe- and Mn-oxides play important roles in the fate and transformation of many contaminants in natural environments. Due to experimental and analytical challenges associated with complex environments, there has been a limited understanding of the reaction kinetics and mechanisms in actual environmental systems, and most of the studies so far have only focused on simple model systems. To bridge the gap between simple model systems and complex environmental systems, it is necessary to increase the complexity of model systems and examine both the involved interaction mechanisms and how the interactions affected contaminant transformation. In this Account, we primarily focused on (1) the oxidative reactivity of Mn- and Fe-oxides and (2) the reductive reactivity of Fe(II)/iron oxides in complex model systems toward contaminant degradation. The effects of common metal ions such as Mn²⁺ , Ca²⁺, Ni²⁺, Cr³⁺ and Cu²⁺, ligands such as small anionic ligands and natural organic matter (NOM), and second metal oxides such as Al, Si and Ti oxides on the redox reactivity of the systems are briefly summarized.     

Housing prices,health effects,and valuing reductions in risk of death

By combining estimates of the effect of air pollution on both property values and human health risks, it may be possible to draw inferences about individuals' valuations of risk. Although valuations thus derived must be interpreted carefully, they may be of use in determining the welfare effects of environmental and other regulatory policies.     

地下环境中铁氧化物生物异化还原耦合降解硝基苯的影响因素研究

通过静态实验模拟地下水厌氧环境,研究了碳源、电子受体、初始微生物量和硝基苯浓度等因素对地下环境中微生物异化铁还原作用耦合降解硝基苯的影响。实验选取乙酸铵、葡萄糖、柠檬酸铵为碳源,针铁矿、赤铁矿为电子受体,进行异化铁还原协同耦合降解硝基苯。结果表明：乙酸铵为碳源时硝基苯的降解率最高为78.5%;针铁矿作电子受体时硝基苯降解效果比赤铁矿好,且0.3 mg·L-1效果最好;微生物量对耦合体系中硝基苯降解率有影响但并不显著,最适宜的初始微生物量为4×108cells·mL-1;硝基苯质量浓度在50～150 mg·L-1时,硝基苯浓度与降解率呈负相关,其中对50 mg·L-1的初始硝基苯质量浓度降解效果最好。因此,碳源和电子受体对地下环境中微生物异化铁还原作用耦合降解硝基苯具有重要的影响。     

Preparation,characterization, and kinetics of nanoscale iron in nitrate nitrogen removal from polluted water

The aim of this study was to examine the production of nanoscale ions via the liquid phase reduction method and the effectiveness of the removal of nitrate nitrogen (NO₃^?–N) as well as measure the products and kinetics of the reactions. The nanoparticles obtained were approximately 50 nm in diameter and the main component was iron (Fe). This custom-made nanoscale Fe was highly positively charged, and reacted rapidly with NO₃^?–N in oxygen-free and neutral conditions at room temperature. A 90% removal rate was achieved when the reaction occurred for 30 min in simulation sample water with vigorous shaking at 250 r/min at NO₃^?–N concentrations of 30, 50, 80 or120 mg N/L. The nanometer Fe dosage was maintained throughout the experiment at 4 g/L. A first-order kinetics equation was applied to the obtained experimental data which followed a pseudo first-order reaction. Data demonstrated that the removal of nitrate nitrogen from polluted groundwater using a nanoscale Fe iron was effective and rapid.     

New estimates of microalgae production based upon nitrate reductions under sea ice in Canadian shelf seas and the Canada Basin of the Arctic Ocean

New estimates of production of sub-ice and ice microalgae in the shelf seas of the Canadian Arctic and in the Canada Basin of the Arctic Ocean derived from reduction of nitrates in the water column, as recorded in time series available in publicly held data bases, suggest that it is of greater magnitude (up to 30 g C m^?2 year^?1) and represent a higher proportion (up to 50 % on the shelf and 90 % in the Canada Basin) of net community production than previously estimated for both areas.     

红壤胶体铁氧化物界面有机氯的非生物转化研究进展

综述了红壤胶体铁氧化物的结构、形态及其转化;铁氧化物界面有机氯的非生物转化过程及其影响因素;异化铁还原作用下的有机氯转化过程。有机氯的非生物转化主要包括氧化转化与脱氯转化过程。氧化转化包括暗态下的化学氧化与光化学氧化过程;脱氯转化包括脱氢卤化、加氢脱氯、脱双卤、二聚脱氯与亲核置换脱氯等反应过程。有机氯的非生物转化主要受胶体界面pH、Eh、水溶性有机物、金属离子、铁氧化物形态与铁还原细菌等的显著影响。有机氯非生物转化的化学-微生物耦合机制、复合污染条件下重金属对界面有机氯非生物转化过程的影响机制、红壤胶体界面有机氯污染的综合调控技术方法等三个方面值得关注,有助于推动土壤胶体界面环境化学的发展。     

粒状铁与甲醇支持的生物-化学联用法去除富氧地下水中硝酸盐

针对富氧地下水中硝酸盐,采用粒状铁和甲醇支持的生物-化学联用法开展了批实验研究,优化了脱氮反应参数,初步探讨了脱氧脱氮的能力及途径。结果表明,该法的优化参数是粒状铁种类为GI-北京,m（粒状铁）∶m（水）为3∶800,粒状铁粒径为0.425~1.0 mm,反应时间为5 d,甲醇用量为210.59 mg.L-1。生物-化学法、粒状铁和好氧异养菌完全脱氧所需的时间分别是174、206和2 746 min。生物-化学法脱氧依赖于粒状铁化学还原和好氧异养菌有氧呼吸,并且前者起着关键作用。随着反应时间的增加,异养脱氮、自养脱氮和化学还原各自引起的NO3-去除率亦增加。当反应时间≤5 d时,自养脱氮和化学还原的去除率均〈10%,而当反应时间为5 d时,生物-化学法的NO3-去除率达到近100%。生物-化学法内存在异养脱氮、自养脱氮和化学还原3种脱氮途径,其中异养脱氮是最主要的途径,且三者存在共生、协同和促进作用。生物-化学法脱氮期间硝酸盐还原速率≥亚硝酸盐还原速率。生物-化学法去除地下水中硝酸盐是有效可行的。     

水肥耦合效应对保护地土壤硝态氮运移的影响

采用二次回归正交旋转组合设计,研究了水肥耦合效应对保护地土壤硝态氮运移的影响。结果表明,0—20cm土层硝态氮含量主要受灌水和施氮的影响,且灌水影响程度大于施氮,灌水与0—20cm土层硝态氮含量呈负相关,而与施氮呈正相关。20—40cm土层和40—60cm土层硝态氮也主要受灌水和施氮的影响,但施氮影响程度大于灌水。灌水和施氮对0—20cm土层硝态氮含量影响有相互拮抗作用。施磷对3个层次土壤硝态氮含量影响都很小。