藓袋法解析重大事件对西昌大气重金属的影响

为了解西昌市大气重金属的污染状况,该研究于2019年4月-2020年4月分季节采用鳞叶藓(Taxiphyllum taxirameum)藓袋法对西昌市大气重金属污染进行了跟踪监测。在2020年1月15日-4月15日春季监测期中发生了COVID-19疫情和西昌"3.30"特大森林火灾等重大突发事件,对西昌市的大气生态环境产生了影响。通过对事件发生前后的藓袋中Al、Cr、Fe、Cu、Ni、Pb、Mn、Hg、Zn、V、As、Ba等12种重金属含量分析,结合西昌市大气监测数据、气象数据等,解析了森林火灾和COVID-19疫情对西昌市大气重金属污染的影响。结果表明,春季(2020年1月15日-4月15日)12种重金属的总富集量(12.85±1.57) mg/g显著高于其他3个季节(p0.01),但其他3个季节富集总量不存在显著性差异(p0.05),可见春季监测期富集量的大幅上升可能是受重大突发事件的影响。通过疫情前后空气变化比较,COVID-19疫情影响使西昌市机动车活动水平和排放量下降,旅游业相关区域大气Pb污染量下降。同时不平衡的污染物排放量下降引起了城区的大气氧化性显著上升,促进了二次颗粒物的生成,周边工业源的颗粒物传输进入城区,使工业区下风向的城市边缘区域的藓袋Hg富集量大幅上升。该研究表明藓袋法是一种有效的大气重金属污染生物监测方法,能够反映出对空气质量影响的重大事件的效应。     

喀斯特石漠化山区苔藓多样性及水土保持研究

喀斯特石漠化已成为制约我国西南地区可持续发展的重要生态环境问题. 以云南芝云洞山区苔藓植物为研究对象,于2012年1月进行调查和样地设置,共采集样品75份,采用经典形态分类法进行鉴定,分析苔藓多样性及其对水土保持的贡献. 结果表明:苔藓植物有11科25属53种;苔藓植物种数为无石漠化区(34)＞轻度石漠化区(14)＞中度石漠化区(12)＞强度石漠化区(7),丰富度指数也为无石漠化区(2.8748)＞轻度石漠化区(0.1941)＞中度石漠化区(-1.1767)＞强度石漠化区(-1.8923). 石漠化区苔藓植物相似性指数相差较小,其中强度石漠化区与中度石漠化区的相似性指数为0.3750,强度石漠化区与轻度石漠化区为0.3077,中度石漠化区与轻度石漠化区为0.3846;而石漠化区与无石漠化区相似性指数相差较大,其中无石漠化区与强度和轻度石漠化区的相似性指数分别为0.0714和0.0952. 强度、中度和轻度石漠化区与无石漠化区均匀度指数分别为0.5900、0.5133、0.4899和0.6107. 6种优势苔藓植物(长叶纽藓、卷叶湿地藓、东亚小石藓、黑扭口藓、卵叶青藓和狭叶湿地藓)的生物量、成土量和饱和吸水量分别在0.962~9.546、1.294~40.181、8.890~82.571g/m2之间,表明可以将苔藓植物作为该类地区的先锋植物.      

在重金属污染环境下散栖欧Ping的肾中毒效应

散栖欧Ｐinｇ的试验标本取自瑞典一硫化矿冶炼厂的污染区及对照区。试验山鼠放大代谢笼内，２４小时收集其尿液。对其血浆及整个肾脏分别进行了血浆肌酸酐和金属含量分析。对尿液体积，总蛋白质、肌酸酐和金属含量进行了分析。取纂我的山鼠，其肾的镉 一增加了３０－４０倍，出现多尿症和蛋白尿症。与匐元素不同，肾的其它金属含量在取自两个实验区的山鼠中是相似的，因为这些金属元素含量小球的功能有关。当整个肾的匐含量达到４ｍ     

Pb-N复合胁迫对齿肋赤藓生理生化的影响

在全球范围内,氮沉降水平和重金属污染事件的发生频率都在不断上升。为更好地了解苔藓植物对Pb-N胁迫的生理响应,以荒漠典型苔藓植物齿肋赤藓为研究对象,用不同浓度的硝酸铅(Pb(NO₃)₂)或硝酸铵(NH4NO3)及混合溶液胁迫处理,测定植株体内叶绿素含量、渗透调节物质含量、抗氧化酶活性等相关生理指标。结果表明：Pb、N单一处理均会显著降低齿肋赤藓Chl(a+b)含量,但可相应提高Chl(a+b)值。齿肋赤藓可通过提高渗透调节物质含量(Pro、SS)和抗氧化酶活性(SOD、POD、CAT)来耐受低浓度Pb胁迫,过量N处理显著降低了齿肋赤藓渗透调节物质含量(Pro、SS、SP),抑制了抗氧化酶活性(POD、CAT),形成了铵毒害。在Pb-N联合处理下,齿肋赤藓的叶绿素与渗透调节物质含量以及抗氧化酶活性会随着混合溶液中Pb浓度的升高而增加,较同浓度单一N处理下会得到一定程度的恢复。综合分析说明过量Pb、N对齿肋赤藓植株产生明显毒性,Pb、N联合添加存在一定的拮抗作用。齿肋赤藓在Pb-N复合胁迫下表现出交叉适应性。Pb是Pb-N复合胁迫的主导因子,同时...     

青藏高原东部针叶林下8种藓类植物的持水和保水能力比较研究

青藏高原东部针叶林下8种藓类植物5个生境的自然含水率以及2种室内环境下持水变化的实验表明,供试藓类植物在原始林下的自然含水率最高,5种生境中金发藓自然含水率最低,提灯藓自然含水率最高;藓类持水能力与保水能力呈负相关关系;持水能力随时间变化逐渐降低,在相同的环境条件下失水过程和失水速率变化趋势相似,但种间差异明显,与藓类本身对水分的适应能力、环境条件变化,以及藓类失水过程中生理生态适应与环境变化的协同进化机制相关;经过失水-饱和-再失水过程的藓类持水能力均明显降低,可能与第一次失水过程中植物细胞受到伤害后未能恢复有关。塔藓、山羽藓和金发藓的持水与保水特征暗示,它们可能是森林采伐破坏后迹地地表微环境变化的潜在指示者。     

贵州万山汞矿区苔藓植物对汞的吸附和富集特征

在所设定的贵州万山汞矿区调查范围内,有6种苔藓植物,其中常见种为东亚褶叶藓和大羽藓.结果表明,苔藓能高度富集汞,东亚褶叶藓和大羽藓的汞含量随污染源距离和相对高度的增加而降低;不同苔藓对汞的吸附等温线具共同性,吸附量随平衡液浓度的增加而增大,东亚褶叶藓对Hg的吸附量比大羽藓大,吸附特征都能用Liner、Freundlic...     

岩溶山区电解铝厂纤枝短月藓对金属元素的监测能力

对中国铝业贵州分公司电解铝厂进行样品采集,根据厂区内部环境特征,分为8个样地,共采集纤枝短月藓(Brachymenium exile)样品24份。利用Optima 5300 V电感耦合等离子发射光谱仪,对该厂区内纤枝短月藓植株及其基质8种金属元素(Al、Ca、Fe、K、Mg、Na、Pb、Ti)含量进行测定分析。金属含量测定结果表明,该厂区Al元素含量明显高于其他金属元素含量(基质中其平均含量达到154011.28 mg/kg,植物体内平均含量为28 998.63 mg/kg)。纤枝短月藓可以很好地反映Al、Mg、Na、Ti这4种元素变化,在一般环境下可以较好的指示Ca元素含量,对于Fe、K、Pb这3个元素含量变化不能很好的反映;因此纤枝短月藓对铝厂部分金属元素具有监测意义。     

陕北水蚀风蚀交错区生物结皮的形成过程与发育特征

生物结皮的形成发育具有明显的时空分异性,荒漠地区的诸多研究结果不能直接推演至黄土高原地区。研究黄土高原生物结皮的形成过程与发育特征,是对全球生物结皮认知的重要补充,也是揭示其生态功能的基础。论文选择陕北黄土高原水蚀风蚀交错区的典型小流域,通过定位动态观察和全面调查测算,探讨生物结皮的发育过程。结果表明：①流域内生物结皮经历了由退耕裸地—物理结皮—生物结皮的发育阶段。退耕撂荒的第1 年,物理结皮便迅速形成;第2 年,土表颜色明显变深,藓结皮开始发育。流域内藓结皮占绝对优势,发育稳定后（15 a）覆盖度可达90%。②不同发育年限生物结皮的物种组成及种数差异很大。发育初期（<6 a）发现苔藓植物2 科4 属5 种,其中芦荟藓（Aloina rigida (Hedw.) Limpr.）和短喙芦荟藓（A. brevirostris (Hook. & Grev.) Kindb.）为先锋优势种。发育稳定的生物结皮（15 a）鉴定出苔藓植物2 科8 属13 种。其中,丛藓科占6 属8 种,以对齿藓属（Didymodon）的尖叶对齿藓（D. constrictus (Mitt.) Saito）、黑对齿藓（D. nigrescens (Mitt.) Saito）、硬叶对齿藓尖叶变种（D. rigidulus Headw. var. ditrichoides (Hedw.) Zand.）所占种数最多。不同阶段的藓结皮均有藻类伴生,发育初期（<6 a）的藓结皮中鉴定出藻类植物26 科35 属50 种。③水热同期的雨季是生物结皮形成的关键时期。发育2 a 的生物结皮厚度达到6.3 mm,超过稳定结皮厚度（9.8~11.8 mm）的50%,抗剪强度约30 kPa。发育初期（<6 a）,容重无明显变化（1.40~1.43 g·cm^-3）,发育稳定（15 a）后容重下降到1.0~1.3 g·cm^-3。该区生物结皮的形成过程同荒漠区类似,但表现出发育速度快、稳定周期短的特点;藻类、苔藓组成及其优势种[坑形细鞘丝藻（Leptolyngbya foveolara）、尖叶对齿藓]与荒漠区明显不同。     

同步辐射XRF和XANES研究重金属污染环境中小羽藓体内硫元素的生物指示作用

在实验室将小羽藓(Haplocladium)暴露于不同浓度的铅、铁、铬重金属环境下进行培育,分别应用同步辐射X射线荧光(SRXRF)方法测定小羽藓植株硫元素的含量和X射线吸收近边结构(XANES)分析不同价态的硫所占的相对含量.结果表明,暴露于铅、铁下的小羽藓植株内硫的含量明显增加,铅、铁浓度分别为400 mg/L和200 mg/L时,硫元素含量下降.培养周期为15 d时,小羽藓在100 mg/L铅胁迫下,低价硫由对照组的17.8%升高到23.6%,而同时以硫酸盐形式存在的硫由对照组的56.3%下降到51.2%.在400 mg/L铅胁迫时,低价硫含量增加到24.8%,硫酸盐中的硫所占的比例下降到48.4%.小羽藓植株内的胱氨酸、半胱氨酸、甲硫氨酸和谷胱甘肽中所含低价态硫的总相对含量增加,以硫酸盐态存在的硫相对含量明显下降.研究表明,重金属污染环境导致小羽藓硫吸收同化过程中硫元素含量和价态变化特征具有一定的生物指示作用.     

南岭北坡苔藓中多环芳烃的研究

采用加速溶剂萃取、凝胶色谱柱(GPC)净化和 GC-MS 测定,对南岭北坡两个垂直剖面上大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeformae)中的多环芳烃(PAHs)进行了定量分析.结果表明,大灰藓样品中的PAHs 以菲的浓度最高,ΣPAHs 范围为 309.2～1342.4ng/g 干重.其组成与大气沉降PAHs具有较好的相关关系.随着海拔高程的增加,大部分 PAHs 的浓度呈现出不同程度的下降趋势.通过与大流量采样器采集的气溶胶与气相PAHs 样品对比,发现苔藓更倾向于累积高环数的 PAHs,大气与大灰藓中 PAHs 的浓度有很好的相关性.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions

The contribution of aliphatic-rich plant biopolymer to sorption of hydrophobic organic compounds is significantly important because of their preservation and accumulation in the soil environment,but sorption mechanism is still not fully understood.In this study, sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions was examined to better understand the contributions of respective fraction.Toward this end,cuticular materials were isolated from the fruits of tomato by chemical method.The tomato cuticle sheet consisted of waxes (6.5 wt%),cuticular monomer (69.5 wt%),and polysaccharide (24.0 wt%).Isotherms of l-naphthol to the cuticular fractions were nonlinear (N value (0.82-0.90)) at the whole tested concentration ranges.The KodKow ratios for bulk cuticle (TC1),dewaxed cuticle (TC2),cutin (TC4),and desugared cuticle (TC5) were larger than unity,suggested that tomato bulk cuticle and cutin are much powerful solption medium.Sorption capability of cutin (TC4) was 2.4 times higher than the nonsaponifiable fraction (TC3).The 1-naphthol interactions with tomato cuticular materials were governed by both hydrophobic-type interactions and polar (H-bonding) interactions. Removal of the wax and polysaccharide materials from the bulk tomato cuticle caused a significant increase in the sorption ability of the cuticular material.There was a linear negative trend between K_(oc) values and the amount of polysaccharides or fraction's polarities ((N O)/C);while a linear positive relationship between K_(oc) values and the content of cutin monomer (linear R~2=0.993) was observed for present in the cuticular fractions.Predominant sorbent of the hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) in the plant cuticular fraction was the cutin monomer,contributing to 91.7% of the total sorption of tomato bulk cuticle.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.     

Seed selections for crystallization of calcium phosphate for phosphorus recovery

Seed induces and promotes the crystallization of calcium phosphate, and acts as carrier of the recovered phosphorus （P）. In order to select suitable seed for P recovery from wastewater, three seeds including Apatite （AP）, Juraperle （JP） and phosphate-modified Juraperle （M-JP） were tested and compared. Batch and fixed-bed column experiments of seeded crystallization of calcium phosphate were undertaken by using synthetic wastewater with 10 mg/L P phosphate. It shows that AP has bad enduring property in the crystallization process, while JP has better performance for multiple uses, and M-JP is a hopeful seed for P recovery by crystallization of calcium phosphate.