TMV或宁南霉素处理对烟草叶片及类囊体膜蛋白组成的影响

对烟草花叶病毒(TMV)侵染、宁南霉素钝化处理的烟草叶片进行了叶片全蛋白多肽组分、类囊体膜蛋白组成的分析.结果表明,TMV侵染或钝化实验的烟草叶片中均出现TMV衣壳蛋白;但是与对照相比,TMV侵染叶片中Rubisco大亚基减少、小亚基增加,类囊体膜蛋白中PsaA、PsaB和Mr=33×103蛋白含量减少.表明TMV侵染要同时影响叶片细胞核基因组和叶绿体基因组的基因表达,从而影响光合作用碳代谢和类囊体膜光系统Ⅰ和Ⅱ.宁南霉素对TMV病毒短时间内具有钝化作用,而较长时间的作用效果不同,10 min钝化样品的蛋白组分保持较为完整,而30 min钝化样品的多肽缺失较为严重.图5表1参11     

宁南霉素防治烟草花叶病的研究

在我国四川省和云南省进行的总面积９０１．８６ｈｍ２多点防治试验、示范结果表明,农用抗生素宁南霉素对烟草花叶病的防治效果为６９．４％～９５．４％,平均增产效果为２６．１％,均优于目前推广防治烟草花叶病的植病灵、菌毒清和８３增抗剂,并可使烟叶的内在质量明显提高．在温室内施药间隔３～１０ｄ后,人工分别接种烟花叶病毒（ＴＭＶ）、黄瓜花叶病毒（ＣＭＶ）和马铃薯Ｙ病毒（ＰＹＶ）,实验表明,宁南霉素对烟花叶病毒（ＴＭＶ）和黄瓜花叶病毒（ＣＭＶ）所引起的烟草花叶病的防治效果高达９２．９％和９０．９％,对马铃薯Ｙ病毒（ＰＹＶ）引起的烟草花叶病的防治效果达５３．８％．     

金鸡菊(Coreopsis drummondii)的抗TMV活性物质

采用活性跟踪法从金鸡菊根中分离获得抗病毒活性物质,经质谱和核磁共振分析,鉴定该物质为1-苯基-1,3,5-三庚炔.采用半叶枯斑法、叶圆盘法测定了该物质对烟草花叶病毒的抑制效果,结果表明,0.2 mg/mL的该化合物对TMV表现出较好的体外抑制侵染和增殖活性,其对TMV侵染和复制的抑制率分别为73.5%和84.3%.实时荧光定量PCR测定结果表明,该化合物对TMV外壳蛋白基因的表达有明显的抑制作用,0.2 mg/mL的该化合物对TMV外壳蛋白基因表达的抑制率为79.8%.图6表1参19     

真菌提取物抑制烟草花叶病毒(TMV)研究进展

烟草花叶病毒(Tobacco mosaic virus,TMV)是一种具有寄主范围广、抗逆性强、在农业生产上造成危害大和难以防治等特点的植物病毒.从真菌中筛选并获得具有抑制TMV的活性物质是当前研究热点.本文综述了国内外关于真菌中活性物质抑制TMV的研究进展,内容包括3个方面:具有抑制TMV活性物质的真菌种类,主要为侧耳、白蘑、红菇等科中的真菌;具有抑制TMV作用的活性物质成分,主要为真菌多糖和蛋白质;抑制TMV的作用机理,主要包括通过钝化病毒和封闭侵染位点抑制病毒的侵染,干扰病毒蛋白质合成和病毒离子装配抑制病毒增殖或扩散,提高防御酶活性和激活抗性相关基因表达从而诱导植物产生抗性.此外对真菌提取物抗TMV田间应用缓慢的原因进行了讨论.随着对真菌中抗TMV的作用物质及其结构、理化性质、表达基因及抗病毒机制的研究深入,人们对环境与安全问题的日益重视以及化学农药的使用限制,真菌源抗TMV物质具有广阔的开发前景.     

石灰、羟基磷灰石、秸秆生物炭对烟草吸收镉的影响

烟草是我国重要经济作物且极易吸收镉(Cd),如何降低烟草Cd含量已引起广泛关注。通过盆栽实验,在Cd(0.83 mg·kg^(-1)和12 mg·kg(-1)和12 mg·kg^(-1))污染土壤中添加2 g·kg(-1))污染土壤中添加2 g·kg^(-1)或16 g·kg(-1)或16 g·kg^(-1)石灰(Ca(OH)_2)、羟基磷灰石(HAP)或秸秆生物炭,分析3种钝化材料对土壤Cd的钝化效率及烟草Cd吸收的降低效率。结果表明：(1)种植60 d后,施用16 g·kg(-1)石灰(Ca(OH)_2)、羟基磷灰石(HAP)或秸秆生物炭,分析3种钝化材料对土壤Cd的钝化效率及烟草Cd吸收的降低效率。结果表明：(1)种植60 d后,施用16 g·kg^(-1)石灰或HAP均显著(P<0.05)提高土壤pH值,轻微(0.83 mg·kg(-1)石灰或HAP均显著(P<0.05)提高土壤pH值,轻微(0.83 mg·kg^(-1)Cd)、中度(12 mg·kg(-1)Cd)、中度(12 mg·kg^(-1)Cd)Cd污染土壤pH值分别提高1.98～2.84和1.99～3.06;(2)3种钝化材料均使土壤Cd有效态含量降低,其中,16 g·kg(-1)Cd)Cd污染土壤pH值分别提高1.98～2.84和1.99～3.06;(2)3种钝化材料均使土壤Cd有效态含量降低,其中,16 g·kg^(-1)石灰使土壤Cd有效态含量降低69.7%～71.5%;(3)生物炭(2 g·kg(-1)石灰使土壤Cd有效态含量降低69.7%～71.5%;(3)生物炭(2 g·kg^(-1)和16 g·kg(-1)和16 g·kg^(-1))显著(P<0.05)提高烟草生物量且降低烟草Cd含量,轻微、中度Cd污染土壤烟草生物量分别提高5.07倍～18.5倍和5.00倍～29.7倍,烟草根、茎、叶Cd含量分别降低68.7%～74.6%、32.1%～50.7%、70.2%～82.5%(轻微)和68.7%～74.6%、51.4%～59.3%、33.2%～46.5%(中度),根、茎、叶Cd富集系数亦显著降低,根(Cd_(0.83):122降至31～38.1,Cd_(12):24.7降至12.2～16.8),茎(Cd_(0.83):203降至35.6～60.6,Cd_(12):41.7降至17.6～23.1),叶(Cd_(0.83):247降至100～120,Cd_(12):48.6降至26.0～32.5);(4)溶液吸附实验发现,HAP和生物炭均通过表面吸附Cd(-1))显著(P<0.05)提高烟草生物量且降低烟草Cd含量,轻微、中度Cd污染土壤烟草生物量分别提高5.07倍～18.5倍和5.00倍～29.7倍,烟草根、茎、叶Cd含量分别降低68.7%～74.6%、32.1%～50.7%、70.2%～82.5%(轻微)和68.7%～74.6%、51.4%～59.3%、33.2%～46.5%(中度),根、茎、叶Cd富集系数亦显著降低,根(Cd_(0.83):122降至31～38.1,Cd_(12):24.7降至12.2～16.8),茎(Cd_(0.83):203降至35.6～60.6,Cd_(12):41.7降至17.6～23.1),叶(Cd_(0.83):247降至100～120,Cd_(12):48.6降至26.0～32.5);(4)溶液吸附实验发现,HAP和生物炭均通过表面吸附Cd⁽²⁺⁾,且该吸附过程符合准二级动力学模型,表明在钝化过程中这2种钝化剂与Cd(2+),且该吸附过程符合准二级动力学模型,表明在钝化过程中这2种钝化剂与Cd⁽²⁺⁾发生键能结合的化学吸附。研究表明,3种钝化剂在同等剂量水平下,生物炭提高烟草生物量且降低Cd吸收最显著,可优先选作降低烟草Cd吸收的钝化剂。     

棒状链霉菌突变株CCRC11518-Ⅲ50克拉维酸发酵条件的研究

通过单因子和多因子摇瓶正交优化试验,确定了克拉维酸产生菌棒状链霉菌突变株Streptomyces clavuligerusCCRC11518-Ⅲ50的三角瓶发酵条件.发酵培养基组成(ρ/g L-1):甘油30,大豆蛋白胨60,麦芽浸膏7.5,K2HPO4·3H2O 1.0,MgSO4·7H2O 2.0,FeSO4-7H2O 1.0;培养基初始pH 6.5;接种量15％;培养基装量20 mL/250 mL三角瓶;培养温度25℃;发酵时间72 h.克拉维酸效价由优化前的834.8 μg mL-1提高到1 082.615 μg mL-1,提高了29.7％.还在1 600 mL发酵罐中进行了初步放大试验.当接种量15％,通气量1:0.5,转速450 r min-1,25℃发酵60h克拉维酸效价达到高峰1 025 μg mL-1.图12表1参12     

水体/沉积物中蒽的生物降解

对水体/沉积物中蒽的降解情况进行了研究,结果表明,往天然水体中添加沉积物对蒽的生物降解有较明显的促进作用,沉积物能够吸附一定量的蒽,从而抑制其自然挥发,体系中沉积物含量为15g·l-1时,吸附效果最为明显,在蒽初始浓度为10mg·l-1的情况下,5d后残留率达100.00%,沉积物本身存在的土著微生物对蒽有一定的降解能力,沉积物含量为15g·l-1时,5d后蒽降解率最高,为49.29%,往15g·l-1沉积物中接种蒽高效降解菌烟曲霉A10后,蒽降解率达88.92%,表明往污染环境中外加微生物能够明显改善污染物的降解情况.     

陕西省潼关采金地区汞污染的初步研究

对采金地区水样、沉积物、土壤及部分水藻和苔藓的分析表明 :潼关采金地区已经受到严重的汞污染 .水体总汞浓度最高达 2 5 8 62 μg·l- 1 ,且水样中的汞以颗粒态为主 ,大都占 5 0 %以上 ,而活性汞和溶解态汞的平均浓度分别为 0 1 82± 0 2 4 2 μg·l- 1 和 0 72± 0 79μg·l- 1 ;沉积物中平均汞浓度为 34 98± 2 5 39μg·g- 1 ,最高达 1 1 96μg·g- 1 ;而土壤中汞的浓度最高也只有 1 9 5 0 μg·g- 1 .     

功能植物内生细菌筛选及对多环芳烃降解效能研究

功能植物内生细菌在防治土壤和植物多环芳烃(PAHs)污染方面具有潜力。从PAHs污染区采集了铁苋菜(Acalypha australis)、香附子(Cyperus rotundus)和麦冬(Ophiopogon japonicus)等健康植物样品,采用平板直接分离法获得8株能降解芘的植物内生细菌,主要为Enterobacter、Chitinophaga和Xanthomonas等菌属,其10 d对芘(50mg·L~(-1))的降解率为7. 59%～45. 50%。综合内生细菌在共代谢基质存在条件下的芘降解效能,选择从麦冬中分离出的Enterobacter sp. PRd5细菌为研究对象,探究其在各种环境条件下的芘降解性能。结果显示,Enterobacter sp.PRd5 10 d对芘(50 mg·L~(-1))的降解率为41. 37%～50. 63%,7 d可降解95%以上的萘(500 mg·L~(-1))、芴(100mg·L~(-1))和菲(50 mg·L~(-1))等低分子量多环芳烃,10 d对荧蒽(50 mg·L~(-1))和苯并[a]芘(10 mg·L~(-1))等高分子量多环芳烃的降解率分别为35. 89%和17. 44%。降解芘的优化条件研究结果显示,Enterobacter sp. PRd5在p H值6. 0～8. 0、温度25～35℃、外加盐浓度0～10 g·L~(-1)、装液量10～30 mL·(100 mL)-1、接种量3%～17%、芘初始质量浓度25～50 mg·L~(-1)和外加100 mg·L~(-1)葡萄糖条件下,可获得较高的芘降解效能。     

气溶胶水溶性无机物及有机物的离子色谱测定

利用离子色谱技术同时测定大气气溶胶中的水溶性有机物 (WSOC)与各种无机成分 ,检测出 1 2种无机离子 (F- ,Cl- ,NO-2 ,NO-3 ,SO2 -3 ,SO2 -4 ,PO3-4 ,Na ,NH 4,K ,Mg2 ,Ca2 )及 7种WSOC (甲酸、乙酸、甲磺酸、乙二酸、丙二酸、丁二酸、戊二酸 ) .该方法对无机离子的线性范围为 0 0 1— 1 0 0 0 μg·m- 3,有机物的线性范围为 0 0 0 5—1 0 μg·m- 3,相关系数除NH 4以外均高于 99 9% ,最低检测限为 0 0 0 0 1— 0 0 0 0 5 μg·m- 3,相对标准偏差为 0 43— 1 32 % .利用该技术 ,对北京市 2 0 0 1— 2 0 0 2年度大气PM2 5中水溶性物种的浓度水平进行了测定 .结果表明 ,北京市PM2 5中主要的水溶性组分为SO2 -4 ,NO-3 和NH 4,其浓度水平分别为 1 1 1 ,7 8和 6 2 μg·m- 3,各占PM2 5 质量的 1 0 6% ,7 4%及5 7% ,而WSOC的浓度水平为 0 0 1 1— 0 1 1 8μg·m- 3,占PM2 5质量浓度的 0 0 1— 0 1 % ,其中 ,乙二酸的浓度最高 ,其次为乙酸、丁二酸 ,丙二酸等 .     

Rapid,recurring, structured survey versus bioblitz for generating biodiversity data and analysis with a multispecies abundance model

A bioblitz inexpensively and quickly generates biodiversity data, but bioblitzes are often conducted with haphazard, unreplicated sampling. Results tend to be taxonomically, geographically, or temporally biased, lack metadata, and consist of lists of observed taxa that do not enable further analyses or correction for imperfect detection. A rapid, recurring, structured survey (RRSS) uses a structured sampling design and temporal and spatial replication to survey randomly selected sites on a conservation property. We participated in a loosely structured bioblitz and a subsequent RRSS at Big Canoe Creek Nature Preserve in Springville (St. Clair County), Alabama (USA) to compare observed richness derived from the 2 survey approaches. The RRSS data structure enabled us to fit models that accounted for imperfect detection to estimate abundances, occupancy probabilities, and habitat associations. The loosely structured bioblitz data could not be used in such models. We present a new integrated multispecies abundance model that we applied to avian RRSS data. Our model extension enables estimation for the community, employs data augmentation to estimate the number of undetected species, and incorporates covariates. The RRSS generated a more comprehensive and less biased list of observed taxonomic richness than the loosely structured bioblitz (e.g., 73 vs. 45 bird species and 104 vs. 63 insect families from the RRSS vs. loosely structured bioblitz, respectively). Models fit to the RRSS data identified seasonal patterns in avian community composition and allowed for estimation of habitat–occupancy relationships for insect taxa. The RRSS protocol has potential for broad transferability as a standardized, quick, and inexpensive way to inventory biodiversity and estimate ecological parameters while providing an outreach opportunity.     

Compliance with and ecosystem function of biodiversity offsets in North American and European freshwaters

Land-use change via human development is a major driver of biodiversity loss. To reduce these impacts, billions of dollars are spent on biodiversity offsets. However, studies evaluating offset project effectiveness that examine components such as the overall compliance and function of projects remain rare. We reviewed 577 offsetting projects in freshwater ecosystems that included the metrics project size, type of aquatic system (e.g., wetland and creek), offsetting measure (e.g., enhancement, restoration, and creation), and an assessment of the projects’ compliance and functional success. Project information was obtained from scientific and government databases and gray literature. Despite considerable investment in offsetting projects, crucial problems persisted. Although compliance and function were related to each other, a high level of compliance did not guarantee a high degree of function. However, large projects relative to area had better function than small projects. Function improved when projects targeted productivity or specific ecosystem features and when multiple complementary management targets were in place. Restorative measures were more likely to achieve targets than creating entirely new ecosystems. Altogether the relationships we found highlight specific ecological processes that may help improve offsetting outcomes.     

Representation of the world's biophysical conditions by the global protected area network

Protected areas (PAs) are often implemented without consideration of already existing PAs, which is likely to cause an overrepresentation of certain biophysical conditions. We assessed the representativeness of the current PA network with regard to the world's biophysical conditions to highlight which conditions are underprotected and where these conditions are located. We overlaid terrestrial and marine PAs with information on biophysical conditions (e.g., temperature, precipitation, and elevation) and then quantified the percentage of area covered by the PA network. For 1 variable at a time in the terrestrial realm, high temperature, low precipitation, and medium and very high elevation were underrepresented. For the marine realm, low and medium sea surface temperature (SST), medium and high sea surface salinity (SSS), and the deep sea were underrepresented. Overall, protection was evenly distributed for elevation across the terrestrial realm and SST across the marine realm. For 2 variables at a time, cold and very dry terrestrial environments had mostly low protection, which was also the case for low SST and low and medium SSS across most depths for marine environments. Low protection occurred mostly in the Sahara and the Arabian Peninsula for the terrestrial realm and along the Tropic of Capricorn and toward the poles for the marine realm. Although biodiversity measures are of prime importance for the design of PA networks, highlighting biophysical gaps in current PAs adds a frequently overlooked perspective. These gaps may weaken the potential of PAs to conserve biodiversity. Thus, our results may provide useful insights for researchers, practitioners, and policy makers to establish a more comprehensive global PA network.     

Quantitative composition of the defensive secretion ofBledius species (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Oxytelinae) is adapted to naturally occurring predators

Summary The adaptation of defensive secretions to their target organisms was examined for the abdominal gland secretions ofBledius furcatus, B. spectabilis andB. arenarius. Therefore the target organisms of the secretion of theseBledius species (i.e. their predators) had to be identified. At the collection sites examined these were the earwigLabidura riparia, the antCataglyphis bicolor, the flyLispe candicans, different carabids of the generaPogonus, Dichirotrichus, Dyschirius, Bembidion andCalathus and the wading birdsHaematopus ostralegus andCalidris alba. The secretion of the abdominal glands contains the toxin ptoluquinone dissolved in either-dodecalactone and 1-undecene (B. furcatus andB. spectabilis) or in octanoic acid and octyloctanoate (B. arenarius). The ratio of these solvents is species-specific. Application experiments using some of the natural insect predators (L. riparia, C. bicolor, Pogonus, Di. gustavii, Dyschirius) revealed that these solvent ratios provided a more effective deterrent than other possible ratios. Thus by combining the solvents in certain ratios, the capability of cuticular penetration and therefore the effectiveness of the defensive secretions are adapted to their natural targets.     

Democracy versus development: New urban debates

The politics of development includes subtexts of choice, as underpinned by community consensus (or lack of it), against the larger backdrop of a liberal democracy, with its intricate power structures that influence the choice of concepts and often lead to complicity rather than consent. A dilemma exists between the understanding of field-level practitioners and that of academics, whose understandings of progress differ. Progress can (and often does) imply long-term change across generations whereas development is often more a matter of crisis management and delivering tangible results to end-users. This makes it a bone of contention across political systems, irrespective of local or global dynamics. Development can emerge as a tool to be wielded for power and further political mileage at the expense of progress. Progress cannot be studied as a counterpoint to development as the sense of history is often missing in development interventions. Development tends to be piecemeal as its very logic often stems from the rationale of power. This is not to suggest, however, that development is only about politics; it is definitely more than the politics of everyday life and involves all of civil society that requires its critical and immediate attention. In this sense, it has become a priority for politicians with an underlying agenda designed to out-manouevre dissent and all statements of protest.     

A palaeo-hydrogeological model for arsenic contamination in southern and south-east Asia

An argument is presented in which areas of natural arsenic contamination of modern groundwaters throughout Asia have a common origin. Arsenic originally accumulated in oceanic ferro-manganoan sediments of the eastern Palaeo-Tethys. This was further concentrated through oceanic crustal extinction in what later became the south-east Chinese accreted mineralised terrain. Proto-Himalayan uplift of this area created the palaeo-drainage systems of the Ganges – Brahmaputra, Irrawaddy, Mekong, and Red Rivers, with consequent headwater erosion of arsenic-rich sediments. Their downstream deposition as immature and easily redistributed Neogene sandstones, silts, and iron-rich clays has created secondary and tertiary reservoirs of adsorbed and authigenic arsenic, from which the current arsenic-rich groundwaters have evolved. Considering river basins within the above palaeo-hydrogeological framework provides a basis for assessing the risk of arsenic in groundwater basins of south and south-eastern Asia.     

A framework to measure the wildness of managed large vertebrate populations

As landscapes continue to fall under human influence through habitat loss and fragmentation, fencing is increasingly being used to mitigate anthropogenic threats and enhance the commercial value of wildlife. Subsequent intensification of management potentially erodes wildness by disembodying populations from landscape-level processes, thereby disconnecting species from natural selection. Tools are needed to measure the degree to which populations of large vertebrate species in formally protected and privately owned wildlife areas are self-sustaining and free to adapt. We devised a framework to measure such wildness based on 6 attributes relating to the evolutionary and ecological dynamics of vertebrates (space, disease and parasite resistance, exposure to predation, exposure to limitations and fluctuations of food and water supply, and reproduction). For each attribute, we set empirical, species-specific thresholds between 5 wildness states based on quantifiable management interventions. We analysed data from 205 private wildlife properties with management objectives spanning ecotourism to consumptive utilization to test the framework on 6 herbivore species representing a range of conservation statuses and commercial values. Wildness scores among species differed significantly, and the proportion of populations identified as wild ranged from 12% to 84%, which indicates the tool detected site-scale differences both among populations of different species and populations of the same species under different management regimes. By quantifying wildness, this framework provides practitioners with standardized measurement units that link biodiversity with the sustainable use of wildlife. Applications include informing species management plans at local scales; standardizing the inclusion of managed populations in red-list assessments; and providing a platform for certification and regulation of wildlife-based economies. Applying this framework may help embed wildness as a normative value in policy and mitigate the shifting baseline of what it means to truly conserve a species.     

Sexual Predators,Energy Development,and Conservation in Greater Yellowstone

Abstract: In the United States, as elsewhere, a growing debate pits national energy policy and homeland security against biological conservation. In rural communities the extraction of fossil fuels is often encouraged because of the employment opportunities it offers, although the concomitant itinerant workforce is often associated with increased wildlife poaching. We explored possible positive and negative factors associated with energy extraction in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem (GYE), an area known for its national parks, intact biological diversity, and some of the New World's longest terrestrial migrations. Specifically, we asked whether counties with different economies—recreation (ski), agrarian (ranching or farming), and energy extractive (petroleum)—differed in healthcare (gauged by the abundance of hospital beds) and in the frequency of sexual predators. The absolute and relative frequency of registered sex offenders grew approximately two to three times faster in areas reliant on energy extraction. Healthcare among counties did not differ. The strong conflation of community dishevel, as reflected by in‐migrant sexual predators, and ecological decay in Greater Yellowstone is consistent with patterns seen in similar systems from Ecuador to northern Canada, where social and environmental disarray exist around energy boomtowns. In our case, that groups (albeit with different aims) mobilized campaigns to help maintain the quality of rural livelihoods by protecting open space is a positive sign that conservation can matter, especially in the face of rampant and poorly executed energy extraction projects. Our findings further suggest that the public and industry need stronger regulatory action to instill greater vigilance when and where social factors and land conversion impact biological systems.     

Cost‐effective conservation of an endangered frog under uncertainty

How should managers choose among conservation options when resources are scarce and there is uncertainty regarding the effectiveness of actions? Well‐developed tools exist for prioritizing areas for one‐time and binary actions (e.g., protect vs. not protect), but methods for prioritizing incremental or ongoing actions (such as habitat creation and maintenance) remain uncommon. We devised an approach that combines metapopulation viability and cost‐effectiveness analyses to select among alternative conservation actions while accounting for uncertainty. In our study, cost‐effectiveness is the ratio between the benefit of an action and its economic cost, where benefit is the change in metapopulation viability. We applied the approach to the case of the endangered growling grass frog (Litoria raniformis), which is threatened by urban development. We extended a Bayesian model to predict metapopulation viability under 9 urbanization and management scenarios and incorporated the full probability distribution of possible outcomes for each scenario into the cost‐effectiveness analysis. This allowed us to discern between cost‐effective alternatives that were robust to uncertainty and those with a relatively high risk of failure. We found a relatively high risk of extinction following urbanization if the only action was reservation of core habitat; habitat creation actions performed better than enhancement actions; and cost‐effectiveness ranking changed depending on the consideration of uncertainty. Our results suggest that creation and maintenance of wetlands dedicated to L. raniformis is the only cost‐effective action likely to result in a sufficiently low risk of extinction. To our knowledge we are the first study to use Bayesian metapopulation viability analysis to explicitly incorporate parametric and demographic uncertainty into a cost‐effective evaluation of conservation actions. The approach offers guidance to decision makers aiming to achieve cost‐effective conservation under uncertainty.     

Comparison of the insecticidal effects of water extracted and intact aromatic plants onAcanthoscelides obtectus,a bruchid beetle pest of kidney beans

Summary Acanthoscelides obtectus (Say) is one of the most damaging pests of kidney beans,Phaseolus vulgaris L. worldwide. However, aromatic plants from the families Lamiaceae, Lauraceae, Myrtaceae and Poaceae can protect kidney beans by direct or delayed insecticidal effect, through increased adult mortality and inhibition of beetle reproduction (both oviposition and adult emergence). The efficiency of hydrodistillated and intact plants fromThymus vulgaris andT. serpyllum, Mentha piperata, Rosmarinus officinalis, Satureia hortensis, Eucalyptus globulus, Laurus nobilis, Origanum vulgare, andCymbopogon nardus was compared. For both extracts,Origanum vulgare had the best effect. The insecticidal effect was induced by more than the essential oils because no significant difference was noticed between distilled and intact plants extract. Inhibition of reproduction was particularly important. These results suggest that lipidic as well as non lipidic, allelochemicals, such as phenolics, or non-protein amino-acids, or flavonoids may be involved in the toxicity of aromatic plants to this beetle.