测定氨标样的两种方法比较

采用测定水中氨的方法与采用测定空气中氨的方法进行比较,分别用两种测定氨的方法对标样进行测定,得出用水中测定氨的方法测定"空气中的氨"标样比用空气中氨的方法更加简单、方便,结果较好.用两种方法分别对环境样品进行测定,测定结果基本一致,进一步验证了测定水中氨的方法可以用于"空气中的氨"测定.     

离子色谱法测定植物中的氯离子的方法初探

本文对离子色谱法测定植物中氯离子的可行性以及前处理方法进行了介绍,通过一定的前处理方法,减少了植物体系组份复杂对测定的干扰和对色谱柱的污染,并对氯离子进行了测定.     

氨氮质量控制研究报告

通过对氨氮测试中的空白和标准样品的不同要求的测定,以及对实际样品的不同要求的测定,得出在不同要求下测试的真实测定结果。     

砷、硒元素原子荧光法联合测定优化研究

为了进一步提高水体质量的检测精度,本文引入原子荧光法对水体中的砷、硒元素含量进行优化测定,通过分析元素组合与测定顺序、预处理试剂和还原剂的用量对联合测定结果的影响,进而提出了基于原子荧光法的砷、硒元素联合测定优化的过程,以期为后续水体中毒理指标的测定提供有价值的参考意见。     

离子色谱法测定植物叶片中氟的探讨

植物叶片中氟的测定一般采用离子选择电极法,离子色谱法对其测定还鲜见报道,本文对用离子色谱方法测定植物叶片中的氟进行了探讨。     

氨氮测定方法的对比研究

用酶法和纳氏试剂分光光度法对跌水曝池生物滤池的进、出水中的氨氮进行了测定,用数理统计中的t检验法对两种方法的测定值进行了比较,结果表明:酶法具有测定结果准确、测定成分浓度范围宽、干扰少等优点,此快速、简便的方法适用于水中氨氮的测定。     

镉柱还原法在养殖水体硝酸盐测定中的应用

对镉柱还原法测定养殖水体的硝酸盐进行了研究,并通过正交实验研究了养殖水体中含量较高的浊度、盐度和有机物对测定方法的影响。结果表明,镉柱还原法测定精确度高、重现性好,浊度、盐度和有机物对测定无显著影响。研制的简易镉柱制作简便,可用于养殖水体中硝酸盐的测定。     

水中总氮测定中的干扰影响和消除分析研究

本文通过对总氮测定过程中水样中的干扰因素的影响研究,结果表明:金属离子产生的色度对总氮测定产生影响,5%盐酸羟胺对六价铬和高价锰离子产生的色度干扰有显著的消除效果,而对三价铁离子产生的色度干扰无效果反而使水样产生浊度,另外色度干扰中紫色对总氮在紫外波段的测定影响很小;高硬度水样在消解后产生的沉淀能被后续加入盐酸有效地消除,对测定结果没有影响;高氨氮水样在分析过程中需要通过适当稀释水样以及消解后趁热摇匀来提高总氮测定结果的准确性。     

土壤CEC测定的相关问题及解决对策

在参照《森林土壤阳离子交换量的测定》(LY/T 1243-1999)方法对大量土样的土壤阳离子交换量的分析测定中,总结出分析测定过程中遇到的若干问题,提出对此方法的改进对策,并归纳测定过程中的注意事项,以便分析人员在测定此项目时作参考,提高土壤阳离子交换量测定的结果的准确性和稳定性。     

微波消解法与回流法测定COD的比较试验

采用微波消解法和国标回流法对同一标准样品和污水样品进行COD的测定,结果表明,微波消解法可大大缩短COD的测定时间,且操作简便,对标准样品的测定值与回流法基本一致,均在样品误差的正常范围内,适合批量样品监测.水样中的悬浮物会影响COD的测定准确度.     

The rains are disappointing us: dynamic vulnerability and adaptation to multiple stressors in the Afram Plains, Ghana

This paper builds on work on the dynamics of vulnerability and multiple stressors through a case study in the Afram Plains of the Eastern region in Ghana. A vulnerability framework is applied in the community of Mimkyemfre to identify and explain the multiple underlying political, socioeconomic and environmental forces that influence the ways in which people are exposed and sensitive to climate, and their capacities to adapt to changing conditions. The results of the study indicate that the community experiences a range of biophysical and socioeconomic conditions that contribute to its vulnerability. Vulnerability was found to change over time and in some cases was cyclical, in that certain actions taken for the purposes of adaptation were found to exacerbate existing vulnerabilities. Processes of vulnerability were also found to occur at several scales and were experienced unevenly at the community level. The findings of this assessment have important implications for the design and implementation of successful adaptation initiatives, both in Africa and elsewhere. In particular, they demonstrate the need to understand the social, economic and institutional challenges to development as a basis for any contemplation of adaptation to climate change.     

The 10-tenets of adaptive management and sustainability: An holistic framework for understanding and managing the socio-ecological system

The three basic principles of sustainable development, relating to ecology, economy and society, have long been embedded within national and international strategies. In recent years we have augmented these principles by a further seven considerations giving rise to the so-called 10-tenets of sustainable management. Whilst theoretically appealing, discussion of the tenets to date has been largely generic and qualitative and, until the present paper, there has been no formal and quantitative application of these tenets to an actual example. To promote the concept of successful and sustainable environmental management there is the need to develop a robust and practical framework to accommodate value judgements relating to each of the tenets. Although, as originally presented, the tenets relate specifically to management measures, they may also be applied directly to a specific development or activity. This paper examines the application of the tenets in both of these contexts, and considers their incorporation into an assessment tool to help visualise and quantify issues of sustainability.     

中国人不会使世界挨饿

本文通过对中国国土资源食物生产潜力的比较全面、系统的分析,认为中国只要举国上下支持、保护和发展农业,强化国家对农业的主导作用,建立食物安全保障体系,认真执行＂米袋子＂省长负责制,加大对农业特别是对科技的投入力度,面向国土,开发国土,充分、合理利用国土,并相应地建立起具有中国特色的包括耕地、草地、林地、海洋和野生生物资源的食物来源的五大生产体系、符合中国国情的、具有浓厚东方色彩的消费体系、节粮体系以及推行人口计划控制政策,虽农业发展具有艰巨性,但前景依然是光明的。跨越新世纪,中国人定能养活中国人,中国人不会使世界挨饿。     

2009-2018年太湖大气湿沉降氮磷特征对比研究

为了研究太湖2009-2018年大气湿沉降的时空变化特征,于2009年8月-2010年7月及2017年8月-2018年7月进行了两次环太湖大气湿沉降逐月调查,并从降水中ρ（TN）和ρ（TP）、湿沉降率及沉降通量三方面,对比分析了太湖大气湿沉降的时空变化特征.结果表明:①2009年8月-2010年7月降水中ρ（TN）、ρ（TP）平均值分别为3.170、0.077 mg/L;2017年8月-2018年7月降水中ρ（TN）、ρ（TP）平均值分别为3.160、0.056 mg/L;T检验结果表明,两次调查ρ（TN）、ρ（TP）污染水平差异显著,主要是由于2017年8月-2018年7月较高污染浓度降水事件的减少,全年降水中ρ（TN）、ρ（TP）变异较小.②与2017年8月-2018年7月相比,2009年8月-2010年7月太湖TN、TP湿沉降率平均值分别下降33%和53%,且TN、TP湿沉降空间分布更均匀.③与2009年8月-2010年7月相比,2017年8月-2018年7月太湖流域大气TN、TP沉降通量分别为7 641和131 t,分别下降30%、47%.研究显示,两次调查降水中ρ（TN）平均值均远高于水体富营养化阈值（0.2 mg/L）,因此大气湿沉降中的营养盐对太湖富营养化的贡献不可忽视.      

Mini-review on river eutrophication and bottom improvement techniques, with special emphasis on the Nakdong River

Water quality in rivers is vital to humans and to maintenance of biotic and ecological integrity.During the Four Major Rivers restoration of South Korea, remarkable attempts have been made to decrease external nutrient loads and moveable weirs were designed to discharge silt that may deposit in pools. However, recently eutrophication of the Nakdong River, which was limited to the lower reaches, is seen to be spreading upstream. The reduction of external nutrient loads to rivers is a long-term goal that is unlikely to lead to reductions in algal blooms for many years because of the time required to implement effective land management strategies. It would therefore be desirable to implement complementary strategies. Regulating the amount of water released is effective at preventing algae blooms in weir pools; so, the relationship between discharge, stratification and bloom formation should be understood in this regard. However, pollutants are likely to accumulate in the riverbed upstream from release points. Thus, to control phosphorus levels, total phosphorus density should be lowered by applying in-river techniques as well. As many ecosystem properties are controlled by multiple processes, simultaneous river bottom improvement techniques, such as combined dissolved oxygen supply and nutrient inactivation, are likely to be effective. The purpose of this review is to present a series of technological approaches that can be used to improve the river bottom area and hence sediment nutrient release, and to illustrate the application of these techniques to the Nakdong River.     

鱼组合测废水急性毒性技术的特点与理论基础

文章简要论述了国内外工业废水的鱼类急性毒性试验技术的发展和现状。运用3～5种小型鱼类组合技术方法对数十家企业工业废水进行急性毒性测试,可显著提高该技术方法毒性测试的灵敏性和毒性判断的可靠性,并显著缩短试验时间。根据工业废水组分及生物毒性的复杂性,以及不同鱼类对同一毒性和同一种鱼类对不同毒性的敏感反应具有差异性的特点,着重探讨和论述了支持用多种鱼组合(同时)测试工业废水急性毒性的理论基础。     

论我国用汞总量的削减

分析比较了我国的用汞数量、世界汞的产量及用量的统计数据,从汞本身的污染危害性,我国用汞和污染现状及发展趋势,以及应对全球限汞、禁汞趋势等方面论述了我国用汞总量亟待削减和削减的可行性。并以体温计行业为例,提出了我国削减用汞总量的具体建议:控制生产规模,慎批新建涉汞加工利用的生产项目,并逐渐淘汰生产规模过小的企业;充分运用法律和行政管理手段,逐渐提升对涉汞企业的要求,将最低环保门槛与择优审批相结合;严格限制某些含汞产品的销售和使用;大力推广替代产品和技术;组织对废弃产品中的汞进行集中回收和处置;修订和制订相关涉汞标准;制订我国涉汞行业的用汞削减规划和相应的产业调整计划,逐步限汞,最终禁汞。      

生态系统对酸沉降相对敏感性评价原理与方法

介绍了敏感性及生态系统对酸沉降的绝对敏感性和相对敏感性的概念,概念了水体和土壤对酸沉降绝对敏感性评价的方法。通过分析比较生态系统中各生态子对酸沉降的缓冲能力,担子同建立生态系统对酸沉降相对敏感性评价的基本原理,并介绍了建立的评价才近期的发展。     

Framing the private land conservation conversation: Strategic framing of the benefits of conservation participation could increase landholder engagement

How conservation messages are framed will impact the success of our efforts to engage people in conservation action. This is highly relevant in the private land conservation (PLC) sector given the low participation rates of landholders. Using a case study of PLC schemes targeted at Australian landholders, we present the first systematic analysis of communication strategies used by organisations and government departments delivering those schemes to engage the public. We develop a novel approach for analysing the framing of conservation messages that codes the stated benefits of schemes according to value orientation. We categorised the benefits as flowing to either the landholder, to society, or to the environment, corresponding to the egoistic, altruistic and biospheric value orientations that have been shown to influence human behaviour. We find that messages are biased towards environmental benefits. Surprisingly, this is the case even for market-based schemes that have the explicit objective of appealing to production-focussed landholders and those who are not already involved in conservation. The risk is that PLC schemes framed in this way will fail to engage more egoistically oriented landholders and are only likely to appeal to those likely to already be conservation-minded. By understanding the frame in which PLC benefits are communicated, we can begin to understand the types of people who may be engaged by these messages, and who may not be. Results suggest that the framing of the communications for many schemes could be broadened to appeal to a more diverse group (and thus ultimately to a larger group) of landholders.     

基于OMI数据的兰州地区吸收性气溶胶指数时空分布特征研究

基于OMAERUV遥感数据产品,对兰州地区2008—2017年紫外吸收性气溶胶指数(ultraviolet aerosol index,UVAI)的时空分布进行了分析,并对其变化相关因素进行了探讨,结果表明:兰州地区2008—2017年UVAI整体呈上升趋势,年均值增幅为7.0%,2008—2010年UVAI出现了最大增长率53.1%,2011—2015年UVAI出现了最大降低速率18.5%,2016—2017年UVAI在2015年的基础上继续下降,2017年有所上升.2008—2017年兰州地区UVAI的空间分布特征为中间高、东西两侧低.10年来研究区UVAI最高值一直为永登县和皋兰县结合部及相邻区域,也是吸收性气溶胶的污染源中心.每年的最高值出现在1—2、11—12月,10年中最大的UVAI值出现在2017年的12月,每年的最低值出现在6—7月,10年中最低的UVAI值出现在2017年6月,四季UVAI值水平为:冬季春季秋季夏季.影响因素中UVAI与自然要素中的风向、温度和降水关系密切,兰州各地区的人口密度也与UVAI的变化具有相关性;基于PM_(2.5)的UVAI指示的空气质量等级分析,兰州地区空气质量以良为主.针对兰州地区UVAI的时空分布特点、吸收性气溶胶外源和内源污染源情况,提出了在永登县北部区域建设防护林带、减少人为活动强度等建议.