Haematological responses to exposure to sublethal concentration of cadmium in air breathing fish, Channa punctatus (Bloch)

The effect of sublethal concentration (29 mg/l) of cadmium on haematological parameters of Channa punctatus after the exposure periods of 7, 15 and 30 days were studied. In treated groups of cadmium exposed fish have been found to significantly decreased in total erythrocyte count, haemoglobin content, packed cell volume, mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration and oxygen carrying capacity of blood, and at the same time the white blood cell count, mean cell volume and mean corpuscular haemoglobin were found to significantly increased. Both increasing and decreasing of the above mentioned haematological characteristics of blood cells of cadmium intoxicant are mainly with time dependent effects. With regard to the pathological characteristics of blood cells of cadmium intoxicant fish shows fragility and rupture of erythrocytic membrane and leads to haemolysis, which are very severe on 30 day of exposure group.     

Impact of copper on haematological profile of freshwater fish, Channa punctatus

The present study was to evaluate heavy metal toxicity stress symptoms in fish blood during long-term exposure of sublethal concentration of copper sulphate (CuSO4). The effects of copper on various heamatological parameters were evaluated exposing Indian fresh water fish, Channa punctatus to a sub-lethal concentration of copper sulphate (0.36 mg l(-1)) for different periods. Exposure of fish to copper showed a significant decrease in the haemoglobin (Hb) content from 10.73 to 6.60%, red blood cells (RBC) from 2.86 to 1.84 x 10(6)/mm3 and packed cell volume (PCV) from 31.00 to 23.33% at the end of 45th day as compared to control. Whereas the white blood cells (WBC) increased from 60.00 to 92.48 x10(3)/mm3, clotting time (CT) from 27.66 to 43.00 second, erythrocyte sedimentation rate from 5.0 to 13.66 mm/hr and mean corpuscular volume from 108.11 to 126.85 cmu, significantly, with increase in exposure periods. Although mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC) and mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH) values showed significant increase during 15 and 30 days exposures, both the values were found significantly increased at the end of the experimental period. The differential leucocytes count (DLC) showed a significant increase in the populations of lymphocytes and eosinophils, whereas neutrophils, monocytes and basophiles were found decreased after exposure to copper.     

Immunoprotective effect of curcumin on cypermethrin-induced toxicity in rats

Immunotoxicological effects of cypermethrin and their reversal by curcumin following oral administration were evaluated in rats. Mature male Wistar rats were orally administered cypermethrin (25?mg?kg^?1 body wt), curcumin (100?mg?kg^?1 body wt) or both daily for 4 weeks. At the end of fourth week, hematological, serum biochemical, and immunological parameters were studied. Subchronic exposure to cypermethrin significantly reduced body weight, total leukocyte count, lymphocyte count, serum total protein, serum albumin, serum globulin, antibody titer against sheep red blood cells, and cell-mediated immunity. Concomitant curcumin administration restored the changes in the body weight, hematological parameters, and serum biochemical indices and significantly increased the antibody titer, and cell mediated immunity. These results suggest that concurrent curcumin treatment has a beneficial role in mitigating immunotoxicological and other adverse effects of cypermethrin.     

Toxicity of cypermethrin on total lipids and free fatty acids in liver,muscle, kidney and ovary of Clarias batrachus (L) and recovery response

Alterations in the levels of lipid metabolites, total lipids and free fatty acids, were studied in physiologically important tissues viz; liver, muscle, kidney and ovary of a freshwater edible fish Clarias batrachus. The fish was exposed to sublethal concentration (1/3 of LC50 value for 96?h) of a synthetic pyrethroid insecticide, cypermethrin for 1, 5 and 10 days. After 10 days of exposure, fish were released into fresh water and total lipids and free fatty acids were determined at intervals of 1, 5 and 10 days to assess fish recovery response after cessation of cypermethrin exposure. Fish showed an increased rate of lipogenesis in liver, muscle, kidney and ovary during the exposure period followed by a decrease after transfer of fish into fresh water. There was also an elevation in liver and kidney free fatty acids contents, while the muscle and ovary free fatty acid contents were reduced during exposure period. The alterations in free fatty acids were restored to near normal values after 10 days of cessation of exposure.     

Sub-chronic exposure to carbendazim induces biochemical and hematological alterations in male goats

The present investigation reports the effect of repeated (90 days) administration of carbendazim on the biochemical and hematological parameters in male goats. Carbendazim administered orally at a daily dose of 50 mg kg^?1 body weight for 90 consecutive days resulted in increased plasma concentration of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), creatinine and albumin, while alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and glucose levels were decreased. Decrease in total leukocyte (TLC) and neutrophil count and increase in lymphocyte count was observed in the treatment group. The findings of the present investigation indicate that sub-chronic exposure to carbendazim in male goats causes hepatic and slight kidney dysfunctions.     

微纳尺度SiO2对雄性大鼠生殖功能损伤的实验研究

为了探讨纳米与微米尺度SiO2对雄性大鼠的生殖毒性作用,选择不同剂量的纳米SiO2(20～40nm)与微米SiO2(1～10μm)采用气管滴注方式对雄性Wistar大鼠分组染毒.于染毒5周后处死大鼠,检查附睾精子形态,并检测睾丸组织和血清中睾丸功能标志酶活性变化以及性激素含量的变化.结果表明:1)高、低剂量的纳米和微米SiO2染毒均可使大鼠发生程度不同的精子数量减少、精子活动率降低、精子畸形率升高;2)纳米SiO2染毒可使大鼠睾丸组织SDH、LDH和血清中ACP活性显著降低,而微米SiO2染毒对这些指标的影响不显著;3)纳米SiO2和高剂量微米SiO2染毒可使大鼠血清T和睾丸匀浆T浓度显著降低,而对血清LH没有显著影响;4)与微米SiO2相比,纳米SiO2对大鼠生殖功能的损伤有更严重的趋势,但相同剂量下,纳米SiO2和微米SiO2相比,各指标均无显著性差异.以上结果表明,微米和纳米尺度SiO2染毒均可使大鼠生殖功能产生损伤,使部分生殖功能指标发生显著变化;与微米SiO2相比,纳米SiO2对大鼠生殖功能的损伤有更严重的趋势.     

Effect of cadmium individually and in combination with other metals on the nutritive value of fresh water fish,Channa punctatus

Impact of metal cadmium on the nutritive value of Channa punctatus on exposure to a sublethal concentration (1.12 mg/l) of cadmium (Cd2+) for 15 and 60 days has been studied. Among the various parameters selected, the level of moisture in liver and muscle was increased, while decrease was noted in the level of ash, total proteins and inorganic constituents like iron, calcium, inorganic phosphate, sodium and potassium in both liver and muscle in the two types of exposure. The total lipid level of liver increased, while muscle lipid level was decreased. On the other hand, calcium, iron, inorganic phosphate, sodium and potassium levels showed increase in blood. Zinc and selenium decreased the percentage alterations in all the parameters selected for study. In the two types of exposure, zinc was most effective to counteract the cadmium toxicity to fish as in almost all the parameters insignificant alterations were recorded. In combination studies, protection against cadmium toxicity by the two chemicals became more marked with increase in the tenure of exposure.     

Biochemical responses of the striped mullet Mugil cephalus to oil exposure I. Acute responses—Interrenal activations and secondary stress responses

Acute single exposures to the water-soluble fraction (WSF) of a No. 2 fuel oil influences several biochemical parameters in juveniles of Mugil cephalus Linnaeus. Plasma cortisol and glucose concentrations were measured at 1 and 3 h after exposure to 1, 5, 10 or 20% WSF. No elevation of plasma cortisol or glucose levels occurred in fish exposed to the lowest concentration of oil, whereas a dose-response relationship was observed at higher doses. The dynamics of plasma corticosteroid, glucose and cholesterol concentrations and osmolality as well as accumulation of naphthalenes in the fish tissues were monitored during exposure to 20% WSF. Circulating cortisol concentrations rose rapidly to 5 times normal values 1h after exposure to oil and subsequently declined to control levels 6 h after oil addition. A smaller secondary rise occurred at 12 h, but cortisol had returned to basal levels 12 h later. In contrast, plasma glucose, cholesterol and osmolality rose more slowly to reach maximum values between 3 and 4 h after oil addition. By 24 h plasma cholesterol and osmolality had returned to normal values whereas the hyperglycemia persisted. However, 72 h after the addition of WSF all biochemical parameters had returned to control levels. At this time considerable accumulation of total naphthalenes had occurred in several fish tissues, whilst the concentration of total naphthalenes in the exposure tanks had declined to background levels. When freshly prepared 20% WSF was added to the exposure tanks during this period, all biochemical parameters were again elevated. The results suggest that the volatile components of fuel oil in the water trigger the biochemical changes described in a dosedependent manner. The possible ecological significance of these changes and the potential use of these parameters as sublethal indicators of environmental contamination are discussed.     

Effect of pesticides carbaryl and phorate on serum cholesterol level in fish,Clarias batrachus (Linn)

Freshwater edible catfish Clarias batrachus (Linn.) was treated with sublethal concentration of two different groups of pesticides- carbaryl, a carbamate and phorate, an organophosphate for 24 ,72 ,120 and 168 h. The disorders of lipid metabolism were observed in serum. Cholesterol levels in the serum decreased significantly throughout the exposure period with both the pesticides. These results indicate one significant manifestation of the toxic response from the fish under the stress of pesticide exposure.     

Effect of phenol on haematological components of Indian major carps Catla catla, Labeo rohita and Cirrhinus mrigala

The effect of phenol on haematological components of Indian major carps, Catla catla, Labeo rohita and Cirrhinus mrigala were observed. After exposure to sublethal concentrations of 5.17 mg l(-1), 6.06 mg l(-1) and 6.99 mg l(-1), the number of red blood cells, haemoglobin content and packed cell volume all decreased but the glucose level increased. The order of decrease in the haematological components of the three fish is in the order of Catla catla > Labeo rohita > Cirrhinus mrigala.     

氟对中华圆田螺肝胰脏抗氧化酶活性和MDA含量的影响

选取中华圆田螺为受试动物,探究氟对其肝胰脏抗氧化酶SOD、GSH、POD活性和丙二醛(MDA)含量的影响。结果显示,在不同浓度水氟环境条件下(0、40、80、160 mg·L~(-1))连续暴露10 d、20 d和30 d时,与对照组相比,中华圆田螺肝胰脏SOD活性在暴露前20 d,中低浓度组活性被诱导升高,高浓度组受抑制降低。暴露30 d时,中低浓度组活性降低,高浓度组逐渐升高。MDA含量在暴露前20 d时,中低浓度组活性整体被诱导升高,高浓度组受抑制降低。暴露30 d时,MDA含量受到显著抑制均低于对照组。GSH活性以诱导为主均高于对照组,POD活性在10 d时均低于对照组,而在20 d时被诱导升高且均高于对照组,30 d时中高浓度以抑制为主。上述研究结果为水质污染控制及生态风险评价提供了基础数据。     

水暴露下氟在西伯利亚鲟稚鱼硬骨和软骨中的积累和消除

采用静态水暴露试验方法,设置0.26(对照)、3.1、7.8、18.7、51.8mg·L-1氟离子(F-)5个试验组暴露西伯利亚鲟稚鱼,暴露90d后转移至清水中培养30d,检测了这2个阶段鱼体硬骨和软骨中氟离子含量,探讨了氟离子在西伯利亚鲟稚鱼硬骨和软骨中的积累与消除规律,以及氟离子对鱼体生长的影响.结果表明,随着氟离子浓度的增加和暴露时间的延长,氟在西伯利亚鲟稚鱼硬骨和软骨中的含量显著增加,暴露90d时各暴露组硬骨和软骨中氟含量均显著高于对照组;西伯利亚鲟稚鱼暴露在较高浓度氟离子(7.8、18.7和51.8mg·L-1)中90d,生长速度(体重)显著下降;经过30d清水培养后,较高浓度暴露组(18.7和51.8mg·L-1)西伯利亚鲟稚鱼硬骨的氟含量显著下降.由此结论:氟在西伯利亚鲟稚鱼硬骨和软骨组织中具有较高的生物蓄积作用;转移至清水中饲养后,蓄积的高浓度的氟可从硬骨中排出.     

The relations of antioxidant vitamins A,E, and C with MDA levels in serum and liver of rats treated with nitrosamines

In this study, we investigated the levels of vitamins A, E, and C in serum and liver, and malondialdehyde (MDA) were followed by long-term administration of some nitrosamines. Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into four groups. N-Nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA), 1-Nitrosopiperidine (NPip), and N-Nitrosopyrrolidine (NPyr) were administered 200 ppb, orally with water for 30 consecutive days to experimental groups. Animals were decapitated at 3rd, 7th, 15th, and 30th days of the administrations. Significant increases were observed in MDA levels treated with nitrosamines at all times. Serum MDA levels were found to be significantly higher in NDEA-treated animals than in control and other groups at 30th day. Liver MDA levels were highly increased in NPyr-treated group. Significant decreases were observed in the levels of vitamins A, E, and C in rats treated with nitrosamines at all times. There were also significantly negative correlations at present changes among the serum or liver MDA levels and vitamin A, E, and C levels in all nitrosamines-treated groups. These findings demonstrate that exposure at low levels of nitrosamines decreased vitamin A, E, and C levels while it attributed lipid peroxidation. Therefore, maintaining an adequate level of antioxidant vitamins in serum and liver may be necessary for the prevention or protection of long-term nitrosamine exposures.     

Effect of mercury and methyl parathion on the ovaries of Labeo rohita (Ham)

Adult pre-spawning fish Labeo rohita were sublethally (1/5th 96h LC50) exposed to mercuric chloride and metacid-50 (methyl parathion). Accumulation of mercury and methyl parathion was studied and it was found that pre-spawning ovary appears as a potent organ for deposition of both the pollutants. RNA/DNA ratio of the control and treated fish were studied. It was found that the signifcant decrease in RNA/DNA ratio occurs after 9 and 30 days of exposure for mercury and 30 days for methyl parathion. Fluorescence microscopic studies by acridine orange staining method were also performed to show how much it is related to biochemical alterations. In some cases loss of metachromasia is correlated with the fall in RNA/DNA ratio. Some other abnormalities like fall in stage II: stage I oocyte ratio and necrosis was also observed.     

Post natal antioxidant enzyme activity of rat brain regions during developmental lead exposure

This study reports the effects of low level developmental Pb exposure on specific brain regions like hippocampus, cerebellum and cerebral hemispheres of antioxidant enzyme activities. Wistar dams were exposed to 50 ppm, 100 ppm and 500 ppm of Pb acetate in drinking water during pregnancy and lactation (gestation day 6 through PND 21 (post natal day) and activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and glutathione reductase (GR) were determined in the hippocampus, cerebellum and cerebral hemispheres of pups during treatment period (PND 7, 14, and 21 days) and also during withdrawl period (PND 35, 45, 60 and 90 days). During treatment period, SOD activity significantly (p < 0.05) decreased in all regions of all the treated groups with maximum decrease in 500 ppm treated group of 21 days, while GSH-Px and GR activities increased with maximum increase in 21 days aged 500 ppm group. During withdrawl period, the activities of all enzymes were significantly (p < 0.05) reversed. Thus the perinatal exposure of dams to variable dosages of low level lead results in characteristic neurochemical alterations in rat brain regions due to impaired antioxidants function.     

Chronic mixture toxicity study of Clophen A60 and diethyl phthalate in male rats

Chemical mixtures are an important area of research as individuals are exposed to low doses of persistent chemical agents known as environmental pollutants throughout their life time. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and diethyl phthalate (DEP) are ubiquitous environmental pollutants that could be present in the same environmental compartment; hence organisms may get simultaneously exposed to both. Therefore, a study was undertaken to see whether PCB and DEP together show interactive chronic mixture toxicity in male Wistar rats. Healthy male Wistar rats weighing 70–100?g were randomly assigned to four groups of six each. Control rats were fed on normal diet and water ad libitum. Oil control rats were maintained on a normal diet mixed with corn oil. Rats were given Clophen A60 (PCB) and DEP dissolved individually in corn oil mixed with the diet at 50?mg?kg^?1 of the diet/day, as well as a mixture in corn oil mixed with the diet both at 50?mg?kg^?1 of the diet/day. After 150 days of treatment animals were sacrificed and enzymes and other biochemical parameters in the serum and liver were assessed. Liver weight to body weight ratio showed a significant increase in Clophen A60 and in Clophen A60?+?DEP treated rats. In the DEP, Clophen A60 and Clophen A60?+?DEP treated groups there was significant increase in liver and serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and acid phosphatase (ACP) activity. Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) was significantly increased in the liver and serum of DEP treated rats only. Cholesterol levels were significantly increased only in the serum and the liver of DEP treated rats. Triglyceride levels were significantly increased in the serum of treated rats and only in the liver of Clophen A60 and Clophen A60?+?DEP treated rats. Liver glycogen levels were significantly increased in DEP and Clophen A60?+?DEP treated rats. In all treated animals, there was a significant decrease in liver glutathione reductase (GR). Histology of liver showed severe vacuolations, fatty degeneration and loss of hepatic architecture in Clophen A60 and Clophen A60?+?DEP treated rats, whereas in DEP treated rats only loss of hepatic architecture and granular deposits in the hepatocytes was predominant with mild vacuolations of centrilobular and periportal area. It is evident from this study of mixture toxicity of Clophen A60 and DEP that there is no significantly enhanced toxicity due to the interaction of these two compounds. On the other hand, to some extent there is alleviation in toxicity as evidenced by enzyme ACP and AST levels in the liver. The hepatocellular damage and biliary congestion caused by these two compounds, which can be confirmed by significantly increased liver weights and elevated serum and liver enzyme levels as well as histology, was almost the same between individual and mixture treated group.     

Time-dependent effects of pentabrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) on thyroid hormones and histology in rats

In order to examine the time-dependent effects of pentabrominated diphenyl ether (BDE-99) on thyroid hormones levels and histological structure in rats, 4-week-old SD rats were divided into 10 groups randomly, according to their body weight. Rats in treatment groups were orally gavaged with BDE-99 at the dose of 60 mg kg^?1 for 10, 15, 20, 30 or 40 days, while rats in control group received equal volume of corn oil. Serum levels of thyroxine (FT4), triiodothyronine (FT3), and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) were measured by radioimmunoassay. Sections of thyroids were dyed with hematoxylin-eosin (HE) to detect any pathologically alterations. In BDE-99 treated groups, on day 10, changes in serum levels of FT4, FT3 and TSH were not found. On days 15 and 20, serum levels of FT4 and FT3 decreased, accompanied by increased levels of TSH. On days 30 and 40, serum levels of these hormones returned to control values. As for alterations in histology, on day 15, follicular epithelium of the thyroid were found to proliferate into two layers in BDE-99 treated rats. On day 20, in focal areas the two-layer follicular epithelia were observed to continuously proliferate into 3–4 layers of follicular epithelium, called hyperplasia plaques. On days 30 and 40, solid buds and secondary follicles to solid buds were detected. The earliest alteration of thyroid hormones in treated SD rats occurred at the duration of 10–15 days, with corresponding histopathologic changes. As the exposure time increased, the serum level of hormones and histopathology altered accordingly in a time-dependent manner.     

新型溴代阻燃剂TBB和TBPH混合物对罗非鱼甲状腺激素和生理生化指标的影响

为了研究新型溴代阻燃剂FM550的生态风险,以罗非鱼为模式生物,配制添加不同浓度FM550(0、10、100和400ng·g~(-1))的饲料,将罗非鱼暴露56 d后,研究不同暴露剂量条件下FM550对罗非鱼甲状腺激素以及血清生理生化指标的影响。研究表明,经不同浓度的FM550暴露56 d后,罗非鱼的基础生长数据并无显著变化,但罗非鱼的甲状腺激素水平发生改变,具体表现为高剂量的FM550暴露可以使罗非鱼血清中的三碘甲状腺原氨酸(T3)、游离三碘甲状腺原氨酸(FT3)含量降低,四碘甲状腺原氨酸(T4)、游离四碘甲状腺原氨酸(FT4)含量升高。同时,FM550的暴露还可以导致罗非鱼的脂代谢改变,具体变化为血清总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)含量降低,高密度脂蛋白(HDL-C)含量升高,低密度脂蛋白(LDL-C)含量降低。不同剂量的FM550暴露对罗非鱼的全血生化指标并无影响。     

Evaluation of hemopoietic responses in Labeo rohita Hamilton following acute copper toxicity

Fish are often exposed to highly contaminated water, especially in areas where the dilution rate of waste water is low. Environmental pollutants or other stress may affect one or more of the immunological functions in fish. Effective control of toxic substances is essential for the success of fish culture, which requires fish health monitoring using biomarkers. This study evaluated the effects of heavy metal copper (Cu) at environmentally relevant concentrations on the hematopoiesis in Labeo rohita. L. rohita fingerlings were exposed to different Cu concentrations for 6, 24, 48, or 72 hr. Following exposure, percentage blast cells was found to be increased after 6 and decreased after 24, 48, and 72 hr both at sublethal and LC₅₀ concentrations, whereas percentage mature erythrocytes decreased after 6 and increased after 24, 48, and 72 hr. Erythropoietic and leukopoietic efficiencies were also affected upon exposure. Erythropoietic and leucopoietic efficiencies increased markedly after 6, 24, and 48 hr but decreased after 72 hr in sublethal-treated fish. Erythropoietic efficiency decreased significantly after 6, 24 and 48 hr but increased after 72 hr in LC₅₀-treated fish. Leukopoietic efficiency decreased significantly after 6 hr exposure and increased after 24 and 48 hr but decreased after 72 hr. Flow cytometric studies of head kidney cell cycle phase distribution revealed cell death and DNA synthesis. The percentage cell death increased in fish exposed to sublethal concentrations and rose further at LC₅₀ during the earlier hours of exposure. Synthesis of DNA was increased at sublethal concentrations but was significantly reduced at LC₅₀ dose.     

Hepatoprotective effects of taurine against mercury induced toxicity in rats

An attempt has been made to study the influence of taurine on mercury intoxicated rats. The animals were treated with sublethal dose of mercuric chloride (2 mg/kg body wt.) for 30 days. During the mercury treatment, the level ofAspartate transaminase(AST), Alanine transaminase (ALT) and Alkaline phosphatase(ALP) in serum and lipid peroxidation (LPO) in liver tissue significantly increased whereas Glutathione (GSH), Glutathione peroxidase(GPx), Catalase (CAT) and Superoxide dismutase (SOD) were simultaneously decreased in the liver tissue. Present results indicate that the liver tissue was completely damaged, after mercury treatment. In another group of animals, taurine (5 mg/kg body wt.) was administrated for another 15 days. Taurine administration was observed to improve the liver function in mercury intoxicated animal as indicated by the decline in increased levels of AST, ALT and ALP in serum and LPO content in liver tissue. The decreased level of antioxidant system (GSH, GPx, CATand SOD) has been promoted Results suggested that taurine played a vital role in reducing the mercury toxicity in intoxicated animals.