Degradation of cyprodinil,fludioxonil, cyfluthrin and pymetrozine on lettuce after different application methods

Degradation of two fungicides (cyprodinil and fludioxonil) and two insecticides (cyfluthrin and pymetrozine) applied on iceberg and romaine lettuce under field conditions with different methods (portable mistblower and chemigation) was studied field data showed that both distribution methods and lettuce cultivar affect the degradation trends of examined pesticides. In these trials the residues of all active ingredients after pre-harvest time were less than fifty's maximum residue levels; the values in the romaine cultivar were generally higher than those in iceberg lettuce. After pre-harvest time residues of pesticides applied on romaine lettuce by portable motor sprayer were always higher than those obtained by the chemigation system.     

Heterogeneous photocatalytic oxidation of cyprodinil and fludioxonil in leaching water under solar irradiation

The efficiency of ZnO and TiO₂ suspensions in the photocatalytic degradation of two fungicides (cyprodinil and fludioxonil) in leaching water was investigated. The experiments were carried out at pilot plant scale using compound parabolic collectors under natural sunlight. The blank experiments for both irradiated compounds solutions showed that both oxides strongly enhanced the removal of the fungicides. The addition of an oxidant (Na₂S₂O₈) to the ZnO or TiO₂ increased the rate of photooxidation. The degradation of cyprodinil and fludioxonil followed first order kinetics according to the Langmuir-Hinshelwood model. Complete degradation of both fungicides was achieved within 4 h (t_30W = 18 min) when treated with illuminated ZnO. The disappearance time (DT₇₅), when referred to the normalized illumination time (t_30W), was lower than 40 and 550 min (t_30W = 2 and 40 min) for both fungicides using ZnO or TiO₂, respectively. ZnO appeared to be more effective in cyprodinil and fludioxonil oxidation than TiO₂ probably due to its nonstoichiometry.     

Gating in grapevine: relationship between application of the fungicide fludioxonil and circadian rhythm on photosynthesis

The aim of this study was to determine the impact of the fludioxonil (fdx) fungicide on the diurnal fluctuation in grapevine photosynthesis. Therefore, fdx treatment was performed at the end of flowering, at 8 am, 12 am or 7 pm. The study was performed in experimental field and several photosynthesis parameters were followed one day after treatment. Morning fdx treatment induced (i) a significant and simultaneous drop of both photosynthesis (Pn) and stomatal conductance between 8 am and 4 pm and (ii) an increase of intercellular CO₂ concentration when compared to control plants. On the contrary, evening fdx treatment did not affect Pn whereas midday treatment caused Pn increase after 4 pm. These data suggest that (i) morning fdx treatment results in a non-stomatal limitation of Pn, (ii) midday treatment is more suitable to treat grapevine with fdx and (iii) a phenomenon of gating was noticed.     

Effects of procymidone, fludioxonil and pyrimethanil on two non-target aquatic plants.

Procymidone, fludioxonil, and pyrimethanil are widely used to control the pathogenic fungus Botrytis cinerea in Champagne's vineyards. These fungicides may end up in surface waters and present potential risks for aquatic vascular plants and algae. Therefore, their toxicity was evaluated on Lemna minor and Scenedesmus acutus in six-day or 48-h tests, respectively. Based on growth and chlorophyll (Chl) content of L. minor and S. acutus cultures, the results showed that the alga was the most sensitive to the fungicides. Among the fungicides, pyrimethanil was the most toxic for L. minor, its nominal IC50 was 46.16 mg l(-1) and that of the other two was >100 mg l(-1). In contrast, pyrimethanil appeared the least toxic for S. acutus at low concentration, nominal IC50 were 22.81, 4.85, and 4.55 mg l(-1) for pyrimethanil, fludioxonil, and procymidone, respectively. Fate of the fungicides in the media was also investigated and acute toxicity of the agrochemicals is discussed in regard to concentration in the culture media. Poor solubility of procymidone and fludioxonil appeared to be partly responsible for the low toxicity of these fungicides. Based on these toxicity data and the concentrations found in ponds collecting vineyard runoff water, these pesticides should not impair the establishment of pioneer plants.     

Pesticide removal from waste spray-tank water by organoclay adsorption after field application: an approach for a formulation of cyprodinil containing antifoaming/defoaming agents

Purpose  

Many reports on purification of water containing pesticides are based on studies using unformulated active ingredients. However, most commercial formulations contain additives/adjuvants or are manufactured using microencapsulation which may influence the purification process. Therefore, the main objective of this work was to develop and test a pilot scheme for decontaminating water containing pesticides formulated with antifoaming/defoaming agents.     

Disappearance of dimethoate,methamidophos and pirimicarb in lettuce

Abstract

Foliar sprays of dimethoate at 150 or 300 g a.i./ha, methamidophos at 450 or 900 g a.i./ha and pirimicarb at 140 or 280 g a.i./ha were applied for control of the green peach aphid, Myzus pericae (Sulzer), and the lettuce aphid, Nasonovia ribisnigri (Mosley), about 2 weeks before the lettuce started heading, and again about 1 week from harvest. In lettuce, dimethoate partially oxidized to its oxon and pirimicarb converted to its methylamino‐ and/or formyl methylamino‐analogues. Most residues were present in the outer leaves which were exposed directly to the sprays; only traces of residues were detected in samples of the inner head leaves. Total residues disappeared rapidly. Pirimicarb was the least persistent and only traces of residues (<0.01 ppm) were detected in marketable heads. Concentrations of dimethoate, including the oxon and of methamidophos were well below their respective tolerances of 2 and 1 ppra respectively.     

Degradation of nitrogen-heterocyclic compounds by anodic oxidation and electro-Fenton methods.

This study describes the degradation of nitrogen-heterocyclic compounds (NHCs) by anodic oxidation and electro-Fenton. Using indole as a model nitrogen-heterocyclic compound, the removal of indole reached 68% and 97% by anodic oxidation and electro-Fenton, respectively, while the decay of TOC was 15% and 38% correspondingly. By the analysis of ultraviolet-visible spectra and liquid chromatography/mass spectrum, the degradation mechanism of indole by electro-Fenton was proposed as hydroxyl oxidation and anodic oxidation. The degradation of other NHCs including quinoline, isoquinoline and pyridine by anodic oxidation and electro-Fenton revealed the same sequence: quinoline approximately equal isoquinoline > indole > pyridine. A significant correlation between ln k (natural logarithm of rate constants) and E(LUMO) (the energy of the lowest unoccupied molecular orbit) was obtained by quantitative structure-activity relationship analysis. Degradation of coking plant wastewater showed the removal of COD and TOC were 42% and 22% respectively after 180 min treatment by electro-Fenton.     

Measurements of surface contamination of spray equipment with pesticides after various methods of application

Abstract

A traditional method to determine operator dermal exposure is to quantify the amount of pesticide coming into contact with specific body regions and then to integrate the deposition density values with the total body surface. It is known that extremely high deposition values may occur in the hand region; however, the source of contamination is generally assumed to be direct splash or contact with the pesticide container. One of the parameters affecting operator/pilot exposure could be the transfer of pesticide residue, particularly in the case of pesticides with a longer half‐life, from contaminated surfaces of spray equipment by direct contact over extended periods. If the rate of skin absorption of pesticide is readily known, the expected values of daily dose for an operator or pilot may significantly rise due to the extended contact period. This study produced field data on the surface contamination of spray equipment used for ground and aerial applications. If field data on precise work practice (time‐motion) observations are incorporated, it may be possible to estimate the potential exposure of operator/pilot due to hand contact with contaminated surfaces.     

Measurements of surface contamination of spray equipment with pesticides after various methods of application

A traditional method to determine operator dermal exposure is to quantify the amount of pesticide coming into contact with specific body regions and then to integrate the deposition density values with the total body surface. It is known that extremely high deposition values may occur in the hand region; however, the source of contamination is generally assumed to be direct splash or contact with the pesticide container. One of the parameters affecting operator/pilot exposure could be the transfer of pesticide residue, particularly in the case of pesticides with a longer half-life, from contaminated surfaces of spray equipment by direct contact over extended periods. If the rate of skin absorption of pesticide is readily known, the expected values of daily dose for an operator or pilot may significantly rise due to the extended contact period. This study produced field data on the surface contamination of spray equipment used for ground and aerial applications. If field data on precise work practice (time-motion) observations are incorporated, it may be possible to estimate the potential exposure of operator/pilot due to hand contact with contaminated surfaces.     

不同消解方法对微塑料质量及其表面特征的影响

为提高微塑料检测的准确性,以10种不同材质的微塑料作为研究对象,使用7种常用的消解液,通过室内实验的方法对消解前后微塑料的质量、荧光强度、表面形态等进行了研究。结果表明：在7种不同的消解方法中,经H₂O₂(30%,25 ℃)消解后,微塑料质量减少了2%~5%,消解后微塑料表面荧光强度略有减弱,表面形态和元素组成变化轻微;在FT-IR红外图谱中,微塑料颗粒的特征峰仍存在,对于微塑料识别无显著影响;而其他6种消解方法均在不同程度上降低了微塑料的质量,并对微塑料表面造成了划痕、深裂缝和鳞状裂片等破坏。以上结果可为环境中微塑料的检测和定量分析提供参考。     

不同预处理方法对污泥脱水性能的影响

污泥脱水是污泥处理的关键步骤,本文以污泥比阻(SRF)为考察指标,对比分析了污泥经单独酸碱调节、酸碱联合调节、水浴加热、自然冻融以及氧化剂Fenton等预处理方法调节后污泥的脱水效果。结果表明,污泥经氧化剂Fenton试剂处理后,SRF明显减小,污泥脱水性能得到改善;先酸后碱调节的方式比单独酸、碱调节更利于污泥脱水;温度调节对污泥的比阻有影响,低温条件下污泥的比阻较小。     

Uptake,translocation, and degradation of spirotetramat in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Miller): Impact of the mixed-application with pymetrozine

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - In this study, we investigated the impact of the mixed-application with pymetrozine on the behavior (i.e., uptake, translocation, and degradation) of...     

Degradation of pentachlorophenol by pure and mixed cultures in two different soils

GOAL, SCOPE AND BACKGROUND: Pentachlorophenol (PCP) is the second highest volume pesticide used in the United States. It is a mutagenic compound whose exposure poses significant health effects, One of the most desirable, environmentally friendly treatment methods is bioremediation. For soil-based contamination, the effectiveness of bioremediation will also be affected by the presence of an active indigenous population, sorption of the contaminant onto the soil, and environmental parameters. METHODS: Two pure strains and their mixed culture were used to evaluate PCP biodegradation in two different field soils, Columbia (CO) and New Mexico (NM). Biostimulation of the indigenous microbes was evaluated by adding nutrients. The efficiency of adding bacteria strains (bioaugmentation) for degrading PCP was determined with Arthrobacter sp., Flavobacterium sp. and a 50:50 mixture of the two bacteria strains. RESULTS: In CO soil, only 24%, 12% and 25% of the initial PCP concentration were degraded by Flavobacterium sp., Arthrobacter sp. and mixed culture, respectively. Arthrobacter sp. was used in NM soil with two initial concentrations and achieved degradation efficiencies of 57% and 61% for 361 and 95 mg kg- concentrations, respectively. Discussion. Analysis via statistical methods showed that the bacteria had different efficiencies on PCP degradation in each soil. 2 CONCLUSIONS: All bacteria catalyzed a higher PCP degradation when present in NM soil. Second, Flavobacterium sp. degraded more PCP than Arthrobacter sp. in CO soil. The mixed culture achieved the highest degradation efficiency regardless of the initial concentration or soil origin. RECOMMENDATIONS AND PERSPECTIVES: The effect of the soil properties, such as the soil organic matter (SOM) on PCP biodegradation should be investigated. Future work can also investigate the effect of aging time on biodegradation.     

Degradation of [14C]isofenphos in soil in the laboratory under different soil pH's, temperatures, and moistures

The effects of three soil pH's, three soil temperatures, and three soil moistures on [14C]isofenphos degradation were investigated. All three factors interacted strongly and significantly affected the persistence of isofenphos as well as the formation of the degradation products (p less than 1%). Isofenphos degradation was greatest at the higher temperatures 35 degrees C greater than 25 degrees C greater than 15 degrees C (except under alkaline pH's), medium moisture 25% greater than 30% greater than 15%, and in both alkaline (pH = 8) and acidic soils (pH = 6) compared with neutral soil (pH = 7). Isofenphos oxon formation was greatest at higher temperatures 35 degrees C compared with 25 degrees C and 15 degrees C, in acidic soil greater than neutral soil greater than alkaline soil, and under high moisture (30%) compared with the 15% and 22.5% moistures. The formation of soil-bound residues was greatest at higher temperatures 35 degrees C greater than 25 degrees C greater than 15 degrees C, higher moisture 30% compared with 15% and 22.5%, and in alkaline soil compared with neutral and acidic soils.     

Arsenic mobility and speciation in a contaminated urban soil are affected by different methods of green waste compost application

Application of green waste compost (GWC) to brownfield land is now common practice in soil restoration. However, previous studies have demonstrated both beneficial and detrimental effects on arsenic and metal mobility. In this paper, trace element behaviour was investigated following GWC application, either as surface mulch to, or mixed into soil from a previously described brownfield site in the U.K. Significant differences in arsenic mobility were observed between treatments. Mulching caused most disturbance, significantly increasing soil pore water As, together with Fe, P, Cr, Ni and dissolved organic carbon, the latter was a critical factor enhancing As mobilization. Arsenate was the main inorganic As species in soil pore water, increasing in concentration over time. An initial flush of potentially more toxic arsenite decreased 4 weeks after compost application. Biological processes appeared to play an important role in influencing As mobility. The results point to the necessity for careful management of As-contaminated soils.     

Yield loss assessments for cultivars of broccoli, lettuce, and onion exposed to ozone

The effects of the photochemical oxidant air pollutant ozone (O(3)) on growth and yield of three garden crops, broccoli (Brassica oleracea L.), lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.), and onion (Allium cepa L.) were studied in an open-top chamber experiment conducted in the field in southern California. Four cultivars each of leaf lettuce, broccoli, and globe onion were exposed to charcoal-filtered air (CF), non-filtered (NF) air, or NF plus 1.5 times ambient O(3) concentration from 4 weeks after germination in January or February until harvest. Exposures lasted 31 days for lettuce, 55 to 78 days for broccoli, and 105 days for onion. Results showed that despite severe O(3) injury to outer leaves, lettuce yields were not affected by O(3). Broccoli also was resistant to O(3) and no growth reduction was observed at ambient O(3) concentrations. Onions were more susceptible to O(3), but only one cv. 'Rio Bravo' had significant yield losses (ca. 5%) at ambient O(3) levels. These results suggest that, in general, concentrations of O(3) in the winter and spring may be below the threshold for adverse effects on yields of broccoli, lettuce and onion.     

碳源投加方式对SBR工艺脱氮速率的影响

为了提高生物反应器的脱氮效率,研究采用SBR处理模拟生活污水,利用醋酸钠作为碳源,考察碳源投加方式对脱氮速率的影响。结果表明,当温度为10~15℃,进水COD为330~550 mg/L时,采用不同的碳源投加方式,COD去除率均高于95%。进水一次投加2.4 g碳源,COD平均反应速率为5.3 mg/(g·h),平均反硝化速率为0.28 mg/(g·h)。进水、反应器运行3 h时分别投加1.2 g碳源,COD平均反应速率为6.89 mg/(g·h),平均反硝化速率为0.37 mg/(g·h)。进水、反应6 h时分别投加1.2 g碳源,COD平均反应速率为6.50 mg/(g·h),平均反硝化速率为0.52 mg/(g·h)。进水投加1.2 g碳源、反应器运行3 h和6 h时分别投加0.6 g醋酸钠碳源,COD平均反应速率为6.2 mg/(g·h),平均反硝化速率为0.39 mg/(g·h)。分次投加碳源能够提高COD反应速率和TN去除率,同时保持较高的硝化反硝化速率。     

不同预处理方法对活性炭纤维结构和吸附性能的影响

以商品活性炭纤维为原材料,采用水洗和HNO3、H3PO4和HF酸洗方法对其进行预处理。利用扫描电镜、比表面积测定仪及傅立叶红外光谱仪对其表面形貌和结构进行表征,并通过测定灰分含量、碘值和苯酚值考察其吸附性能。结果表明:预处理后活性炭纤维的形状和尺寸变得相对规整,表面酸性官能团数量增加,吸收谱峰变得尖锐,比表面积和总孔容增大。HF水浴去灰分效果最佳可达84.8%;H3PO4活化炭化的碘和苯酚吸附值最高,分别为1 925 mg/g和226 mg/g;而HNO3活化会造成表面刻蚀,碘和苯酚吸附值最低。确定H3PO4活化炭化为本实验最佳预处理方法。     

Evaluation of the effect of different treatment methods on sugarcane vinasse remediation

Abstract

Sugarcane vinasse is a by-product obtained during ethanol production in sugar-ethanol plants. For each 1?L of ethanol produced approximately 11?L of vinasse are generated. As this residue is obtained in high amounts, it is used as fertilizer in sugarcane crops. However, despite being rich in nutrients, sugarcane vinasse is approximately one hundred times more polluting than domestic sewage, making it an environmental problem. Thus, the aim of the present study was to propose a treatment sequence for sugarcane vinasse and evaluate the possibility of energetic use of the generated sludge in the coagulation/flocculation stage. pH, conductivity, turbidity and decreases in UV/Vis absorption spectra were determined for each treatment step. In addition, the upper calorific value of the generated sludge was also determined, while ash (adsorption treatment) and catalyst (heterogeneous photocatalysis) characterizations were also carried out. At the end of the treatment, initial vinasse turbidity was reduced by 100% and pH and conductivity values were stabilized. The sludge presented a higher calorific value of approximately 3,000?kcal kg^?1 and the ash and catalyst displayed favorable characteristics to be applied to the sugarcane vinasse treatment stages.     

不同种植方式下伊乐藻生长对沉积物磷的影响

将伊乐藻以直接抛掷、直接扦插和断枝抛掷3种方式种植,测定其上覆水TP、DO、pH和沉积物中各形态磷。结果表明:(1)实验结束(120d)时,直接抛掷、直接扦插和断枝抛掷处理组的的生物量分别增加69.14、50.32、46.15g,从长期来看,直接抛掷最有利于伊乐藻生物量的增长。(2)实验结束时,直接抛掷、直接扦插和断枝抛掷处理组的沉积物中TP分别下降了8.90%、7.30%、5.40%;无机磷分别下降了11.80%、8.20%、6.60%;有机磷分别下降了7.47%、6.46%、2.65%;NaOH提取态磷分别下降了19.90%、17.20%、11.70%;HCl提取态磷分别下降了4.12%、3.47%、2.83%。直接抛掷种植伊乐藻对沉积物中各形态磷的去除效果最好。(3)上覆水TP与沉积物中各形态磷呈正相关,说明沉积物中的磷是上覆水中磷的重要来源;上覆水TP和沉积物各形态磷均与伊乐藻生物量呈负相关,说明伊乐藻可以有效去除上覆水和沉积物中的磷;DO和pH与生物量呈正相关,而与上覆水TP和沉积物各形态磷呈负相关,说明上覆水DO和pH主要受伊乐藻的影响。