基于分子信标探针的荧光定量PCR方法检测转基因食品

选择了内源基因大豆植物凝集素(lectin)、玉米转化酶(invertase)和外源基因花椰菜花叶病毒35S(CaMV35S)启动子的分子信标探针,确定了探针浓度和镁离子浓度等反应条件,分别对转基因大豆和转基因玉米系列标准品进行内源基因和外源基因的荧光PCR扩增,在PCR反应过程中分别以两种荧光通道信号分别追踪同一样品DNA内源基因和外源基因的扩增动力学变化,并依此绘制了循环阈值与转基因食品百分比含量之间的标准曲线,建立了转基因大豆和转基因玉米的分子信标探针-荧光定量PCR检测方法,该方法具有特异性强、敏感性高的特点,实现了对转基因食品的定量分析.图7表1参11     

有机磷农药敏化作用的初步研究

本文研究了有机磷农药甲基1605和毒死蜱对~1O_2探针性物质二乙基二硫酸(DES)、萜品烯(α-terp)及ROO和RO探针性物质2.6-二叔醒基-4-甲基苯酚(BHT)和1,2,3,4-四氢萘(tetra)光降解的敏化作用.结果表明基态氧直接参与了DES和α-terp的光解;在甲基1605的作用下,1/K_(exptl)与[α-terp]的关系表明,α-terp的降解不为~1O_2历程;同时BHT和tetra的敏化降解说明ROO的量子产率为~1O_2量子产率的5倍;对氯氰菊酯的光敏降解产物的检测表明,在甲基1605存在下,产物仍然以~3O_2氧化产物为主.     

基于Mn∶ZnS量子点-Cu~(2+)体系室温磷光猝灭-恢复方法测定水体中焦磷酸根离子

以谷胱甘肽(GSH)为稳定剂,成功合成了高性能的水溶性Mn∶ZnS量子点(Quantum dots,QDs).Mn∶ZnS QDs表面的羧基能与Cu~(2+)结合从而有效引发QDs电子转移,致使Mn∶ZnS QDs室温磷光显著猝灭.当体系中加入焦磷酸(PPi)时,由于Cu~(2+)与PPi的结合能力强于Mn∶ZnS QDs表面的羧基,Mn∶ZnS QDs磷光强度又逐渐恢复.据此建立一种基于Mn∶ZnS QDs-Cu~(2+)体系的室温磷光探针测定焦磷酸根离子的新方法.该方法灵敏、简单,线性范围为5.0×10~(-8)—1.0×10~(-4)mol·L~(-1),检测限为1.0×10~(-8)mol·L~(-1).经过干扰实验及添加回收率实验证实,该方法具有良好的选择性,满足于实际样品水体中焦磷酸的检测分析.     

低压离子色谱法测定水和酸雨样品中的Li~+,Na~+,NH_4~+,K~+,Ca~(2+)和Mg~(2+)离子

本文介绍了低压离子色谱仪测定水样(井水、湖水、矿泉水、自来水)和酸雨中锂、钠、铵、钙、钾和镁离子的方法、欲测阳离子在阳离子交换柱上被分离,分别用1.4mmol·1~(-1)HNO_3和0.6mmol·1~(-1)乙二胺+1.2mmol·1~(-1)HNO_3溶液作流动相,流速为1.6ml·min~(-1).各离子的流分用电导检测.进样量为10μl时,Li~+,Na~+,NH_4~+,K~+,Ca~(2+)和Mg~(2+)离子的检出限(2倍噪音比),分别为0.020,0.050,0.100,0.250,2.5和1.0μg·ml~(-1).     

饮用水中铍的荧光法测定

铍是一种对人体具有潜在毒性的元素,它会在人的肺内滞留,引起中毒和疾病。因而建立灵敏而准确的测定铍的分析方法,在环保中具有重要意义。常用来测定铍的方法有分光光度法、光谱法和荧光法等。由于铍比较容易与一些有机试剂形成会发生荧光的络合物,因此常用荧光法测定。曾用来测定铍的荧光试剂有桑色素、1-氨基-4-羟基蒽醌、1.4-二羟基蒽醌、2-(邻-羟基苯基)-苯间氮硫茂等十多种。1964年,我们发现在中性介质中铍离子与钙试剂(α-萘酚-4-磺酸-偶氮-2-羟基-3-萘酸)所形成的络合物在紫外光照射下会发生强烈的青色荧光,并用国产沪江klett型荧光计建立了浓度在10—120ppb范围内的铍的荧光分析法。最近,我们应用我校精密仪器厂生产的YF-1     

台州电子垃圾拆解区PM2.5中离子的组成及来源

于2006年至2007年在台州电子垃圾拆解区和市区对照点采集了不同季节的大气细颗粒物样品,利用离子色谱对颗粒物中氯离子(Cl-)、硝酸根(NO3-)、硫酸根(SO42-)、草酸根(C2O42-)、钠离子(Na+)、铵离子(NH4+)、钾离子(K+)、钙离子(ca2+)、镁离子(Mg2+)等水溶性离子进行r分析.结果表明...     

酵母双杂交技术构建稀有鮈鲫不同雌激素受体亚型的重组荧光酵母

目前关于环境雌激素(environmental estrogens,EEs)的效应评估大多数是基于人的雌激素受体(estrogen receptor,ER)的离体检测,缺乏EEs对鱼类ER影响的研究。本研究利用酵母双杂交技术构建模式生物稀有鮈鲫不同ER亚型重组荧光双杂交酵母,用以快速检测EEs的雌激素活性并研究不同ER亚型对17β-雌二醇(E_2)敏感度的差异。采用反转录多聚酶链反应法获取稀有鮈鲫ERα、ERβ1和ERβ2的配体结合域(LBD)序列,构建并鉴别诱饵质粒pGBKT7-ERα-LBD、p GBKT7-ERβ1-LBD和pGBKT7-ERβ2-LBD。将诱饵质粒和猎物质粒pGAD424-GRIP1同时转化荧光酵母Y187-Luc,分别构建3株稀有鮈鲫ERα-GRIP1、ERβ1-GRIP1和ERβ2-GRIP1重组荧光双杂交酵母,并考察了E_2、双氢睾酮(DHT)、9-顺维甲酸(9-cis RA)、三碘甲状腺原氨酸(T_3)和孕酮(PG)对荧光素酶的诱导情况。结果显示:ERα-GRIP1、ERβ1-GRIP1和ERβ2-GRIP1重组荧光双杂交酵母能够专一性地被E_2诱导产生荧光素酶,并存在显著的剂量-效应关系,半数效应浓度(EC_(50))值分别为1.98×10~(-9)、1.77×10~(-10)、和3.52×10~(-10)mol·L~(-1),对E_2的敏感程度排序为:ERβ1-GRIP1>ERβ2-GRIP1>ERα-GRIP1。研究表明,稀有鮈鲫不同ER亚型对E_2的响应具有差异,3株重组荧光双杂交酵母不仅可以应用于快速识别内分泌干扰物中的类雌激素物质,分析稀有鮈鲫不同ER亚型对EEs的敏感性,解析雌激素污染物对稀有鮈鲫的作用机制,评估鱼类接触EEs的潜在风险,以期为水质保障和污染治理提供重要依据。     

食用林地菇的化学成分(英文)

首次对生长于蒙古的食用大型真菌——林地菇(Agaricus silvaticus)的化学成分进行了研究,从其95%乙醇提取物中共分离得到5个甾体、1个神经酰胺、2个芳香酸和1个糖醇类化合物.应用波谱学技术以及与已知化合物进行比对的手段,将它们分别鉴定为5α,6α-环氧-(22E,24R)-麦角甾-8(14),22-二烯-3β,7α-二醇(1)、麦角甾醇(2)、过氧麦角甾醇(3)、(22E,24R)-麦角甾-7,22-二烯-3β,5α,6β,9α-四醇(4)、啤酒甾醇(5)、(2R,3S,4R,6E)-N-[(R)-2′-hydroxytetracosanoyl]-1,3,4-trihydroxy-2-aminooctadeca-6-ene(6)、苯甲酸(7)、肉桂酸(8)和D-甘露醇(9).图1参20     

可磁回收的荧光化学传感器对汞离子的检测与吸附

正众所周知,环境中少量重金属离子的存在会对人们的身体健康造成严重的影响,而如何有效的检测、脱除这些有害物质也是人们一直关注和想要解决的问题.近年来,荧光探针作为一种快速有效的检测手段,用于对水体中重金属离子的检测.但是,多数荧光探针难回收并重复利用,其较差的亲水性也不利于对水中重金属离子的检测.因此,开发高性能、易回收且亲水性好的光化学传感器,实现对水体中重金属离子的实时快速检测,具有重要的理论意义和     

臭氧氧化处理高盐量水中有机物过程中镁离子的损失

采用臭氧氧化分别与混凝、活性炭吸附联用处理,对镁离子随有机物的去除而损失进行分析.结果表明,单独臭氧氧化不能有效去除高盐量水中的有机物.通过GC-MS分析和荧光检测,指出臭氧氧化改变了水中有机物的结构特征,增加了水中羧酸类有机物含量,从而导致镁离子与其发生络合配位.当这些有机物通过混凝或者活性炭吸附被去除时,与其发生配位的镁离子也会随之从水中损失.     

Rapid,recurring, structured survey versus bioblitz for generating biodiversity data and analysis with a multispecies abundance model

A bioblitz inexpensively and quickly generates biodiversity data, but bioblitzes are often conducted with haphazard, unreplicated sampling. Results tend to be taxonomically, geographically, or temporally biased, lack metadata, and consist of lists of observed taxa that do not enable further analyses or correction for imperfect detection. A rapid, recurring, structured survey (RRSS) uses a structured sampling design and temporal and spatial replication to survey randomly selected sites on a conservation property. We participated in a loosely structured bioblitz and a subsequent RRSS at Big Canoe Creek Nature Preserve in Springville (St. Clair County), Alabama (USA) to compare observed richness derived from the 2 survey approaches. The RRSS data structure enabled us to fit models that accounted for imperfect detection to estimate abundances, occupancy probabilities, and habitat associations. The loosely structured bioblitz data could not be used in such models. We present a new integrated multispecies abundance model that we applied to avian RRSS data. Our model extension enables estimation for the community, employs data augmentation to estimate the number of undetected species, and incorporates covariates. The RRSS generated a more comprehensive and less biased list of observed taxonomic richness than the loosely structured bioblitz (e.g., 73 vs. 45 bird species and 104 vs. 63 insect families from the RRSS vs. loosely structured bioblitz, respectively). Models fit to the RRSS data identified seasonal patterns in avian community composition and allowed for estimation of habitat–occupancy relationships for insect taxa. The RRSS protocol has potential for broad transferability as a standardized, quick, and inexpensive way to inventory biodiversity and estimate ecological parameters while providing an outreach opportunity.     

Compliance with and ecosystem function of biodiversity offsets in North American and European freshwaters

Land-use change via human development is a major driver of biodiversity loss. To reduce these impacts, billions of dollars are spent on biodiversity offsets. However, studies evaluating offset project effectiveness that examine components such as the overall compliance and function of projects remain rare. We reviewed 577 offsetting projects in freshwater ecosystems that included the metrics project size, type of aquatic system (e.g., wetland and creek), offsetting measure (e.g., enhancement, restoration, and creation), and an assessment of the projects’ compliance and functional success. Project information was obtained from scientific and government databases and gray literature. Despite considerable investment in offsetting projects, crucial problems persisted. Although compliance and function were related to each other, a high level of compliance did not guarantee a high degree of function. However, large projects relative to area had better function than small projects. Function improved when projects targeted productivity or specific ecosystem features and when multiple complementary management targets were in place. Restorative measures were more likely to achieve targets than creating entirely new ecosystems. Altogether the relationships we found highlight specific ecological processes that may help improve offsetting outcomes.     

Representation of the world's biophysical conditions by the global protected area network

Protected areas (PAs) are often implemented without consideration of already existing PAs, which is likely to cause an overrepresentation of certain biophysical conditions. We assessed the representativeness of the current PA network with regard to the world's biophysical conditions to highlight which conditions are underprotected and where these conditions are located. We overlaid terrestrial and marine PAs with information on biophysical conditions (e.g., temperature, precipitation, and elevation) and then quantified the percentage of area covered by the PA network. For 1 variable at a time in the terrestrial realm, high temperature, low precipitation, and medium and very high elevation were underrepresented. For the marine realm, low and medium sea surface temperature (SST), medium and high sea surface salinity (SSS), and the deep sea were underrepresented. Overall, protection was evenly distributed for elevation across the terrestrial realm and SST across the marine realm. For 2 variables at a time, cold and very dry terrestrial environments had mostly low protection, which was also the case for low SST and low and medium SSS across most depths for marine environments. Low protection occurred mostly in the Sahara and the Arabian Peninsula for the terrestrial realm and along the Tropic of Capricorn and toward the poles for the marine realm. Although biodiversity measures are of prime importance for the design of PA networks, highlighting biophysical gaps in current PAs adds a frequently overlooked perspective. These gaps may weaken the potential of PAs to conserve biodiversity. Thus, our results may provide useful insights for researchers, practitioners, and policy makers to establish a more comprehensive global PA network.     

Quantitative composition of the defensive secretion ofBledius species (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Oxytelinae) is adapted to naturally occurring predators

Summary The adaptation of defensive secretions to their target organisms was examined for the abdominal gland secretions ofBledius furcatus, B. spectabilis andB. arenarius. Therefore the target organisms of the secretion of theseBledius species (i.e. their predators) had to be identified. At the collection sites examined these were the earwigLabidura riparia, the antCataglyphis bicolor, the flyLispe candicans, different carabids of the generaPogonus, Dichirotrichus, Dyschirius, Bembidion andCalathus and the wading birdsHaematopus ostralegus andCalidris alba. The secretion of the abdominal glands contains the toxin ptoluquinone dissolved in either-dodecalactone and 1-undecene (B. furcatus andB. spectabilis) or in octanoic acid and octyloctanoate (B. arenarius). The ratio of these solvents is species-specific. Application experiments using some of the natural insect predators (L. riparia, C. bicolor, Pogonus, Di. gustavii, Dyschirius) revealed that these solvent ratios provided a more effective deterrent than other possible ratios. Thus by combining the solvents in certain ratios, the capability of cuticular penetration and therefore the effectiveness of the defensive secretions are adapted to their natural targets.     

Democracy versus development: New urban debates

The politics of development includes subtexts of choice, as underpinned by community consensus (or lack of it), against the larger backdrop of a liberal democracy, with its intricate power structures that influence the choice of concepts and often lead to complicity rather than consent. A dilemma exists between the understanding of field-level practitioners and that of academics, whose understandings of progress differ. Progress can (and often does) imply long-term change across generations whereas development is often more a matter of crisis management and delivering tangible results to end-users. This makes it a bone of contention across political systems, irrespective of local or global dynamics. Development can emerge as a tool to be wielded for power and further political mileage at the expense of progress. Progress cannot be studied as a counterpoint to development as the sense of history is often missing in development interventions. Development tends to be piecemeal as its very logic often stems from the rationale of power. This is not to suggest, however, that development is only about politics; it is definitely more than the politics of everyday life and involves all of civil society that requires its critical and immediate attention. In this sense, it has become a priority for politicians with an underlying agenda designed to out-manouevre dissent and all statements of protest.     

A palaeo-hydrogeological model for arsenic contamination in southern and south-east Asia

An argument is presented in which areas of natural arsenic contamination of modern groundwaters throughout Asia have a common origin. Arsenic originally accumulated in oceanic ferro-manganoan sediments of the eastern Palaeo-Tethys. This was further concentrated through oceanic crustal extinction in what later became the south-east Chinese accreted mineralised terrain. Proto-Himalayan uplift of this area created the palaeo-drainage systems of the Ganges – Brahmaputra, Irrawaddy, Mekong, and Red Rivers, with consequent headwater erosion of arsenic-rich sediments. Their downstream deposition as immature and easily redistributed Neogene sandstones, silts, and iron-rich clays has created secondary and tertiary reservoirs of adsorbed and authigenic arsenic, from which the current arsenic-rich groundwaters have evolved. Considering river basins within the above palaeo-hydrogeological framework provides a basis for assessing the risk of arsenic in groundwater basins of south and south-eastern Asia.     

A framework to measure the wildness of managed large vertebrate populations

As landscapes continue to fall under human influence through habitat loss and fragmentation, fencing is increasingly being used to mitigate anthropogenic threats and enhance the commercial value of wildlife. Subsequent intensification of management potentially erodes wildness by disembodying populations from landscape-level processes, thereby disconnecting species from natural selection. Tools are needed to measure the degree to which populations of large vertebrate species in formally protected and privately owned wildlife areas are self-sustaining and free to adapt. We devised a framework to measure such wildness based on 6 attributes relating to the evolutionary and ecological dynamics of vertebrates (space, disease and parasite resistance, exposure to predation, exposure to limitations and fluctuations of food and water supply, and reproduction). For each attribute, we set empirical, species-specific thresholds between 5 wildness states based on quantifiable management interventions. We analysed data from 205 private wildlife properties with management objectives spanning ecotourism to consumptive utilization to test the framework on 6 herbivore species representing a range of conservation statuses and commercial values. Wildness scores among species differed significantly, and the proportion of populations identified as wild ranged from 12% to 84%, which indicates the tool detected site-scale differences both among populations of different species and populations of the same species under different management regimes. By quantifying wildness, this framework provides practitioners with standardized measurement units that link biodiversity with the sustainable use of wildlife. Applications include informing species management plans at local scales; standardizing the inclusion of managed populations in red-list assessments; and providing a platform for certification and regulation of wildlife-based economies. Applying this framework may help embed wildness as a normative value in policy and mitigate the shifting baseline of what it means to truly conserve a species.     

Cost‐effective conservation of an endangered frog under uncertainty

How should managers choose among conservation options when resources are scarce and there is uncertainty regarding the effectiveness of actions? Well‐developed tools exist for prioritizing areas for one‐time and binary actions (e.g., protect vs. not protect), but methods for prioritizing incremental or ongoing actions (such as habitat creation and maintenance) remain uncommon. We devised an approach that combines metapopulation viability and cost‐effectiveness analyses to select among alternative conservation actions while accounting for uncertainty. In our study, cost‐effectiveness is the ratio between the benefit of an action and its economic cost, where benefit is the change in metapopulation viability. We applied the approach to the case of the endangered growling grass frog (Litoria raniformis), which is threatened by urban development. We extended a Bayesian model to predict metapopulation viability under 9 urbanization and management scenarios and incorporated the full probability distribution of possible outcomes for each scenario into the cost‐effectiveness analysis. This allowed us to discern between cost‐effective alternatives that were robust to uncertainty and those with a relatively high risk of failure. We found a relatively high risk of extinction following urbanization if the only action was reservation of core habitat; habitat creation actions performed better than enhancement actions; and cost‐effectiveness ranking changed depending on the consideration of uncertainty. Our results suggest that creation and maintenance of wetlands dedicated to L. raniformis is the only cost‐effective action likely to result in a sufficiently low risk of extinction. To our knowledge we are the first study to use Bayesian metapopulation viability analysis to explicitly incorporate parametric and demographic uncertainty into a cost‐effective evaluation of conservation actions. The approach offers guidance to decision makers aiming to achieve cost‐effective conservation under uncertainty.     

Sexual Predators,Energy Development,and Conservation in Greater Yellowstone

Abstract: In the United States, as elsewhere, a growing debate pits national energy policy and homeland security against biological conservation. In rural communities the extraction of fossil fuels is often encouraged because of the employment opportunities it offers, although the concomitant itinerant workforce is often associated with increased wildlife poaching. We explored possible positive and negative factors associated with energy extraction in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem (GYE), an area known for its national parks, intact biological diversity, and some of the New World's longest terrestrial migrations. Specifically, we asked whether counties with different economies—recreation (ski), agrarian (ranching or farming), and energy extractive (petroleum)—differed in healthcare (gauged by the abundance of hospital beds) and in the frequency of sexual predators. The absolute and relative frequency of registered sex offenders grew approximately two to three times faster in areas reliant on energy extraction. Healthcare among counties did not differ. The strong conflation of community dishevel, as reflected by in‐migrant sexual predators, and ecological decay in Greater Yellowstone is consistent with patterns seen in similar systems from Ecuador to northern Canada, where social and environmental disarray exist around energy boomtowns. In our case, that groups (albeit with different aims) mobilized campaigns to help maintain the quality of rural livelihoods by protecting open space is a positive sign that conservation can matter, especially in the face of rampant and poorly executed energy extraction projects. Our findings further suggest that the public and industry need stronger regulatory action to instill greater vigilance when and where social factors and land conversion impact biological systems.     

Comparison of the insecticidal effects of water extracted and intact aromatic plants onAcanthoscelides obtectus,a bruchid beetle pest of kidney beans

Summary Acanthoscelides obtectus (Say) is one of the most damaging pests of kidney beans,Phaseolus vulgaris L. worldwide. However, aromatic plants from the families Lamiaceae, Lauraceae, Myrtaceae and Poaceae can protect kidney beans by direct or delayed insecticidal effect, through increased adult mortality and inhibition of beetle reproduction (both oviposition and adult emergence). The efficiency of hydrodistillated and intact plants fromThymus vulgaris andT. serpyllum, Mentha piperata, Rosmarinus officinalis, Satureia hortensis, Eucalyptus globulus, Laurus nobilis, Origanum vulgare, andCymbopogon nardus was compared. For both extracts,Origanum vulgare had the best effect. The insecticidal effect was induced by more than the essential oils because no significant difference was noticed between distilled and intact plants extract. Inhibition of reproduction was particularly important. These results suggest that lipidic as well as non lipidic, allelochemicals, such as phenolics, or non-protein amino-acids, or flavonoids may be involved in the toxicity of aromatic plants to this beetle.