3种活性污泥法处理工艺的生命周期能耗分析

运用LCA方法对普通活性污泥法、AB活性污泥法和厌氧水解－活性污泥法3种处理系统从其原材料开采和加工开始直至污水厂施工建设、处理运行以及废弃拆除的LC全过程能耗进行了识别和量化分析,并进行相互比较。研究结果表明,在微孔和穿孔管2种曝气条件下与普通活性污泥法相比,厌氧水解法的LC能耗分别省节14．0％和17．6％,并且比能耗可大幅降低40．5％－43．0％。AB法的LC能耗分别节省9．5％和15．8％,但由于产泥量较大而比能耗仅与普通活性污泥法相当。     

餐饮废弃油脂的生物柴油生命周期能耗与CO_2排放分析

对以餐饮废弃油脂为原料,利用化学催化法生产的生物柴油进行了生命周期能耗与CO2排放分析,以具有1 MJ能量的生物柴油产品为功能单位.结果表明:生物柴油生命周期总能耗为1.648 9 MJ,化石能耗为0.616 9 MJ,化石能效比为1.62,生命周期净能量产出为0.383 1 MJ,生命周期CO2净排放量为-10.34 g.与生产和使用1 MJ能量的石化柴油相比,生物柴油生命周期总能耗升高37%,化石能耗降低49%,可减少CO2排放90.99 g.     

水解酸化好氧法处理山梨酸废水

本试验选用了水解酸化与活性污泥法相结合的方法对山梨酸生产废水进行处理.探讨了厌氧污泥和好氧污泥的培养和驯化条件;考察了温度、pH以及HRT等因素对处理效果的影响,确定了最优运行条件.     

日本造纸废水厌氧处理试验研究

造纸工业不仅耗能高,其废水污染也是很严重的。目前,治理造纸废水主要有絮凝沉淀、活性污泥法降解、浓缩燃烧等方法,但浓缩燃烧反应用于有机物浓度较高的废水,它能代替造纸工业所需的一部分能源。絮凝沉淀和活性污泥法则在有机物浓度较低的废水中使用,年处理20万吨废水的能耗约占总能耗的2％。为此,利用甲烷细菌发酵进行厌氧处理新方法,受到造纸业的普遍关注,并在数年前就已将该法用于较高浓度造纸废水的处理。     

微生物强化活性污泥法的中试

为了进一步优化活性污泥处理城市污水的效果,减少剩余污泥量及臭气的排放,中试试验利用腐殖土微生物强化传统活性污泥法技术,以处理城市生活污水。结果表明,剩余污泥量平均减少40%,系统能耗可降低33%,除臭效果明显,实验现场基本无臭味,检测结果符合GB 14554—93《恶臭污染物排放标准》中一级标准,通过本底值对比分析发现微生物降解了大量的臭气成分。经过微生物检测分析,系统存在大量的微生物菌种,且相比普通活性污泥法,微生物种类和数量都有明显增加,这进一步证实了微生物菌群强化活性污泥法在消臭与污泥减量化的显著作用。     

焦化废水处理工程运行能耗的单元解析模型——以OHO流化床工艺为例

焦化废水产生于煤炭的不完全气化过程,其水质成分复杂,处理工艺技术单元多、水力停留时间长且存在多指标目标,处理过程需消耗大量能量,从若干工程实践中发现,影响焦化废水处理工程运行能耗的因素主要包括水质特性、工艺流程、运行时间、设备状况等,系统分析这些因素对运行能耗的贡献,了解耗能规律并模型化,可为焦化废水处理工程设计提供节能依据.本研究以好氧/水解/好氧(OHO)流化床工艺为核心的实际焦化废水处理工程为案例,根据耗能设备、处理目标和单元功能不同将整个处理工程分解为气浮、废水输送、泥渣输送、鼓风曝气、混合、脱水、加药、公用的8个耗能系统,分别分析各系统的耗能因子,建立模型,加权得到总能耗模型;然后分别用HRT(停留时间)法和24 h法计算能耗值,与实际24 h读表电耗值相比较评价模型的准确性.分析结果表明,焦化废水处理工程总运行能耗与进水水量、污泥量、溶解氧、硝化液回流比、进水COD、进水总氮浓度的相关性强;HRT法与24 h法得到的能耗值与实际24 h读表能耗值呈显著线性关系,R2分别为0.93和0.97,相对误差分别为4.28%~19.18%和3.45%~8.94%,模型分析值与工程实测值吻合度比较好,表明模型准确可靠.因此认为,基于耗能单元系统建立的工程系统总能耗模型可以用于预测因水质特性、工艺流程、设备条件等变化的实际工程运行总能耗,得到了建立焦化废水处理工程单元解析模型的系统性新方法.     

联邦德国降低城市污水生物处理能耗的技术

城市污水生物处理运行费用,主要在于能耗。国内曾有过城市污水厂建成后,由于电费负担问题而不能运行的例子。在保证一定处理效果的前提下,降低运行能耗,对于在我国逐步普及城市污水的生物处理,具有重要意义。传统的带有污泥厌氧消化的污水处理厂中,能耗的节省,可从三方面进行研究:(1)改进生物处理工艺,提高污泥负荷,以降低氧化有机物的曝气能耗;(2)降低污泥处理能耗;(3)充分回收利用污泥厌氧消化所产沼气的能量。     

A／O系统在城市和工业污水处理中的运用

Ａ／Ｏ系统是厌氧（缺氧）－好氧系统的英文简称，是国外在七十年代开发应用的废水生化处理新工艺。与普通活性污泥法相比，它不仅具有去除有机物（ＣＯＤ和ＢＯＤ）的高效性外，还具有脱氮除磷，减少能耗，污泥不易膨胀，沉降性能好，污泥适合作长效肥料等优点，并适合于现有污水处理厂的改建。     

车用新能源燃料的选择及生命周期评价

本文建立了车用新能源燃料生命周期能源消耗和排放的评价模型,并对其进行了生命周期能耗和排放评价。结果表明:醇类燃料全生命周期的能耗最大,燃料电池能耗最小,燃料的消耗主要集中在使用阶段,原料阶段的能源消耗较低;在生命周期总CO2排放方面,甲醇CO2排放最高,混合动力CO2排放最低;在燃料生命周期VOC、HC、NOx、PM10和SOx排放方面,醇类燃料的排放最高,燃料电池的排放最低。     

电化学强化低能耗废水生物处理技术研究

以碳布为阴阳极材料构建一种新型的生物电化学系统（BES）,研究该系统在不曝气条件下对城市污水的处理效果,并与传统的厌氧和好氧处理方法进行比较。结果表明,该BES处理城市污水是可行的,与传统曝气法相比能够显著降低能耗。在进水CODcr,为350mg／L、NH3-N为15mg／L、水力停留时间（HRT）为24h时,电化学强化生物处理系统对CODcr和NH3-N的去除率达84％和80％,优于同等条件下的厌氧、好氧生物处理方法。BES的输出电压最高为211mV。     

Possible solutions for sludge dewatering in China

In China, over 1.43×10⁷ tons of dewatered sewage sludge, with 80% water content, were generated from wastewater treatment plants in 2007. About 60% of the COD removed during the wastewater treatment process becomes concentrated as sludge. Traditional disposal methods used by municipal solid waste treatment facilities, such as landfills, composting, or incineration, are unsuitable for sludge disposal because of its high water content. Disposal of sludge has therefore become a major focus of current environmental protection policies. The present status of sludge treatment and disposal methodology is introduced in this paper. Decreasing the energy consumption of sludge dewatering from 80% to 50% has been a key issue for safe and economic sludge disposal. In an analysis of sludge water distribution, thermal drying and hydrothermal conditioning processes are compared. Although thermal drying could result in an almost dry sludge, the energy consumption needed for this process is extremely high. In comparison, hydrothermal technology could achieve dewatered sewage sludge with a 50%–60% water content, which is suitable for composting, incineration, or landfill. The energy consumption of hydrothermal technology is lower than that required for thermal drying.     

Technical measures to achieve a cleaner production mode for recycled paper mills

China’s paper production reached 79.8 × 10⁶ t in 2008 and ranked number one in the world. Because of its high consumption of water, energy and materials and its serious pollution, the present processes are not likely to be sustainable. An alternative, the closed Water Loop-Papermaking Integration (WLPI) method, is put forward in this paper. The WLPI method can be realized in a recycled paper mill by adding technologies and using recycled water. Many industrial case studies have shown that a large quantity of water, energy and materials can be saved, and the quantity of waste sludge and wastewater discharge was minimized by using the WLPI method. The design of the water reuse system, control of calcium hardness, water recycling and minimal waste sludge are discussed. Anaerobic technology plays an important role in the WLPI method to lower cost, energy use and waste. In the brown paper and coated white board production, zero-effluent discharge can be realized. Fresh water consumption is only 1–2m³·t⁻¹. For the paper mills with deinking and bleaching processes, about 10 m³·t⁻¹ of fresh water and a similar amount of effluent discharge are needed. Power saving using anaerobic technology is 70% when recycled water is used in comparison with the conventional activated sludge process.Waste sludge can be decreased to about 5% of the initial process due to reuse of the waste sludge and the lower bio-sludge production of the anaerobic process.     

面向未来污水处理技术应用研究现状及工程实践

目前全球面临巨大能源、水污染及资源危机,传统污水处理技术已无法满足可持续发展需求,实现能源自给、污水再生及资源回收的新型污水处理技术是未来水厂重要实施路径.污水处理厂实现能源自给的关键一是"开源",即高效回收污水中有机物化学能、低品位热能,并利用外源有机物厌氧共消化、太阳能、风能等技术开发能源;二是"节流",即利用高效...     

搅拌散气曝气技术原理及设备

介绍了一种新型的搅拌散气曝气的技术原理,并说明其相对传统主流微孔曝气技术的优良性和节能性特点。搅拌散气曝气技术具有曝气性能好,动力效率高,能耗低,工艺适应性好的技术特点。通过标准活性污泥法的工程实例,实际处理量为2.88×104~5.3×104m3/d的污水处理厂,BOD去除率达90%,处理单位水量的消耗电量为0.0732 kW.h/m3,与同类曝气设备的应用进展情况对比表明,搅拌散气曝气技术因其控制的灵活性和节能潜力而具有广阔的应用及推广的可能性。     

Life-cycle assessment of two sewage sludge-to-energy systems based on different sewage sludge characteristics: Energy balance and greenhouse gas-emission footprint analysis

Anaerobic digestion and incineration are widely used sewage sludge(SS) treatment and disposal approaches to recovering energy from SS, but it is difficult to select a suitable technical process from the various technologies. In this study, life-cycle assessments were adopted to compare the energy-and greenhouse gas-(GHG) emission footprints of two sludge-to-energy systems. One system uses a combination of AD with incineration(the AI system),whereas the other was simplified by direct incineration...     

污水处理厂不同工艺的污泥脱水效能分析及其影响因素研究

污泥脱水是污泥减量的主要手段,直接影响到后续污泥处理处置.本研究以北京某大型污水处理厂A2/O工艺和A2/O-MBR工艺污泥脱水为对象,基于2013年全年的运行数据,分析不同工艺的污泥脱水效果、絮凝剂投配率、污泥脱水电耗和污泥脱水成本,并通过冗余分析(RDA)研究了不同污水处理工艺污泥脱水性能的影响因素.结果表明,污泥脱水性能和絮凝剂投配率均呈现季节性变化特征,冬季污泥较难脱水,絮凝剂消耗大.A2/O-MBR工艺的脱水污泥含水率年均值为(81.92±1.64)%,A2/O工艺为(82.56±1.35)%,污泥脱水絮凝剂消耗(以DS计,下同)分别为(8.70±7.25)kg·t-1和(7.42±2.96)kg·t-1,电耗(以DS计,下同)分别为331.82 k W·h·t-1和121.57 k W·h·t-1.A2/O-MBR工艺的污泥脱水絮凝剂成本(以DS计,下同)为204.76元·t-1,用电成本为231.61元·t-1;A2/O工艺的污泥脱水絮凝剂成本为175.00元·t-1,用电成本为84.86元·t-1.RDA分析表明,水温等季节性因素引起污泥有机质变化是影响污泥脱水性能的关键因素之一,此外,污泥龄也与污泥脱水性能有一定相关性.     

Cost-performance analysis of nutrient removal in a full-scale oxidation ditch process based on kinetic modeling

A full-scale oxidation ditch process for treating sewage was simulated with the ASM2d model and optimized for minimal cost with acceptable performance in terms of ammonium and phosphorus removal. A unified index was introduced by integrating operational costs (aeration energy and sludge production) with effluent violations for performance evaluation. Scenario analysis showed that,in comparison with the baseline (all of the 9 aerators activated), the strategy of activating 5 aerators could save aeration energy significantly with an ammonium violation below 10%. Sludge discharge scenario analysis showed that a sludge discharge flow of 250–300 m3/day (solid retention time (SRT), 13–15 days) was appropriate for the enhancement of phosphorus removal without excessive sludge production. The proposed optimal control strategy was: activating 5 rotating disks operated with a mode of "111100100" ( "1"represents activation and "0" represents inactivation) for aeration and sludge discharge flow of 200 m3/day (SRT, 19 days). Compared with the baseline, this strategy could achieve ammonium violation below 10% and TP violation below 30% with substantial reduction of aeration energy cost (46%) and minimal increment of sludge production (< 2%). This study provides a useful approach for the optimization of process operation and control.     

Synchronous municipal sewerage-sludge stabilization

IntroductionThemainpurposeofwastewatertreatmentistoremovesolidsandBODfromthewastewaterbeforetheliquideffluentisreleasedtoaconvenient,nearbybodyofwater.Whatremainstobedisposedofisamixtureofsolidsandwater,calledsludge.Thecollection,processing,anddisposalofsludgecanbethemostcostlyandcomplexaspectofwastewatertreatment.Manydevelopingcountriescannotaffordthecostofthesludgewastingline.Thereforetheaimoftheresearchwastodevelopasystemthatcansimultaneouslyachievewastewaterandsludgestabilizationusinginn…     

基于LCA的污水处理方案碳中和综合影响评价

在"碳达峰,碳中和"双碳目标背景下,污水处理行业碳中和规划中尚缺乏对工艺设计方案的定量化综合影响评价。为此,基于全生命周期(LCA)框架,建立全生命周期碳足迹、环境、经济综合影响评价模型(LCA-CEE),并利用该模型对2种不同污泥处理工艺下污水处理厂(A方案:污泥填埋;B方案:污泥-厨余垃圾共消化)以30年为限的建设阶段、运行阶段、拆除阶段中能耗、物耗、污染排放等方面进行综合影响评价与对比分析。结果表明:B方案利用共消化热电联产系统发电量高达38.9 MW·h,碳中和率达到133%,实现能源自给自足,经济效益较A方案提高1.6倍且环境影响显著减小。该LCA-CEE模型从全流程评价节能减排路径,为污水处理行业碳中和规划提供理论支撑。