城市生活垃圾处理技术和资源化应用探讨

介绍我国城市生活垃圾处理技术和城市垃圾资源化现状,对北京阿苏卫生活垃圾综合处理进行详细分析,为城市生活垃圾的处理工艺选型和垃圾处理发展前景提供了参考依据。     

我国不同区域城市生活垃圾处理处置主要方式变化趋势分析

伴随着经济社会快速发展,我国城市生活垃圾产排及组分特性发生了显著变化,相应的垃圾处理处置行业也在不断发展。生活垃圾处理处置方式体现着一个区域环境治理能力及其发展阶段。通过统计分析数据,对全国及我国各大区域城市生活垃圾处理处置技术应用现状及发展趋势进行对比分析,为我国生活垃圾相关环境管理和产业发展提供参考借鉴。     

食品垃圾的综合利用研究

食品垃圾在生活垃圾中所占的比例较大,它的处理是解决城市生活垃问题的重要环节,分析了国内外食品垃圾处理的现状及目前垃圾处理存在的问题,提出了食品垃圾综合利用的途径.     

淄博市城市生活垃圾处理现状与对策

分析了淄博市城市生活垃圾处理的现状,指出了所存在的问题,结合淄博市城市生活垃圾的特点,提出了新的城市垃圾处理对策.     

浅谈上海地区生活垃圾的能源化利用

1 前言 城市生活垃圾属废弃物的再利用范畴,不仅可作为再生物质的原料,而且还可作为能源.利用垃圾焚烧方式回收其能量的垃圾处理技术在近20年得到迅速发展,美国、日本等发达国家已开始大量应用,并产生了良好的环保效益和经济效益,此外,这些发达国家还利用无机垃圾制RDF(垃圾衍生燃料),利用废塑料制汽油,利用有机垃圾制取甲烷,这些制取能源的方法被认为是我国处理城市生活垃圾的一个重要方向.深圳市1988年投产了从日本引进的两台三菱马丁式垃圾焚烧炉,日处理垃圾150吨/台,发电装机容量为3000千瓦,开我国焚烧工艺处理垃圾并利用余热发电的先河.预计到2010年,各地将建有各类垃圾能源工厂150～200座.     

城市生活垃圾收费制度在天津市市民中的认知度分析

通过对天津市六个小区居民关于天津市城市生活垃圾处理收费制度的认知度调查结果分析,得知天津市有44.1%的居民知道垃圾处理费收费制度,有39.8%的居民对收取垃圾处理费持赞成态度.分析结果认为,天津市应该加大力度进行环境教育,向居民宣传垃圾收费政策及其意义,并应着手进行垃圾定量收费的研究和试点工作,努力实现将生活垃圾资源化、减量化,减少垃圾的排放量,促进城市生态环境的可持续发展.     

城市生活垃圾分选技术探究

随着人们生活水平的提高,城市的生活环境也在逐渐变化,城市生活垃圾的种类及物化特性也逐渐变得复杂.首先概括了传统的生活垃圾处理方法,重点总结了传统垃圾分选技术的进展,介绍了一些新的垃圾处理技术,如红外吸收光谱分析技术、图像识别技术、变重分选、温度传感技术等,在此基础上对传统技术及新技术的研究提出建议,认为一些在其他领域兴起的技术也 行变革进入该领域,以提高垃圾的无害化和资源化程度,有利于环境保护和社会的可持续发展的建设.     

让"放错地方的资源"大循环--城市生活垃圾回收利用与处理新思路

随着经济的发展和城市化进程的加快,城市生活垃圾与日俱增,环境污染问题突出,垃圾处理的发展方向和技术路线已成为人们关注的热点.坚持"垃圾是放错地方的资源"理念的基础上,分析了当前各种垃圾处理方式存在的主要问题,提出了垃圾回收利用与处理的新思路.     

我国城市生活垃圾产业最优模式设计

通过对垃圾产业市场的分析,阐述了我国城市生活垃圾产业的历史、现状和存在的问题.在此基础上,根据我国的实际情况,提出了适合于我国城市生活垃圾产业系统的最优模式:垃圾生产子系统、垃圾分类收集子系统和垃圾最终处理与资源化利用子系统.提出居民初步分类与政府组织下的"拾荒者合作社"精细分类相结合,按照处理技术的不同,将城市生活垃圾分成 5种类型.通过对各类型生活垃圾流向的系统设计,保证了城市生活垃圾处理的减量化、资源化和无害化.最后讨论了政府在垃圾产业最优模式形成过程中的作用,并提出政府可以借鉴的城市生活垃圾产业管理措施 12项.     

以回收利甩标准破解“垃圾围城”

生活垃圾处理已经成为各城市面临的难题。在已有研究基础上分析了城市垃圾分类收集存在的严重问题和影响居民实施垃圾分类的关键因素,概述了现有的垃圾分类收集标准和废弃产品回收利用标准内容,最后提出加强实施相关标准、促进垃圾分类收集的建议。     

Synthesis and Characterization of Polyols and Polyurethane Foams from PET Waste and Crude Glycerol

In this study, polyethylene terephthalate (PET) waste from post-consumer soft-drink bottles and crude glycerol from the biodiesel industry were used for the preparation of polyols and polyurethane foams. PET waste was firstly depolymerized by the glycolysis of diethylene glycol. The glycolyzed PET oligomers were then reacted with crude glycerol at different weight ratios to produce polyols via a series of reactions, such as esterification, transesterification, condensation, and polycondensation. The polyols were characterized by titration, viscometry, gel permeation chromatography (GPC), and differential scanning calorimetry. Subsequently, polyurethane (PU) foams were made via the reaction between the produced polyols and polymeric methylene-4,4′-diphenyl diisocyanate and were characterized by mechanical testing, scanning electron microscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis. Polyols from crude glycerol and their PU foams were also prepared to compare properties with those of polyols and PU foams from PET and crude glycerol. The influence of aromatic segments existing in glycolyzed PET and glycerol content on the properties of the polyols and PU foams was investigated. It was found that aromatic segments of polyols from glycolyzed PET helped increase their molecular weights and improve thermal stability of PU foams, while high glycerol content in polyols increased the hydroxyl number of polyols and the density and compressive strength of PU foams.     

电厂建设运行中的水土流失预测与水土保持设计

在燃煤电厂建设运行的同时,将引起一系列的水土流失问题.以四川国电金堂电厂二期扩建工程为例,简要说明项目区水土流失预测的内容和方法,并在其基础上对可能产生的水土流失和危害进行了分析,同时介绍了建设期和运行期采取的综合防治措施,为类似工程的水土保持提供借鉴.     

磷对环境的污染及防治对策

我国水体富营养化严重，其主要控制因子是磷。在分析磷污染的污染状况，污染源的基础上，介绍了防治对策，采用低磷循环冷却水处理剂，减少磷排放，是防止工业磷污染的有效方法。     

Pyrolysis of virgin and waste polypropylene and its mixtures with waste polyethylene and polystyrene

A comparison of waste and virgin polypropylene (PP) plastics under slow pyrolysis conditions is presented. Moreover, mixtures of waste PP with wastes of polyethylene (PE) and polystyrene (PS) were pyrolyzed under the same operating conditions. Not only the impact of waste on degradation products but also impacts of the variations in the mixing ratio were investigated. The thermogravimetric weight loss curves and their derivatives of virgin and waste PP showed differences due to the impurities which are dirt and food residues. The liquid yield distribution concerning the aliphatic, mono-aromatic and poly-aromatic compounds varies as the ratio of PP waste increases in the waste plastic mixtures. In addition to this, the alkene/alkane ratio of gas products shows variations depending on the mixing ratio of wastes.     

北京市居民衣服消费处置及对其回收利用认识调查与分析

首先对北京市居民每年购买新衣服的数量、支出、穿着时间、淘汰原因,以及闲置衣服的处理方式、数量等进行了调查与分析,然后对北京市居民对旧衣物回收利用的认识、回收形式及其处理方式,对旧衣物如何处理回收、再利用的担忧,对希望旧衣物回收箱摆放的场所等进行了调查与分析。其研究结果对废旧纺织品回收体系建设、制度及政策制定具有一定的参考价值。     

Photo-oxidation and Photo-toxicity of Crude and Refined Oils

The fate and effects of an oil spill are effected by solar radiation through the action of photo-oxidation and photo-toxicity. Photo-oxidation, an important process in the weathering of oil, produces a variety of oxidized compounds, including aliphatic and aromatic ketones, aldehydes, carboxylic acids, fatty acids, esters, epoxides, sulfoxides, sulfones, phenols, anhydrides, quinones and aliphatic and aromatic alcohols. Some of these compounds contribute to the marine biota toxicity observed after an oil spill. Photo-toxicity occurs when uptake of certain petroleum compounds, e.g. certain polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and benzothiophenes, is followed by solar exposure which results in much greater toxicity than after dark uptake. The mechanism of PAH photo-toxicity includes absorbance of solar radiation by the PAH which produces a free radical and this free radical in turn reacts with oxygen to produce reactive oxygen species that can damage DNA and other cellular macromolecules. While most studies on photo-toxicity have been carried out in the laboratory, there are studies showing that water from an oil spill is photo-toxic to bivalve embryos for at least a few days after the spill. Other studies have found that oil contaminated sediments are photo-toxic to several marine invertebrates. More studies are required to determine if marine fauna at an oil spill site are effected by the action of photo-toxicity and photo-oxidation.     

Novel and innovative pyrolysis and gasification technologies for energy efficient and environmentally sound MSW disposal

Within the context of European Union (EU) energy policy and sustainibility in waste management, recent EU regulations demand energy efficient and environmentally sound disposal methods of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW). Currently, landfill with its many drawbacks is the preferred option in the EU and many other industrialised countries. Within the waste management hierarchy thermal disposal especially incineration is a viable and proven alternative. But, the dominating method, mass-burn grate incineration has drawbacks as well particularly hazardous emissions and harmful process residues. In recent years, pyrolysis and gasification technologies have emerged to address these issues and improve the energy output. To keep the many players in the field comprehensively informed and up-to-date, novel and innovative technology approaches emphasising European developments are reviewed.     

Laboratory Experiments and Estimation of Cumulative Infiltration and Sorptivity

Soil water cumulative infiltration affects the environment by controlling the irrigation rate and consequently the water and pollutants movement through the ground. In order to study the cumulative infiltration in a sandy soil sample, experiments were performed in the laboratory. The sample was placed uniformly in a transparent column with an inner diameter of 6 cm. A constant head boundary condition of a 2 mm height was applied on the surface of the sample and the cumulative volume of the incoming water was measured. Soil moisture at four locations of the column was measured, by using the TDR method in order to obtain the moisture profiles. By comparing the values of the infiltrated water volumes with those calculated by the integration of the moisture profiles, a good agreement was found out. Also the Parlange theoretical model fitted very well with the infiltration experimental points.     

硫磺回收装置扩能改造及效果分析

介绍了回收酸性气体生产硫磺的工艺原理与工艺流程,论述了影响硫磺回收装置生产能力的诸多因素与扩能改造的情况。扩能改造后,该装置的酸性气体处理量平均为976m^3／h,瞬时处理量可达1200m^3／h,硫磺的生产能力从4450t／a提高到7500t／a,生产能力提高了68．5％,装置总硫回收率达到93．5％。     

微生物絮凝剂及其在水处理中的应用

近年来对微生物絮凝剂的研究不断深入，新的高效菌种不断被发现。简要介绍了微生物絮凝剂的絮凝机理、分关、絮凝效果及影响因素，重点介绍了新型微生物絮凝剂在水处理中的应用。