首页 | 本学科首页   官方微博 | 高级检索  
相似文献
 共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
Phosphorus (P) in wastes from piggeries may contribute to the eutrophication of waterways if not disposed of appropriately. Phosphorus leaching, from three soils with different P sorption characteristics (two with low P retention and one with moderate P retention) when treated with piggery effluent (with or without struvite), was investigated using batch and leaching experiments. The leaching of P retained in soil from the application of struvite effluent was determined. In addition, P leaching from lime residues (resulting from the treatment of piggery effluent with lime to remove P) was determined in comparison to superphosphate when applied to the same three soils. Most P was leached from sandy soils with low P retention when effluent with or without struvite was applied. More than 100% of the filterable P applied in struvite effluent was leached in sandy soils with low P retention. Solid, inorganic forms of P (struvite) became soluble and potentially leachable at pH<7 or were sorbed after dissolution if there were sufficient sorption sites. In sandy soils with low P retention, more than 39% of the total filterable P applied in recycled effluent (without struvite) was leached. Soil P increased mainly in surface layers after treatment with effluent. Sandy soils pre-treated with struvite effluent leached 40% of the P retained in the previous application. Phosphorus decreased in surface layers and increased at depth in the soil with moderate P retention after leaching the struvite effluent pre-treated soil with water. The soils capacity to adsorb P and the soil pH were the major soil properties that affected the rate and amount of P leaching, whereas the important characteristics of the effluent were pH, P concentration and the forms of P in the effluent. Phosphorus losses from soils amended with hydrated lime and lime kiln dust residues were much lower than losses from soils amended with superphosphate. Up to 92% of the P applied as superphosphate was leached from sandy soils with low P retention, whereas only up to 60% of the P applied in lime residues was leached. The P source contributing least to P leaching was the lime kiln dust residue. The amount of P leached depended on the water-soluble P content, neutralising value and application rate of the P source, and the pH and P sorption capacity of the soil.  相似文献   

2.
Piggery effluent may contribute to the eutrophication of waterways, if it is not treated before disposal, because of high levels of phosphorus. Limes and red muds (a residue from bauxite refining) were used to remove phosphorus from piggery effluent (41 mg litre(-1) total P). Lime-based amendments were more effective than the red muds at removing phosphorus when compared at the same liquid: solid ratios. Based on laboratory data, the cost of treating effluent increased rapidly as the final required phosphorus concentration decreased to less than 4 mg litre(-1). Kiln dust was the cheapest amendment tested down to 2 mg litre(-1). Hydrated lime was able to clarify and flocculate the effluent to 1 mg litre(-1) within 60 min. The re-useability of all limes may be determined by a simple pH test. Red mud could be used to remove phosphorus when its pH was lowered to 6.0-6.5 and it is used at liquid:solid ratios <20:1.  相似文献   

3.
印染RO浓水深度处理及回用   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
采用Fenton-石灰苏打法耦合工艺对某印染厂印染反渗透(RO)浓水进行深度处理。通过实验研究了不同H2O2和Fe2+投加量、pH和反应时间对废水COD去除率的影响,以及不同石灰和碳酸钠投加量对废水硬度的脱除效果,出水回用于染色工段进行染色实验。结果表明,在pH=3.0,Fe2+投加量为1.5 mmol/L,H2O2投加量为3.75 mmol/L,反应时间为45 min,石灰和碳酸钠投加量分别为450 mg/L和1 000 mg/L的条件下,出水COD和硬度的去除率可分别达到73.9%和85.0%,耦合工艺出水水质符合该厂回用染色水标准,且减少了盐的使用,可实现印染RO浓水回用。  相似文献   

4.
This study investigated the forms of soil P released to solution, accuracy of their determination, and influence of colloids on P sorption/desorption dynamics. A Hagerstown silt loam, amended with dairy and poultry manure or superphosphate at five rates (0, 25, 50, 100, and 200 kg P ha(-1)), was extracted at two soil:solution ratios (1:5 and 1:100) and filtered at three pore sizes (0.8, 0.45, and 0.22 microm). Results showed that relative to the proportion of dissolved organic P (DOP, determined as the difference between total dissolved P [TDP] and P detected by ion chromatography), DRP increased with amendment rate. Relative to Mehlich-3 extractable P, DRP exhibited a power relationship with a much greater potential for soil P release at concentrations in excess of ca. 50 mg Mehlich-3 P kg(-1). Concentrations of DRP, determined by the acid molybdate method, were on average 12.5% greater than P detected by ion chromatography indicating P was solubilised during colorimetric determination. A linear relationship was found between total Al and DRP, which could indicate acid mediated hydrolysis of A1-humic-P substances, although acid mediated desorption of P from colloids cannot be discounted. No difference in solubilised P was found between solutions filtered at 0.22 and 0.45 microm, but was found between 0.8 microm and smaller filter sizes. Organic P extracted from manured soils was more recalcitrant than that extracted from soils amended with superphosphate, the later attributed to its accumulation in more labile pools. The sorption/desorption of P by colloids in solution were greatly affected by the rate of amendment and the soil:solution extraction ratio. More P was sorbed by superphosphate solutions compared to dairy manure amended soil solutions and was attributed to the saturation of colloidal P sorption sites by organic matter. In order to minimise the effects of colloids on P dynamics and the potential for hydrolysis in solution, filtration to at least 0.45 microm is required. However, soils with a lesser aggregate stability may require additional filtration.  相似文献   

5.
The nitrogen-removal performances of three full-scale piggery wastewater treatment plants, with different organic and nitrogen loads, at the capacity ranges of 95 to 130 m3/d, were compared in this study. Plants 1 and 2 can be characterized as the modification of anoxic-aerobic operating systems, while an anaerobic and anoxic-aerobic system was used in plant 3. The influent piggery wastewater concentration for plant 1 was relatively lower, but with higher organic and nitrogen loads, resulting in higher chemical oxygen demand (COD) and ammonium-nitrogen in effluent. Plant 2 was operated with strong piggery wastewater, resulting in a higher operating temperature. The high temperature could inhibit the nitrifying activity in plant 2. Although plant 3 was operated with a higher influent total COD-to-total Kjeldahl nitrogen ratio (TCOD:TKN), an additional external carbon source was required to polish the final effluent to remove nitrogen. Influent COD in plant 3 was used in the anaerobic-anoxic reactor for both methane (CH4) production and denitrification. Based on various mass balances, including caloric, COD, and alkalinity, the key elements for the successful nitrogen removal from the piggery waste were reactor temperature (less than 35degrees C), influent TCOD:TKN (greater than 6), and alkalinity-to-TKN ratio (greater than 3).  相似文献   

6.
The main objective of this study was to investigate the feasibility of coagulation as a post-treatment method of anaerobically treated primary municipal wastewater. Both mesophilic and ambient (20 degrees C) temperature conditions were investigated in a laboratory-scale upflow anaerobic sludge bed (UASB) reactor. In addition, optimization of the coagulant, both in terms of type and dose, was performed. Finally, phosphorus removal by means of aluminum and iron coagulation and phosphorus and ammonia nitrogen removal by means of struvite precipitation were studied. Anaerobic treatment of primary effluent at low hydraulic retention times (less than 15 hours) resulted in mean chemical oxygen demand (COD) removals ranging from 50 to 70%, while, based on the filtered treated effluent, the mean removals increased to 65 to 80%. Alum coagulation of the UASB effluent gave suspended solids removals ranging from approximately 35 to 65%. Turbidity removal reached up to 80%. Remaining COD values after coagulation and settling were below 100 mg/L, while remaining total organic carbon (TOC) levels were below 50 mg/L. Filterable COD levels were generally below 60 mg/L, while filterable TOC levels were below 40 mg/L. All coagulants tested, including prepolymerized aluminum and iron coagulants, demonstrated similar efficiency compared with alum for the removal of suspended solids, COD, and TOC. Regarding struvite precipitation, optimal conditions for phosphorus and nitrogen removal were pH 10 and molar ratio of magnesium: ammonia-nitrogen: phosphate-phosphorus close to the stoichiometric ratio (1:1:1). During struvite precipitation, removal of suspended solids reached 40%, while turbidity removal reached values up to 80%. The removal of COD was approximately 30 to 35%; yet, when removal of organic matter was based on the treated filterable COD, the removal increased to approximately 65%. In addition, nitrogen was removed by approximately 70%, while phosphorus removal ranged between approximately 30 and 45% on the basis of the initial phosphorus concentration. Finally, size fractionation of the organic matter (COD) showed that the various treatment methods were capable of removing different fractions of the organic matter.  相似文献   

7.
针对一种高硬度富锶地下水,分别采用石灰和石灰-碳酸钠两种方法,利用药剂软化/超滤膜工艺对其进行软化处理,同时考察了药剂投量对出水锶含量的影响。结果表明,采用石灰软化/超滤膜法,Ca(OH)2最佳投加量为270 mg/L时,出水总硬度(以CaCO3计)由287.12 mg/L降低到96.44 mg/L,硬度去除率为66.41%,出水锶含量也由原水中的0.37 mg/L下降为0.21 mg/L;而采用石灰-碳酸钠软化/超滤膜法,Ca(OH)2和Na2CO3最佳投加量分别为270 mg/L、160mg/L时,出水总硬度降低到60.34 mg/L,硬度去除率达78.98%,锶含量仅为0.02 mg/L。2种处理方法出水总硬度均达到预期目标,石灰软化/超滤膜法可使出水锶含量满足富锶水的要求,而石灰-碳酸钠软化/超滤膜法则造成了对人体有益微量元素锶的大量损失。  相似文献   

8.
为提升A/O工艺对猪场沼液中污染物的去除效果,实现高效率且低成本的运行模式,通过对A/O工艺加挂弹性填料种植狐尾藻来优化工艺。结果表明:当进水COD、TN和${{\rm{NH}}_{\rm{4}}^{\rm{ + }}}$-N分别为441~948、401~1 579和369~1 594 mg·L−1时,改良A/O工艺系统出水COD、TN和${{\rm{NH}}_{\rm{4}}^{\rm{ + }}}$-N去除率分别为42.5%~97.4%、36.9%~88.3%和94.2%~99.4%,均优于A/O工艺的去除效果且具有显著提升。综合考虑对污染物的去除效果以及企业运行成本,在水力停留时间为10 d时,改良A/O工艺出水水质达到最优,出水COD平均去除率可达75.3%,对${{\rm{NH}}_{\rm{4}}^{\rm{ + }}}$-N平均去除率为96.2%~99.5%,TN的出水质量浓度为70~296 mg·L−1。此外,可结合多级改良A/O工艺和组合工艺进一步优化出水水质。除微生物同化作用以及硝化反硝化途径外,系统中含氮类物质还可通过狐尾藻植物去除。改良A/O工艺中狐尾藻植物能够大量生长,含水量为88.8%~89.0%,TP和TN质量分数分别为3.4~5.2 g·kg−1和51.4~53.8 g·kg−1,TN质量分数要远高于普通富营养化水体栽培的狐尾藻,这说明狐尾藻在改良A/O工艺中能够更好的吸收污染水体中的含氮物质。以上结果可为改良A/O工艺对猪场沼液的优化处理提供参考。  相似文献   

9.
针对我国猪场粪污废水现行厌氧-好氧活性污泥法处理模式达标难度大、运行成本高的问题,研发出生物聚沉氧化新工艺(bio-coagulation dewatering followed by bio-oxidation, BDBO)。在广东惠州某5万头猪场构筑了采用该工艺的实际工程,通过现场采样,详细分析新工艺各个单元的污染物,包括化学需氧量(COD)、氨氮、总氮(TN)和总磷(TP)的变化情况,研究了新工艺对猪场粪污废水的处理效果及机制。结果表明,在水力停留时间(HRT)仅为2.5 d的新工艺系统中,猪场粪污原水(进水)的COD、氨氮和TP分别为(11 697±1 484)、(837±25)、(532±97)mg·L-1,处理出水水质分别为(273±58)、(44±9)、(4.5±1.0)mg·L-1,总去除率分别达到了97.7%、94.7%、99.2%,出水远优于广东省地方畜禽养殖业污染物排放标准(DB 44/613-2009)。运行成本大约6元·t-1,比原常规处理系统(采用生化处理+物化处理组合工艺)出水水质更好,成本约为原处理系统的1/2~1/3,并同步解决了污泥的深度脱水问题。研究发现新工艺可相对快速处理达标并且成本相对较低,其机制在于废水进入常规生化系统(A2/O)之前,高效去除了悬浮颗粒物(SS),使得以SS形式存在的COD、P和部分N被大幅度削减。新工艺解决了目前猪场废水处理时间长、难达标(尤其是氨氮)、运行成本高的难题。  相似文献   

10.
The phosphate fertilizer industry produces highly hazardous and acidic wastewaters. This study was undertaken to develop an integrated approach for the treatment of wastewaters from the phosphate industry. Effluent samples were collected from a local phosphate fertilizer producer and were characterized by their high fluoride and phosphate content. First, the samples were pretreated by precipitation of phosphate and fluoride ions using hydrated lime. The resulting low- fluoride and phosphorus effluent was then treated with the enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR) process to monitor the simultaneous removal of carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus. Phosphorus removal included a two-stage anaerobic/aerobic system operating under continuous flow. Pretreated wastewater was added to the activated sludge and operated for 160 days in the reactor. The operating strategy included increasing the organic loading rate (OLR) from 0.3 to 1.2 g chemical oxygen demand (COD)/L.d. The stable and high removal rates of COD, NH4(+)-N, and PO4(3-)-P were then recorded. The mean concentrations of the influent were approximately 3600 mg COD/L, 60 mg N/L, and 14 mg P/L, which corresponded to removal efficiencies of approximately 98%, 86%, and 92%, respectively.  相似文献   

11.
Toxicity was observed in whole effluent toxicity (WET) studies with the freshwater alga, Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata, in three consecutive monthly studies, (NOEC = 50-75%). Toxicity was not observed to Ceriodaphnia dubia or the fathead minnow, Pimephales promelas in concurrent studies. Selected toxicity identification evaluation (TIE) tests were conducted in a tiered approach to eliminate possible toxicants and progressively identify the causative agent. Filtration following alkaline adjustment (pH 10 or 11) was effective in eliminating significant growth effects and also reduced phosphate concentration. The TIE studies confirmed that the observed effluent toxicity was caused by excess ortho-phosphate in the effluent not by overstimulation or related to unfavorable N:P ratios; but due to direct toxicity. The 96-h 25% inhibition concentration (IC25) of ortho-phosphate to P. subcapitata was 3.4 mg L−1 while the maximum acceptable toxicant concentration was 4.8 mg L−1. This study illustrates the value of multi-species testing and also provides an example of an effective TIE using algae identifying an unanticipated toxicant.  相似文献   

12.
昆明市污水处理厂运行综合评价   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
应用技术性能、经济成本、环境影响(温室效应和富营养化效应)指标,对采用氧化沟、ICEAS、3AMBR和A2O 4种不同工艺的昆明市7座污水处理厂运行进行综合评价。各污水处理厂对BOD、SS和NH4+-N都具有较高的去除率,在91%以上;COD去除率在86%以上;TP去除率在86%~96%之间;TN去除率在59%~76%之间。污水处理厂的运行经济成本同工艺类型和进出水水质密切相关,经济成本主要来源于电耗;采用3AMBR工艺的污水处理厂经济成本远高于其他污水处理厂。温室气体主要来源于电耗和出水一氧化二氮释放,其中3AMBR工艺具有最大的温室气体释放量。出水污染物中对富营养化效应贡献最大的为硝酸盐,不同类型工艺出水造成的富营养化效应差别不大。结合污染物去除性能和综合成本进行分析,ICEAS工艺具有最好的综合性能,而3AMBR工艺综合性能相对较差。  相似文献   

13.
熊鸿斌  操奕 《环境工程学报》2014,8(8):3324-3330
传统湿法制备活性白土工艺中存在水耗、酸耗大等清洁水平较低的问题,本研究提出了在生产工艺流程中循环使用硫酸酸性废液、并从循环3次的硫酸废液中回收铝盐制备无铁硫酸铝的一种改良型湿法制备活性白土工艺,对末端治理采用电石渣替代石灰作为中和剂进行了探索性实验研究。实验结果表明,改良型湿法制备活性白土工艺对活性白土产品的理化性质无明显影响,产品质量符合行业标准,且酸的利用率从20%提高到约90%,水耗减少量为原工艺的1/3,无铁硫酸铝主要参数符合相关产品技术标准(HG/T2225-2001)。用电石渣作为中和剂处理酸性废液能够实现出水水质稳定达标,处理成本从255万元降低至210万元。本研究的实施使得活性白土的生产工艺清洁生产水平有较大提高。  相似文献   

14.
A six-stage membrane bioreactor (MBR) pilot plant was operated to determine and demonstrate the capability of this process to produce a low-nutrient effluent, consistent with the nutrient reduction goals for the Chesapeake Bay. Biological nitrogen removal was accomplished using a multistage configuration with an initial anoxic zone (using the carbon in the influent wastewater), an aerobic zone (where nitrification occurred), a downstream anoxic zone (where methanol was added as a carbon source), and the aerated submerged membrane zone. The capability to reliably reduce effluent total nitrogen to less than 3 mg/L as nitrogen (N) was demonstrated. A combination of biological (using an initial anaerobic zone) and chemical (using alum) phosphorus removal was used to achieve effluent total phosphate concentrations reliably less than 0.1 mg/L as phosphorus (P) and as low as 0.03 mg/L as P. Alum addition also appeared to enhance the filtration characteristics of the MBR sludge and to reduce membrane fouling. Aeration of the submerged membranes results in thickened sludge with a high dissolved oxygen concentration (approaching saturation), which can be recycled to the main aeration zone rather than to an anoxic or anaerobic zone to optimize biological nutrient removal. Biological nutrient removal was characterized using the International Water Association Activated Sludge Model No. 2d. The stoichiometry of chemical phosphorus removal was also consistent with conventional theory and experience. The characteristics of the solids produced in the MBR were compared with those of a parallel full-scale conventional biological nitrogen removal process and were generally found to be similar. These results provide valuable insight to the design and operating characteristics of MBRs intended to produce effluents with very low nutrient concentrations.  相似文献   

15.
根据昆明市第一污水处理厂深度处理微絮凝-D型滤池工艺的运行数据,评价了工艺出水水质及总磷(TP)去除效果,同时分析了混凝剂投加量及药剂费用。结果表明,微絮凝-D型滤池工艺出水TP平均浓度为0.15 mg/L,最优水平值为0.05 mg/L,95%保证值为0.37 mg/L,TP平均去除率为63.6%。出水悬浮固体(SS)浓度95%保证值为10 mg/L。混凝剂聚合氯化铝(PAC)的投加量在1.5~4 mg Al2O3/L范围波动,去除单位TP的PAC投加量平均值为16.7 mg Al2O3/mg-P,投加比为2~8 mol-Al/mol-P。当投加比超过5时,出水TP浓度可达到0.3 mg/L以下。吨水PAC成本平均值为0.017元/t。  相似文献   

16.
Abstract

This investigation studied the effects of injecting dry hydrated lime into flue gas to reduce sulfur trioxide, (SO3) concentrations and consequently stack opacity at the University of Missouri-Columbia power plant. The opacity was due to sulf uric acid mist forming at the stack from high SO3 concentrations. As a result of light scattering by the mist, a visible plume leaves the stack. Therefore, reducing high concentrations of SO3 reduces the sulfuric acid mist and consequently the opacity. To reduce SO3 concentrations, dry hydrated lime is periodically injected into the flue gas upstream of a baghouse and downstream of an induced draft fan. The hydrated lime is transported downstream by the flue gas and deposited on the filter bags in the baghouse forming a filter cake. The reaction between the SO3 and the hydrated lime takes place on the filter bags. The hydrated lime injection system has resulted in at least 95% reduction in the SO3 concentration and has reduced the opacity to acceptable limits. Low capital equipment requirements, low operating cost, and increased bag life make the system very attractive to industries with similar problems.  相似文献   

17.
BACKGROUND: Cement factories are major pollutants for the surrounding areas. Inert dust deposition has been found to affect photosynthesis, stomatal functioning and productivity. Very few studies have been conducted on the effects of cement kiln dust on the physiology of perennial fruit crops. Our goal was to study some cement dust effects on olive leaf physiology.effects on olive leaf physiology. On METHODS: Cement kiln dust has been applied periodically since April 2003 onto olive leaves. Cement dust accumulation and various leaf physiological parameters were evaluated early in July 2003. Measurements were also taken on olive trees close to the cement factory. RESULTS: Leaf dry matter content and specific leaf weight increased with leaf age and dust content. Cement dust decreased leaf total chlorophyll content and chlorophyll a/chlorophyll b ratio. As a result, photosynthetic rate and quantum yield decreased. In addition, transpiration rate slightly decreased, stomatal conductance to H2O and CO2 movement decreased, internal CO2 concentration remained constant and leaf temperature increased. DISCUSSION: The changes in chlorophyll are possibly due to shading and/or photosystem damage. The changes in stomatal functioning were possibly due to dust accumulation between the peltates or othe effects on stomata. CONCLUSIONS: Dust (in this case from a cement kiln) seems to cause substantial changes to leaf physiology, possibly leading to reduced olive productivity. RECOMMENDATIONS: Avoidance of air contamination from cement factories by using available technology should be examined together with any possible methodologies to reduce plant tissue contamination from cement dust. PERSPECTIVES: Longterm effects of dust (from cement kiln or other sources) on olive leaf, plant productivity and nutritional quality of edible parts could be studied for conclusive results on dust contamination effects to perennial crops.  相似文献   

18.
Asselin M  Drogui P  Benmoussa H  Blais JF 《Chemosphere》2008,72(11):1727-1733
Slaughterhouse wastewaters contain varied and high amounts of organic matter (e.g., proteins, blood, fat). In order to produce an effluent suitable for stream discharge, electrochemical techniques have been particularly explored at the laboratory pilot scale for organic compounds removal from poultry slaughterhouse (PS) effluent. Electrocoagulation (EC) process was tested using either mild steel or aluminium electrodes arranged in bipolar (BP) or monopolar configuration system. Results showed that the best performance was obtained using mild steel BP electrode system operated at a current intensity of 0.3A, through 60 or 90 min of treatment. Under these conditions, removals of 86+/-1% and 99+/-1% were measured for BOD and oil and grease, respectively, whereas soluble COD and total COD were removed by 50+/-4% and 82+/-2%, respectively. EC is also efficient for decolorization (red-color) and clarification of the PS effluent. Removals of 89+/-4% and 90+/-4% have been measured for total suspended solids and turbidity, respectively. Electrochemical coagulation operated under the optimal conditions involves a total cost of 0.71 USD $ per cubic meter of treated PS effluent. This cost includes energy and electrode consumptions, chemicals, and sludge disposal.  相似文献   

19.
在缺氧/好氧工艺的不同回流比条件下,对处理效果特别是脱氮效果进行了研究。结果表明,混合液和污泥合并回流,当回流比从R=4到R=7时,均能获得良好的脱氮效果,TN去除率达到75.4%以上,出水TN〈10mg/L。而回流比的变化对BOD的去除效果影响较小。当BOD污泥负荷从0.096kg/(kg&#183;d)降低到0.063ks/(kg&#183;d)时,对TN和BOD的去除率影响都很小。  相似文献   

20.
In this study, we tested the effect of a physico-chemical pretreatment on contaminant removal efficiency in two experimental horizontal subsurface-flow constructed wetlands (SSF CWs). One SSF CW was fed with settled urban wastewater, whereas the other with the same wastewater after it had undergone a physico-chemical pretreatment. The SSF CWs were operated with three different hydraulic retention times. During the experiments the effluent concentrations of COD, ammonia N and sulfate were very similar, and, therefore, the physico-chemical pretreatment did not improve the quality of the effluents. COD removal efficiency (as percentage or mass surface removal rate) was slightly greater in the SSF CW fed with pretreated wastewater. Ammonia N removal efficiency was, in general, similar in both SSF CWs and very high (80-90%). At the end of the experiments it was observed that in the SSF CW fed with settled wastewater the hydraulic conductivity decreased by a 20%.  相似文献   

设为首页 | 免责声明 | 关于勤云 | 加入收藏

Copyright©北京勤云科技发展有限公司  京ICP备09084417号