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1.
5 –106 times higher compared with less sensitive species. The use of assessment factors in effect assessment procedures may lead
to an underestimation of effects on the more sensitive species.
For many priority pollutants there is little information on their ecotoxicity. Predictive techniques are needed to compensate
for this lack of data. Knowledge of the relation between modes of action of compounds and interspecies variation in sensitivity
should be integrated in risk assessment procedures in order to make more efficient use of the limited financial resources
available. 相似文献
2.
3.
Empirical assessment of debris flow risk on a regional scale in Yunnan province,southwestern China 总被引:12,自引:0,他引:12
Adopting the definition suggested by the United Nations, a risk model for regional debris flow assessment is presented. Risk
is defined as the product of hazard and vulnerability, both of which are necessary for evaluation. A Multiple-Factor Composite
Assessment Model is developed for quantifying regional debris flow hazard by taking into account eight variables that contribute
to debris flow magnitude and its frequency of occurrence. Vulnerability is a measure of the potential total losses. On a regional
scale, it can be measured by the fixed asset, gross domestic product, land resources, population density, as well as the age,
education, and wealth of the inhabitants. A nonlinear power-function assessment model that accounts for these indexes is developed.
As a case study, the model is applied to compute the hazard, vulnerability and risk for each prefecture of the Yunnan province
in southwestern China. 相似文献
4.
Peter N. Duinker 《Environmental management》1989,13(6):797-805
The premise that, strictly speaking, impact monitoring is impossible, is presented and discussed It is shown that a wide range of published objectives for environmental effects monitoring can be seen as special cases of the basic goal of reducing uncertainty in predictions. Monitoring in environmental-impact situations can only be used as a check on one of the two time series required to define impact. Four approaches to generating the other time series required in the difference calculation of impact are discussed, with the conclusion that the best approach relies on process-based simulation models. Impact analysts are encouraged to consider carefully what can and cannot actually be accomplished with environmental monitoring to assist impact detection. 相似文献
5.
Richard Reader 《Environmental management》1988,12(6):803-808
To help determine whether plants should be grouped into guilds for environmental impact assessment, the responses of six members of a guild of deciduous forest herbs to selective tree harvesting were compared. Harvesting operations themselves (tree cutting and skidding) had little effect on five of the six species but the sixth species decreased more in cut plots than in uncut plots. Subsequent microclimatic changes, resulting from tree cutting, also affected guild members differently. In the first year after cutting, two species increased more in cut plots than in uncut plots, while three other species did not change in frequency of occurrence and the sixth species decreased more in cut plots than in uncut plots. This inconsistent response of guild members to tree harvesting suggests that caution should be exercised in using guilds to assess plant response to environmental change. 相似文献
6.
The adverse effects of stratospheric ozone depletion on human health and welfare is a major environmental concern. One potential welfare effect is reduction in plant productivity, including agricultural crops, due to increased UV-B radiation and tropospheric ozone formation. This paper evaluates the economic effects of potential changes in crop yields due to hypothetical depletions in stratospheric ozone over regions of the U.S.A. Results suggest that increases in tropospheric ozone due to a 15 per cent stratospheric ozone depletion may cause economic losses of around 0·9 billion dollars. Combined effects of both tropospheric ozone and UV-B radiation range from 1·3 to 2·5 billion dollars. These estimates are preliminary, given the high degree of uncertainty in key plant science and aerometric data. 相似文献
7.
Important knowledge gaps exist regarding the effects of policy instruments for sustainable consumption (SC) and success factors of such instruments. This article compares and summarizes the results of six case studies on the effects and success factors of SC instruments in the need areas of housing and food. While analysing different instrument types from four different European countries, all case studies were guided by the same analytical framework and mixed-methods approach. This synthesis article particularly emphasizes factors fostering the generation of instrument effects (outcomes and impacts) or hampering the creation of such effects, respectively. These factors include instrument goals and design, the accommodation of consumer needs, and the simultaneous addressing of framework conditions, as well as market context, policy interaction, and stakeholder involvement. The findings and conclusions can contribute to a better understanding of the conditions under which policy instruments can steer consumer behaviour towards sustainability. 相似文献
8.
Barry A. Goss 《Resources Policy》1981,7(2):110-117
In recent years the feasibility conditions for market establishment and the information value of futures markets have been central issues in futures market research. This paper first discusses recent developments under the heading of feasibility conditions, including the obsolescence of the commodity characteristics approach and the search for a comprehensive framework. Second, futures markets collect and disseminate information, and in so doing they are centres of rational price formation, and the forms of tests that have been developed to ascertain whether they perform this function efficiently are considered. Futures markets also perform a forward pricing function: their prices may be regarded as market anticipations of subsequent cash prices. 1970s' literature has addressed this question, finding differences in performance between continuous and non-continuous inventory commodities. This paper discusses the reasons for and economic implications of these results. 相似文献
9.
Comparing Landslide Maps: A Case Study in the Upper Tiber River Basin, Central Italy 总被引:17,自引:0,他引:17
/ The preparation of landslide maps is an important step in any landslide hazard assessment. Landslides maps are prepared around the world, but little effort is made to assess their reliability, outline their main characteristics, and pinpoint their limitations. In order to redress this imbalance, the results of a long-term research project in the Upper Tiber River basin in central Italy are used to compare reconnaissance and detailed landslide inventory maps, statistical and geomorphologically based density maps, and landslide hazard maps obtained by multivariate statistical modeling. An attempt is made to discuss advantages and limitations of the available maps, outlining possible applications for decision-makers, land developers, and environmental and civil defence agencies. The Tiber experiment has confirmed that landslides can be cost-effectively mapped by interpreting aerial photographs coupled with field surveys and that errors and uncertainties associated with the inventory can be quantified. The experiment has shown that GIS makes it easy to prepare landslide density maps and facilitates the production of statistically based landslide hazard models. The former supply an overview of the distribution of landslides that is easily comprehended but do not provide insight on the causes of instability. The latter, giving insight into the causes of instability, are diagnostically powerful, but are difficult to prepare and exploit. 相似文献
10.
Public involvement is recognized by legislators, practitioners, academics, nongovernment organizations and, most importantly,
affected communities, as a fundamental component of environmental assessment (EA) processes. Experience with public involvement
in EA has proven, however, that despite good intentions, there are formidable barriers to participation. This paper examines
this issue, largely through a case study of a new Can$120 million hog processing facility in Brandon, Canada. Primary data
were collected in three phases, using multiple methodological techniques, including document review, qualitative interviews,
and a mail questionnaire. Results included a diverse list of barriers to involvement, grouped into two primary categories:
structural and individual. A significant structural barrier was a belief that becoming involved would not make a difference
as the ultimate decision in the case was a foregone conclusion. An important individual barrier was that people did not know
about the EA. Finally, the results indicated that lack of interest was not an important reason for nonparticipation. 相似文献
11.
With China's rapid economic development, environmental problems have become more and more serious. Particulate air pollution is terrible in cities with large and dense population. It may lead to adverse health effects and economic costs. In this study, we calculated the health effects of pollution caused by particulate matter with aerodynamic diameters less than 10mum (PM(10)) in 111 Chinese cities in 2004 according to statistical data and epidemiological exposure-response functions. Using economic burden of disease analysis, an economic assessment of these health risks was also presented. In contrast to many previous studies that have examined individual cities, this study covered most large and medium-sized cities in China, which accounted for more than 70% gross domestic product (GDP) of China in 2004. The total economic cost caused by PM(10) pollution was estimated as approximately US$ 29,178.7 million. Mega cities such as Beijing, Shanghai, and Tianjin contribute relatively more to the total costs. The results will help policy makers in formulating more effective countermeasures and increasing public awareness to enhance environmental protection. 相似文献
12.
Carolyn Hunsaker Robin Graham Robert S. Turner Paul L. Ringold George R. Holdren Jr. Timothy C. Strickland 《Environmental management》1993,17(3):335-341
The United States Environmental Protection Agency, with support from the US Department of Energy and the National Oceanographic
and Atmospheric Administration, has been evaluating the feasibility of an effects-based (critical loads) approach to atmospheric
pollutant regulation and abatement. The rationale used to develop three of the six steps in a flexible assessment framework
(Strickland and others, 1992) is presented along with a discussion of a variety of implementation approaches and their ramifications.
The rationale proposes that it is necessary to provide an explicit statement of the condition of the resource that is considered
valuable (assessment end point) because: (1) individual ecosystem components may be more or less sensitive to deposition,
(2) it is necessary to select indicators of ecosystem condition that can be objectively measured and that reflect changes
in the quality of the assessment end point, and (3) acceptable status (i.e., value of indicator and quality of assessment
end point at critical load) must be defined. The rationale also stresses the importance of defining the assessment regions
and subregions to improve the analysis and understanding of the indicator response to deposition. Subregional definition can
be based on a variety of criteria, including informed judgment or quantitative procedures. It also depends on the geographic
scale at which exposure and effects models are accurate and on data availability, resolution, and quality.
The research described in this article has been funded by the US Environmental Protection Agency. This document has been prepared
at the EPA Environmental Research Laboratory in Corvallis, Oregon, through contract #68-C8-0006 with ManTech Environmental
Technology, Inc., and Interagency Agreement #1824-B014-A7 with the US Department of Energy and at Oak Ridge National Laboratory
managed by Martin Marietta Energy Systems, Inc., under Contract DE-AC05-84OR21400 with the US Department of Energy. Environmental
Sciences Division Publication No. 3903. It has been subjected to the agency’s peer and administrative review and approved
for publication. Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use. 相似文献
13.
ABSTRACTConceptualizing and analyzing collective policy learning processes is a major ongoing theoretical and empirical challenge. A key gap concerns the role of exogenous factors, which remains under-theorized in the policy learning literature. In this paper, we aim to advance the understanding of the role that exogenous factors play in collective learning processes. We propose a typology of exogenous factors (i.e. material, socioeconomic, institutional, discursive), and subsequently apply this in a comparative study of flood risk policymaking in two municipalities in the Netherlands. We find that exogenous factors are indeed essential for understanding collective learning in these cases, as the combined influence with endogenous factors can steer similar learning processes towards different learning products. We conclude our contribution by identifying two opportunities for further developing the collective learning framework, namely regarding the distinction of varying learning products, and the dynamics of exogenous factors over time. 相似文献
14.
Use of the guild concept in environmental impact assessment 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The purpose of this paper was to clarify and expand several ideas concerning use of the guild concept in environmental impact assessment Background material on the concept and examples of its use are given. It is argued that for purposes of environmental assessment a resource-based guild approach is preferable to a taxonomic-based approach. Validity of the guild concept, problems in classifying species into guilds, implications of guild membership, and usefulness of guild analyses are discussed. I conclude that only with a thorough knowledge of both its limitations and benefits will it be possible to fully use the guild concept for understanding organizational processes in communities and ecosystems and for assessing environmental impacts. 相似文献
15.
This paper examines two fundamental and inter-related tensions relating to environmental assessment between the desire to be proactive, promoting sustainable development and the more traditional practice of preventing harm, as well as the need to balance a predictable, expeditious and efficient process with transparency and inclusive deliberation. Proposed reforms to the environmental assessment process in Ontario, Canada, are examined as a case in point, showing how the recommendations in Ontario are consistent with international trends. In particular, over-arching principles need to be embedded in more precise sector-specific policies to enable environmental assessment processes to meet these competing goals. 相似文献
16.
Agricultural land evaluation and site assessment in the United States: An introduction 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Frederick Steiner 《Environmental management》1987,11(3):375-377
The US Soil Conservation Service has developed an agricultural land evaluation and site assessment (LESA) system. The LESA system is being used by the US Department of Agriculture and other federal agencies to implement the Farmland Protection Policy Act of 1981. The LESA system and three case studies from the Pacific North-west are introduced in this article.Scientific Paper no. 7166, College of Agriculture and Home Economics Research Paper. Washington State University, Pullman, Washington. Project no. 0010. 相似文献
17.
David G. Streets 《Environmental management》1989,13(4):393-399
The United States is finding it difficult to develop a coherent policy on acid rain. Despite more than a decade of scientific research and policy initiatives, no clear course of action has been identified. This article argues that what is missing is an integrated assessment of the scientific knowledge that will guide the political process. The role of the integrated assessment is described, and a conceptual framework presented that would accomplish the desired goal. Currently available acid rain assessment models are compared against this framework and found to be less than satisfactory. The article concludes by stressing the opportunity now available to the National Acid Precipitation Assessment Program to perform such an assessment and break the logjam. 相似文献
18.
Dimitri Devuyst Eddy Nierynck Luc Hens Dirk Ceuterick Veerle De Baere Guido Wouters 《Environmental management》1993,17(3):395-408
Two years of experience with EIA in Flanders (northern Belgium) was evaluated in order to gain perspective on the effectiveness
of the administrative procedure. The four essential characteristics of the EIA procedure that were evaluated are: completeness,
open and public character, objectivity, and verifiability. Representatives of all parties involved in the EIA procedure were
interviewed. The result of the evaluation is a list of major problems with EIA. Recommendations for a more efficient procedure
are suggested at a time when a proposal for a new, comprehensive, and permanent EIA decree is being discussed. The evaluation
of the administrative procedure for EIA in Flanders shows that several vital characteristics of the EIA procedure are lacking.
This reduces the obligatory and open nature of the process, resulting in insufficient guarantees that the environment receives
the altention it deserves during the decision-making process. 相似文献
19.
Maia Lordkipanidze Hans Bressers Kris Lulofs 《Journal of Environmental Planning and Management》2019,62(4):647-670
This paper addresses the challenge of appropriate governance of complexity and diversity in the Dutch national park of Alde Feanen. The issue is how to enhance ecosystem resilience. Our focus relates to a navigable waterway within the park that affects the natural values of the area. The governance assessment tool is used to assess the governance context of the waterway and ecosystem resilience in the area. The study shows that a lack of a long-term integrated vision makes the governance context less supportive. Such a vision could maximize the focus on the resilience of the park's nature and motivate actors to work towards a common future for a concerned area. However, institutional complexity, combined with institutional inertia, is revealed as a hindrance to the quality of governance and shapes a weak ability to adapt the current situation to move towards resilience. 相似文献
20.
This study proposes a technical procedure based on a life cycle approach for implementation of the environmental sustainability assessment (ESA) of several waste-to-energy (WtE) plants located in Spain. This methodology uses two main variables: the natural resources sustainability (NRS) and the environmental burdens sustainability (EBS). NRS includes the consumption of energy, materials, and water, whereas EBS considers five burdens to air, five burdens to water, and two burdens to land. To reduce the complexity of ESA, all variables were normalised and weighted using the threshold values proposed in the European Pollutant Release and Transfer Register regulation. The results showed the plants studied had a greater consumption of natural resources than Spain, ranging from 1.1 to 2.0 times higher than the Spanish reference consumption. The comparison of Spain with the BREF reference on waste incineration showed that only in the variable related to materials, did Spain have a lower consumption (1.80 times lower). In terms of EBS, air and land impacts were the highest contributors to global burden. The WtE plants presented higher burdens to air and water than Spain, whereas only one plant exceeded the average burden to land of Spain. Finally, this paper demonstrated the usefulness of the ESA methodology to reduce the complexity of LCA and assist the decision-making process in choosing the best option from an environmental point of view. This procedure can be used to obtain an overview of the environmental performance of WtE plants, as well as to assess individual burdens and thereby determine the main environmental hotspots, thereby improving the critical points of the process. 相似文献