EPA测试方法的检索

我国的环境监测分析方法种类较少、更新较慢,新技术和新仪器的开发较为滞后,有些监测项目在缺乏标准和统一方法的情况下,可采用美国EPA等效分析方法。美国EPASW-846报告中收录了307个测试方法,《EPA测试方法索引》。中收录了1613个测试方法,其中数字编号方法1036个,非数字编号方法577个,     

城市轨道交通噪声评价标准初探

针对我国城市轨道交通实行监督管理存在依据不足以及执行困难的问题,本文采用我国现有标准评价城市轨道交通噪声存在问题的基础上,借鉴国外同类标准,提出了应尽快制订城市轨道交通噪声评价标准及相关内容的建议.     

用冷原子荧光法测定土壤中汞的探讨

笔者通过工作实践,对汞测定中空白值的控制和土壤中测汞方法作了某些改进,并予以探讨.一、关于降低汞测定的全程序空白汞在水体或土壤等环境要素中含量极微.且新近生产的WGY-SIA型数字荧光测汞仪(苏州二六七厂生产)灵敏度又极高,检出限可达10~(-12)克.为提高汞测定的准确度和精密度,就应控制和降低全程序空白.空白值的高低主要由水和试剂纯度,玻璃仪器的沾污以及实验室环境等原因决定.前者为主要原因,后两者其值难以恒定.     

环境监测中的强制性环境标准

对新颁布的《环境标准管理办法》中有关环境监测应执行的强制性国家环境标准及在 执行中存在的问题进行了探讨,指出作为承担民事行为的法人主体的环境监测站,在环境监测活动中,必须依法严格 执行强制性国家环境标准。     

湖泊富营养化评价方法及分级标准

由于人类活动的影响 ,湖泊富营养化引起的环境问题日益突出。而目前现有的富营养化评价方法和分级标准混乱 ,因此有必要统一评价方法和分级标准 ,以便加强对湖泊的管理 ,保护湖泊生态环境     

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回收率数据统计方法讨论

回收率是环境监测分析中不可缺少的质控参数之一。对于管理部门来说,只要统计合格率就可以了,但对于专业部门来说,仅知道这一点是远远不够的。应要尽可能多地获得统计信息以利于进一步分析和研究。然而,由于回收率自身的特性,即,它在表征正确性时,主要功能是度量系统误差,但也包含了偏差的贡献。因此,对这一参数的统计目前尚无统一的     

节电小窍门

正1.用节能灯替代普通白炽灯可节电70%-80%,而且节能灯的寿命是普通白炽灯的6倍以上。2.电器不使用时应切断电源,避免遥控开关、持续数字显示、唤醒等功能电路待机耗能,这约占家庭用电量的10%,如同昼夜常开一盏15瓦到30瓦灯。3.如果每天使用热水器,不要经常切断电源;如果3—5天或更长时间才使用一次,则用后断电是更为节能的做法。4.食物应先冷却降温再放入冰箱;冰箱内不要塞满食物,储藏量以八分满为宜;减少冰箱门开关次数及时间,每开一次冰箱门,压缩机需多运转十分钟才能恢复低温状态;冰箱内的温度调节档应适中,不宜     

制定污水中控制项目地方排放标准的几点考虑

以新疆石河子市为例,阐述了实行水污染物排放许可证制度,制定污水中控制项目的地方排放标准时应考虑的几点原则和确定标准值的思路.     

节电小窍门

正1.用节能灯替代普通白炽灯可节电70%-80%,而且节能灯的寿命是普通白炽灯的6倍以上。2.电器不使用时应切断电源,避免遥控开关、持续数字显示、唤醒等功能电路待机耗能,这约占家庭用电量的10%,如同昼夜常开一盏15瓦到30瓦灯。3.如果每天使用热水器,不要经常切断电源;如果3—5天或更长时间才使用一次,则用后断电是更为节能的做法。     

环境噪声标准体系设计与相互关系研究

针对当前突出的环境噪声问题,提出了噪声管理需要3个层次不同的标准,每种标准有适用的对象、制订依据、作用和特征,在介绍不同层次标准相互关系基础上提出标准制订和修订的建议.     

涉刑环境监测中有待解决的若干技术问题及对策建议

指出了涉刑环境监测工作中,司法鉴定机构的资质及监测数据认可、环保标准与规范、固体废物监测等方面存在的问题。提出,涉刑监测单位应尽快获取司法鉴定机构资质;国家层面应给出涉刑监测数据认可的指导性意见;加快环境标准制修订工作,增强标准的适用性和可操作性;修订《危险废物鉴别技术规范》（HJ/T 298-2007）和相应系列鉴别标准。     

土壤环境质量新标准评价应用误区探讨

探讨了2个土壤环境质量新标准在评价应用时,可能存在对新标准适用范围理解有误、将土壤污染风险分类误用为土壤环境质量类别划分、过于追求单次监测达标或超标评价等误区,建议对与新标准有关的评价方法应进行相应修订.     

关于中国固体废物环境监测分析方法标准的思考与建议

研究了中国固体废物环境监测分析方法标准的发展历程及现状。通过分析现行固体废物环境监测分析方法标准现状与需求,发现中国固体废物环境监测分析方法标准存在不能完全满足现行固体废物污染控制标准和危险废物鉴别标准的测定需求,部分标准规范性有待提高,标准基础研究较为薄弱,同一污染物项目不同方法标准之间的可比性研究有待加强等诸多问题。针对存在的问题,建议从加快标准制修订,加强基础科研和顶层设计,加大可比性研究等方面完善中国固体废物环境监测分析方法标准,以期推动中国固体废物环境监测分析方法标准体系的建设与发展。     

新颁行业排放标准解读

基于对2008年新颁布的7个行业12个污染物排放标准与原执行排放标准的比较,总结了新标准制定的特点,指出新标准执行的关键是充分掌握企业所处的地理位置、建厂时间、生产工艺、污染物排放去向等。提出正确选用标准、监测能力的开发、监管的加强是执行新标准时尚须解决的问题。     

浅谈环境保护标准中计量单位的规范使用

简述了采用法定计量单位的重要性。列举了现行环境保护标准中计量单位不规范使用的实例,对计量单位不规范使用的原因进行了分析,提出,环境保护标准中关于项目(指标)涉及量和单位的,应对量做出明确的说明;在应用国外文献时,尤其要注意计量单位的规范性;在标准发布和出版前,加强计量单位规范使用的审核。     

The role of Health Impact Assessment in the setting of air quality standards: An Australian perspective

The approaches used for setting or reviewing air quality standards vary from country to country. The purpose of this research was to consider the potential to improve decision-making through integration of HIA into the processes to review and set air quality standards used in Australia.To assess the value of HIA in this policy process, its strengths and weaknesses were evaluated aligned with review of international processes for setting air quality standards.Air quality standard setting programmes elsewhere have either used HIA or have amalgamated and incorporated factors normally found within HIA frameworks. They clearly demonstrate the value of a formalised HIA process for setting air quality standards in Australia.The following elements should be taken into consideration when using HIA in standard setting. (a) The adequacy of a mainly technical approach in current standard setting procedures to consider social determinants of health. (b) The importance of risk assessment criteria and information within the HIA process. The assessment of risk should consider equity, the distribution of variations in air quality in different locations and the potential impacts on health. (c) The uncertainties in extrapolating evidence from one population to another or to subpopulations, especially the more vulnerable, due to differing environmental factors and population variables. (d) The significance of communication with all potential stakeholders on issues associated with the management of air quality.In Australia there is also an opportunity for HIA to be used in conjunction with the NEPM to develop local air quality standard measures. The outcomes of this research indicated that the use of HIA for air quality standard setting at the national and local levels would prove advantageous.     

Updating federal standards for toxicants: n-Hexane as the model

Regulatory agencies commonly set standards for a myriad of chemical and physical hazards, with a special focus on carcinogens. This focus can obscure the need to update previously set standards for non-carcinogenic hazards in response to new scientific data. This paper considers n-hexane as a representative chemical hazard: the occupational standard of 500 ppm over an 8 hr time weighted average for a 40 hr week as set in 1948. In the last 12 yr, n-hexane has been shown to cause adverse effects on the peripheral and central nervous systems, the eye, and the respiratory tract. Yet, these new data have not, as yet, been incorporated into a revised standard for n-hexane. The lack of scientific data on the carcinogenicity of n-hexane may be an underlying reason explaining the failure of regulatory agencies to revise their standards. Perhaps, the most troubling problem to regulatory agencies is the sheer magnitude of the chemical regulatory burden. Research should proceed on developing meaningful categories or groupings both for the initial setting of standards and for revising existing standards.     

A feasibility study for appraising recreational water quality in a Southeast Asian beach complex

In a case study involving preliminary investigations for the feasibility of a beach resort complex in the west coast of Sarawak, Malaysia, since the acceptable quality of recreational water quality had not been specified, existing international standards and practices were reviewed to arrive at acceptable microbiological and physicochemical parametric levels. Water samples were collected on a weekly basis in the proposed beach complex at Tanjong Batu Coastal Reserve and also along the nearby Sungei Batang Kemena and its estuary. It was ascertained that the swimming water quality was acceptable in terms of faecal Coliforms, temperature, pH and dissolved oxygen. However E. Coli counts did indicate a potential risk of 1.68% for gastrointestinal illness and the ubiquitous presence of faecal Streptococci pointed to recent pollution of human or animal origin. Besides, grease and oil contents exceeded the WHO Guideline values. It was hence recommended that an appropriate sanitation or pollution survey should be carried out in the adjacent coastal catchment area and the beach. Also routine water sampling should be undertaken. Such action will help to pinpoint sources of pollution and lead to antipollution measures, thus helping to upgrade swimming water quality and establish swimming water quality standards.     

水质标准中指示微生物的发展及现状

饮用水病原微生物污染是公共卫生面临的主要威胁之一,微生物监测在水质监测中的必要性日益受到人们的认可。在实际工作中,一般是通过检测指示微生物间接反映病原微生物的存在。通过调研国内外各组织、机构颁布的水质标准发现,近年来,我国环境质量标准和污染物排放标准中对于指示微生物的选择有从总大肠菌群向粪大肠菌群和大肠埃希氏菌(E.coli)转变的趋势,而美国环保署、欧盟、世界卫生组织、澳大利亚国家健康与医疗研究委员会等根据最新的流行病学证据,强调了大肠埃希氏菌(E.coli)、肠球菌(Enterococci)与粪便污染的相关性更强,可用于替代大肠菌群。建议我国在后续水质标准中对微生物指标进行增补修订时,参考国外经验,形成集成多种指示微生物与多种特定病原体的监测指标体系,以更好地保护环境功能和民众健康。